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Fruk L, Kuo CH, Torres E, Niemeyer CM. Apoenzyme reconstitution as a chemical tool for structural enzymology and biotechnology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:1550-74. [PMID: 19165853 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200803098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Many enzymes contain a nondiffusible organic cofactor, often termed a prosthetic group, which is located in the active site and essential for the catalytic activity of the enzyme. These cofactors can often be extracted from the protein to yield the respective apoenzyme, which can subsequently be reconstituted with an artificial analogue of the native cofactor. Nowadays a large variety of synthetic cofactors can be used for the reconstitution of apoenzymes and, thus, generate novel semisynthetic enzymes. This approach has been refined over the past decades to become a versatile tool of structural enzymology to elucidate structure-function relationships of enzymes. Moreover, the reconstitution of apoenzymes can also be used to generate enzymes possessing enhanced or even entirely new functionality. This Review gives an overview on historical developments and the current state-of-the-art on apoenzyme reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Fruk
- Universität Dortmund, Fachbereich Chemie, Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Otto-Hahn Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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Takashima H, Kawahara H, Kitano M, Shibata S, Murakami H, Tsukahara K. Metal ion-dependent fluorescent dynamics of photoexcited zinc-porphyrin and zinc-myoglobin modified with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. J Phys Chem B 2009; 112:15493-502. [PMID: 18991435 DOI: 10.1021/jp807692w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reconstituted zinc-myoglobin (ZnMb) dyads, ZnMb-[M(II)(edta)], have been prepared by incorporating a zinc-porphyrin (ZnP) cofactor modified with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (H(4)edta) into apo-Mb. In case of the monomeric ZnP(edta) cofactor coordinated by one pyridine molecule, ZnP(py)(edta), a spontaneous 1:1 complex with a transient metal ion was formed in an aqueous solvent, and the photoexcited singlet state of ZnP, (1)(ZnP)*, was quenched by the [Cu(II)(edta)] moiety through intramolecular photoinduced electron-transfer (ET) reaction. The rate constant for the intramolecular quenching ET (k(q)) at 25 degrees C was successfully obtained as k(q) = 5.1 x 10(9) s(-1). In the case of Co(2+), Ni(2+), and Mn(2+), intersystem crossing by paramagnetic effect was mainly considered between (1)(ZnP)* and the [M(II)(edta)] complex. For the ZnMb-[M(II)(edta)] systems, the intramolecular ET reaction between the excited singlet state of (1)(ZnMb)* and the [Cu(II)(edta)] moieties provided the slower quenching rate constant, k(q) = 2.1 x 10(8) s(-1), compared with that of the ZnP(py)(edta) one. Kinetic studies also presented the efficient fluorescence quenching of the (1)(ZnMb)*-[Co(II)(edta)] dyad. Our study clearly demonstrates that wrapping of the ZnP cofactor by the apoprotein matrix and synthetic manipulation at the Mb surface ensure metal ion-sensitive fluorescent dynamics of ZnMb and provides valuable information to elucidate the complicated mechanism of the biological photoinduced ET reactions of hemoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takashima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University, Nara, 630-8506 Japan.
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Feng JY, Liu JZ, Ji LN. Thermostability, solvent tolerance, catalytic activity and conformation of cofactor modified horseradish peroxidase. Biochimie 2008; 90:1337-46. [PMID: 18439429 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Artificial prosthetic groups, HeminD1 and HeminD2, were designed and synthesized, which contain one benzene ring and one carboxylic group or two carboxylic groups at the terminal of each propionate side chain of hemin, respectively. HeminD1 and HeminD2 were reconstituted with apo-HRP successfully to produce the two novel HRPs, rHRP1 and rHRP2, respectively. The thermal and solvent tolerances of native and reconstituted HRPs were compared. The cofactor modification increased the thermostability both in aqueous buffer and some organic solvents, and also enhanced the tolerance of some organic solvents. To determine the conformation stability, the unfolding of native and reconstituted HRPs by heat was investigated. Tm was increased from 70.0 degrees C of nHRP to 75.4 degrees C of rHRP1 and 76.5 degrees C of rHRP2 after cofactor modification. Kinetic studies indicated that the cofactor modification increased the substrate affinity and catalytic efficiency both in aqueous buffer and some organic solvents. The catalytic efficiency for phenol oxidation was increased by approximately 55% for rHRP1 in aqueous buffer, and it was also increased by approximately 70% for rHRP1 in 10% ACN. Spectroscopic studies proved that the cofactor modification changed the microenvironment of both heme and tryptophan, increased alpha-helix content, and increased the tertiary structure around the aromatic residue in HRP. The improvements of catalytic properties are related to these changes of the conformation. The introduction of the hydrophobic domain as well as the retention of the moderate carboxylic group in active site is an efficient method to improve the thermodynamic and catalytic efficiency of HRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu-Ying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of Ministry of Education and Biotechnology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
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Ricoux R, Dubuc R, Dupont C, Marechal JD, Martin A, Sellier M, Mahy JP. Hemozymes Peroxidase Activity Of Artificial Hemoproteins Constructed From the Streptomyces lividans Xylanase A and Iron(III)-Carboxy-Substituted Porphyrins. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:899-910. [DOI: 10.1021/bc700435a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Ricoux
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay, UMR 8182 CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, Bât. 420, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada, and Unitat de Química Física, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C.n., 08193 Cerdonyola (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Roger Dubuc
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay, UMR 8182 CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, Bât. 420, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada, and Unitat de Química Física, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C.n., 08193 Cerdonyola (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Claude Dupont
