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Herbert DE, Mayer UFJ, Manners I. Strained metallocenophanes and related organometallic rings containing pi-hydrocarbon ligands and transition-metal centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:5060-81. [PMID: 17587203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200604409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The structures, bonding, and ring-opening reactions of strained cyclic carbon-based molecules form a key component of standard textbooks. In contrast, the study of strained organometallic molecules containing transition metals is a much more recent development. A wealth of recent research has revealed fascinating nuances in terms of structure, bonding, and reactivity. Building on initial work on strained ferrocenophanes, a broad range of strained organometallic rings composed of a variety of different metals, pi-hydrocarbon ligands, and bridging elements has now been developed. Such strained species can potentially undergo ring-opening reactions to functionalize surfaces and ring-opening polymerization to form easily processed metallopolymers with properties determined by the presence of the metal and spacer. This Review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the preparation, structural characterization, electronic structure, and reactivity of strained organometallic rings with pi-hydrocarbon ligands and d-block metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Herbert
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS81TS, UK
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Abstract
The study of metallopolymers has blossomed into a mature field over the last few decades. Especially, polyferrocenylsilane (PFS) chemistry has taken a tremendous leap and continues to raise intense interest. Since the discovery of thermal ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of sila[1]ferrocenophanes, PFSs have been also accessed by anionic, cationic, transition-metal-catalyzed, and photolytic anionic ROP methodologies. A plethora of synthetic strategies have been devised, enabling access to a wide variety of copolymers, polyelectrolytes, and nanostructured materials. The distinctive physical properties and functions of many PFS-based polymers have been explored, leading to their apt exploitation in technical applications. Therefore, it is conceivable that PFS-related platforms might be indispensable nano-objects in the near future, as they stand on the verge of a new generation of sophisticated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilios Bellas
- Ernst-Berl Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular Science, Darmstadt University of Technology, Petersenstrasse 22, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Herbert D, Mayer U, Manners I. Gespannte Metallocenophane und ähnliche metallorganische Ringe mit π-Kohlenwasserstoffliganden und Übergangsmetallzentren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200604409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Rider DA, Manners I. Synthesis, Self‐Assembly, and Applications of Polyferrocenylsilane Block Copolymers. POLYM REV 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/15583720701271302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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56
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Yamaguchi Y, Ding W, Sanderson CT, Borden ML, Morgan MJ, Kutal C. Electronic structure, spectroscopy, and photochemistry of group 8 metallocenes. Coord Chem Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chan WY, Lough AJ, Manners I. Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocontrolled Ring-Opening Polymerization of Sila[1]ferrocenophanes with Multiple Alkyne Substituents. Organometallics 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/om060767l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wing Yan Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3H6, and the School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, B58 1TS
| | - Alan J. Lough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3H6, and the School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, B58 1TS
| | - Ian Manners
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3H6, and the School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, B58 1TS
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Noonan KJT, Gates DP. Ambient-Temperature Living Anionic Polymerization of Phosphaalkenes: Homopolymers and Block Copolymers with Controlled Chain Lengths. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:7271-4. [PMID: 17009381 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J T Noonan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Noonan KJT, Gates DP. Ambient-Temperature Living Anionic Polymerization of Phosphaalkenes: Homopolymers and Block Copolymers with Controlled Chain Lengths. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kim KT, Han J, Ryu CY, Sun FC, Sheiko SS, Winnik MA, Manners I. Synthesis, Characterization, and AFM Studies of Dendronized Polyferrocenylsilanes. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma060607l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Taek Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada; The School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, England; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180; and Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Junwon Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada; The School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, England; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180; and Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Chang Y. Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada; The School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, England; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180; and Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Frank C. Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada; The School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, England; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180; and Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Sergei S. Sheiko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada; The School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, England; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180; and Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Mitchell A. Winnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada; The School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, England; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180; and Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Ian Manners
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada; The School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, England; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180; and Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
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Tanabe M, Vandermeulen GWM, Chan WY, Cyr PW, Vanderark L, Rider DA, Manners I. Photocontrolled living polymerizations. NATURE MATERIALS 2006; 5:467-70. [PMID: 16699511 DOI: 10.1038/nmat1649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 04/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Living polymerizations involve the creation of polymer chains without significant irreversible chain transfer or chain termination. Such processes are widely used to access well-defined macromolecular materials with controlled architectures, such as block and star polymers. Although this concept was first realized for anionic polymerizations in the 1950s, many key recent advances have been made, most notably in the area of radical polymerization. Here, we report a living photopolymerization that involves photoexcited monomers. Exposure of metal-containing ferrocenophane monomers to Pyrex-filtered light from a mercury lamp (lambda>310 nm) or to bright sunlight in the presence of an anionic initiator leads to living polymerizations, in which the conversion and molecular weight of the resulting polymer can be controlled by the irradiation time. Photoirradiation selectively weakens the iron-cyclopentadienyl bond in the monomer, allowing the use of moderately basic and highly functional-group-tolerant initiators. The polymerization proceeds through attack of the initiator and propagating anion on the iron atom of the photoexcited monomer and, remarkably, the polymerization rate decreases with increasing temperature. Block copolymer formation is possible when the light source is alternately switched on and off in between sequential addition of different monomers, providing unprecedented, photocontrolled access to new types of functional polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Tanabe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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Masson G, Beyer P, Cyr PW, Lough AJ, Manners I. Synthesis and Reversible Redox Properties of an Electron-Rich Polyferrocenylsilane with tert-Butyl Substituents on the Cyclopentadienyl Ligands. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma052475m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgeta Masson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada, and School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, England
| | - Patrick Beyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada, and School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, England
| | - Paul W. Cyr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada, and School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, England
| | - Alan J. Lough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada, and School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, England
| | - Ian Manners
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada, and School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, England
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Bartole-Scott A, Braunschweig H, Kupfer T, Lutz M, Manners I, Nguyen TL, Radacki K, Seeler F. Synthesis ofansa-[n]Silacyclopentadienyl-Cycloheptatrienyl-Chromium Complexes (n = 1, 2): Novel Precursors for Polymers Bearing Chromium in the Backbone. Chemistry 2006; 12:1266-73. [PMID: 16281318 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of [(eta5-C5H4Li)(eta7-C7H6Li)Cr]tmeda with a variety of dialkyl(dichloro)silanes in aliphatic solvents afforded the corresponding [1]silatrochrocenophanes. Structural characterization by X-ray diffraction analysis of the [1]silatrochrocenophanes bearing Me2Si, (iPr)2Si, and silacyclobutane bridges revealed tilt angles alpha of 15.56(12) degrees , 15.8(1) degrees , and 16.33(17) degrees , respectively. Analogously, a [2]silatrochrocenophane (6) was prepared in excellent yield by reaction of [(eta5-C5H4Li)(eta7-C7H6Li)Cr]tmeda with 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilane. This complex also was characterized structurally and exhibited a tilt angle alpha of 2.60(15) degrees. The [1]silatrochrocenophane bearing the Me2Si bridge underwent facile and regioselective carbon-silicon bond cleavage with [Pt(PEt3)4] to give a very high yield of an oxidative addition product. The ring-opening polymerization of these novel [1]silatrochrocenophanes afforded ring-opened chromium-based polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bartole-Scott
- Inorganic Rings and Macromolecules, Dept. of Chemistry, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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Bartole-Scott A, Lough AJ, Manners I. Synthesis and reactivity of [2]ferrocenophanes containing C–Pb and C–Zr bridges. Polyhedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2005.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abd-El-Aziz AS, Todd EK, Okasha RM, Shipman PO, Wood TE. Macromolecules Containing Redox-Active Neutral and Cationic Iron Complexes. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma051645s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa S. Abd-El-Aziz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3B 2E9
| | - Erin K. Todd
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3B 2E9
| | - Rawda M. Okasha
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3B 2E9
| | - Patrick O. Shipman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3B 2E9
| | - Tabitha E. Wood
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3B 2E9
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Hilf S, Cyr PW, Rider DA, Manners I, Ishida T, Chujo Y. A Versatile and Efficient Hydrosilylation Route to Functionalized Polyferrocenylsilanes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200500160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bartole-Scott A, Resendes R, Jäkle F, Lough AJ, Manners I. Synthesis and Reactivity of [2]Ferrocenophanes with C−Ge and C−Sn Bridges. Organometallics 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/om049650s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bartole-Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3H6
| | - Rui Resendes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3H6
| | - Frieder Jäkle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3H6
| | - Alan J. Lough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3H6
| | - Ian Manners
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3H6
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