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay, UMR 8182 CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, Bât. 420, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada, and Unitat de Química Física, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C.n., 08193 Cerdonyola (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Jean-Didier Marechal
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay, UMR 8182 CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, Bât. 420, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada, and Unitat de Química Física, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C.n., 08193 Cerdonyola (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Aurore Martin
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay, UMR 8182 CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, Bât. 420, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada, and Unitat de Química Física, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C.n., 08193 Cerdonyola (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Marion Sellier
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay, UMR 8182 CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, Bât. 420, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada, and Unitat de Química Física, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C.n., 08193 Cerdonyola (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Jean-Pierre Mahy
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay, UMR 8182 CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, Bât. 420, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada, and Unitat de Química Física, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C.n., 08193 Cerdonyola (Barcelona), Spain
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Liu JZ, Wang M. Improvement of activity and stability of chloroperoxidase by chemical modification. BMC Biotechnol 2007; 7:23. [PMID: 17511866 PMCID: PMC1891289 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-7-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enzymes show relative instability in solvents or at elevated temperature and lower activity in organic solvent than in water. These limit the industrial applications of enzymes. Results In order to improve the activity and stability of chloroperoxidase, chloroperoxidase was modified by citraconic anhydride, maleic anhydride or phthalic anhydride. The catalytic activities, thermostabilities and organic solvent tolerances of native and modified enzymes were compared. In aqueous buffer, modified chloroperoxidases showed similar Km values and greater catalytic efficiencies kcat/Km for both sulfoxidation and oxidation of phenol compared to native chloroperoxidase. Of these modified chloroperoxidases, citraconic anhydride-modified chloroperoxidase showed the greatest catalytic efficiency in aqueous buffer. These modifications of chloroperoxidase increased their catalytic efficiencies for sulfoxidation by 12%~26% and catalytic efficiencies for phenol oxidation by 7%~53% in aqueous buffer. However, in organic solvent (DMF), modified chloroperoxidases had lower Km values and higher catalytic efficiencies kcat/Km than native chloroperoxidase. These modifications also improved their thermostabilities by 1~2-fold and solvent tolerances of DMF. CD studies show that these modifications did not change the secondary structure of chloroperoxidase. Fluorescence spectra proved that these modifications changed the environment of tryptophan. Conclusion Chemical modification of epsilon-amino groups of lysine residues of chloroperoxidase using citraconic anhydride, maleic anhydride or phthalic anhydride is a simple and powerful method to enhance catalytic properties of enzyme. The improvements of the activity and stability of chloroperoxidase are related to side chain reorientations of aromatics upon both modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of Ministry of Education and Biotechnology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of Ministry of Education and Biotechnology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
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Abstract
Inorganic chemistry and biology can benefit greatly from each other. Although synthetic and physical inorganic chemistry have been greatly successful in clarifying the role of metal ions in biological systems, the time may now be right to utilize biological systems to advance coordination chemistry. One such example is the use of small, stable, easy-to-make, and well-characterized proteins as ligands to synthesize novel inorganic compounds. This biosynthetic inorganic chemistry is possible thanks to a number of developments in biology. This review summarizes the progress in the synthesis of close models of complex metalloproteins, followed by a description of recent advances in using the approach for making novel compounds that are unprecedented in either inorganic chemistry or biology. The focus is mainly on synthetic "tricks" learned from biology, as well as novel structures and insights obtained. The advantages and disadvantages of this biosynthetic approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Kruithof CA, Casado MA, Guillena G, Egmond MR, van der Kerk-van Hoof A, Heck AJR, Klein Gebbink RJM, van Koten G. Lipase Active-Site-Directed Anchoring of Organometallics: Metallopincer/Protein Hybrids. Chemistry 2005; 11:6869-77. [PMID: 16224766 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The work described herein presents a strategy for the regioselective introduction of organometallic complexes into the active site of the lipase cutinase. Nitrophenol phosphonate esters, well known for their lipase inhibitory activity, are used as anchor functionalities and were found to be ideal tools to develop a single-site-directed immobilization method. A small series of phosphonate esters, covalently attached to ECE "pincer"-type d8-metal complexes through a propyl tether (ECE=[C6H3(CH2E)(2)-2,6]-; E=NR2 or SR), were designed and synthesized. Cutinase was treated with these organometallic phosphonate esters and the new metal-complex/protein hybrids were identified as containing exactly one organometallic unit per protein. The organometallic proteins were purified by membrane dialysis and analyzed by ESI-mass spectrometry. The major advantages of this strategy are: 1) one transition metal can be introduced regioselectively and, hence, the metal environment can potentially be fine-tuned; 2) purification procedures are facile due to the use of pre-synthesized metal complexes; and, most importantly, 3) the covalent attachment of robust organometallic pincer complexes to an enzyme is achieved, which will prevent metal leaching from these hybrids. The approach presented herein can be regarded as a tool in the development of regio- and enantioselective catalyst as well as analytical probes for studying enzyme properties (e.g., structure) and, hence, is a "proof-of-principle design" study in enzyme chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis A Kruithof
- Debye Institute, Organic Synthesis and Catalysis, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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