51
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De J, Setia S, Pal SK. Synthesis, Mesomorphism and Photoluminescence of a New Class of Anthracene-based Discotic Liquid Crystals. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joydip De
- Department of Chemical Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge City; Manauli- 140306 India
| | - Shilpa Setia
- Department of Chemical Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge City; Manauli- 140306 India
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge City; Manauli- 140306 India
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52
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Wang Y, Sun J, Liu Z, Nassar MS, Botros YY, Stoddart JF. Symbiotic Control in Mechanical Bond Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12387-92. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Junling Sun
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Zhichang Liu
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Majed S. Nassar
- Joint Center of Excellence in Integrated Nano-Systems (JCIN); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST); P.O. Box 6086 Riyadh 11442 KSA
| | - Youssry Y. Botros
- PanaceaNano, Inc.; 2265 East Foothill Boulevard Pasadena CA 91107 USA
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
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53
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Wang Y, Sun J, Liu Z, Nassar MS, Botros YY, Stoddart JF. Symbiotic Control in Mechanical Bond Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Junling Sun
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Zhichang Liu
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Majed S. Nassar
- Joint Center of Excellence in Integrated Nano-Systems (JCIN); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST); P.O. Box 6086 Riyadh 11442 KSA
| | - Youssry Y. Botros
- PanaceaNano, Inc.; 2265 East Foothill Boulevard Pasadena CA 91107 USA
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
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54
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Cheng C, Cheng T, Xiao H, Krzyaniak MD, Wang Y, McGonigal PR, Frasconi M, Barnes JC, Fahrenbach AC, Wasielewski MR, Goddard WA, Stoddart JF. Influence of Constitution and Charge on Radical Pairing Interactions in Tris-radical Tricationic Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:8288-300. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuyang Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tao Cheng
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center (MC 139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Hai Xiao
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center (MC 139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Paul R. McGonigal
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Frasconi
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Jonathan C. Barnes
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Albert C. Fahrenbach
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative
Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Earth-Life
Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-IE-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center (MC 139-74), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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55
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Zhang X, Clennan EL, Arulsamy N, Weber R, Weber J. Synthesis, Structure, and Photochemical Behavior of [5]Heli-viologen Isomers. J Org Chem 2016; 81:5474-86. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Edward L. Clennan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Navamoney Arulsamy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Rachael Weber
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Jacob Weber
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
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56
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Qi Q, Xi CG, Wang H, Zhang DW, Li ZT. Stacking of bipyridinium radical cations incorporated in rigid conjugated polymers. Supramol Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2016.1165348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qi
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Gang Xi
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhan-Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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57
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Abstract
The past quarter of a century has witnessed an increasing engagement on the part of physicists and chemists in the design and synthesis of molecular machines de novo. This minireview traces the development of artificial molecular machines from their prototypes in the form of shuttles and switches to their emergence as motors and pumps where supplies of energy in the form of chemical fuel, electrochemical potential and light activation become a minimum requirement for them to function away from equilibrium. The challenge facing this rapidly growing community of scientists and engineers today is one of putting wholly synthetic molecules to work, both individually and as collections. Here, we highlight some of the recent conceptual and practical advances relating to the operation of wholly synthetic rotary and linear motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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58
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Wang Y, Frasconi M, Liu WG, Sun J, Wu Y, Nassar MS, Botros YY, Goddard WA, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Oligorotaxane Radicals under Orders. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:89-98. [PMID: 27163033 PMCID: PMC4827492 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A strategy for creating foldameric oligorotaxanes composed of only positively charged components is reported. Threadlike components-namely oligoviologens-in which different numbers of 4,4'-bipyridinium (BIPY(2+)) subunits are linked by p-xylylene bridges, are shown to be capable of being threaded by cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT(4+)) rings following the introduction of radical-pairing interactions under reducing conditions. UV/vis/NIR spectroscopic and electrochemical investigations suggest that the reduced oligopseudorotaxanes fold into highly ordered secondary structures as a result of the formation of BIPY(•+) radical cation pairs. Furthermore, by installing bulky stoppers at each end of the oligopseudorotaxanes by means of Cu-free alkyne-azide cycloadditions, their analogous oligorotaxanes, which retain the same stoichiometries as their progenitors, can be prepared. Solution-state studies of the oligorotaxanes indicate that their mechanically interlocked structures lead to the enforced interactions between the dumbbell and ring components, allowing them to fold (contract) in their reduced states and unfold (expand) in their fully oxidized states as a result of Coulombic repulsions. This electrochemically controlled reversible folding and unfolding process, during which the oligorotaxanes experience length contractions and expansions, is reminiscent of the mechanisms of actuation associated with muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Marco Frasconi
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wei-Guang Liu
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Junling Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Majed S. Nassar
- Joint
Center of Excellence in Integrated Nano-Systems (JCIN), King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, KSA
| | - Youssry Y. Botros
- Joint
Center of Excellence in Integrated Nano-Systems (JCIN), King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, KSA
- University
Research Office, Intel Corporation, Building RNB-6-61, 2200 Mission
College Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern
University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 United States.
Tel: (+1)-847-491-3793. E-mail:
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59
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Toma O, Leroux M, Mercier N, Allain M, Kassiba AH, Swamy SKK, Dittmer J. Bipyridinium-bis(carboxylate) Radical Based Materials: X-ray, EPR and Paramagnetic Solid-State NMR Investigations. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201501206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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60
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Han Y, Meng Z, Chen CF. Acid/base controllable complexation of a triptycene-derived macrotricyclic host and protonated 4,4′-bipyridinium/pyridinium salts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:590-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc08166a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new acid/base controllable host–guest system based on a triptycene-derived macrotricyclic host and protonated 4,4′-bipyridinium/pyridinium salts was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Zheng Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Chuan-Feng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
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61
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Zhan TG, Zhou TY, Lin F, Zhang L, Zhou C, Qi QY, Li ZT, Zhao X. Supramolecular radical polymers self-assembled from the stacking of radical cations of rod-like viologen di- and trimers. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00298f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of π-conjugated oligomeric viologens have been synthesized, from which supramolecular radical polymers were constructed through the stacking of their radical cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Guang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Tian-You Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Feng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Cen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Qiao-Yan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Zhan-Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
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62
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Gong T, Yang X, Sui Q, Qi Y, Xi FG, Gao EQ. Magnetic and Photochromic Properties of a Manganese(II) Metal-Zwitterionic Coordination Polymer. Inorg Chem 2015; 55:96-103. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Gong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical
Processes, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical
Processes, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Qi Sui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical
Processes, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yan Qi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical
Processes, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Fu-Gui Xi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical
Processes, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - En-Qing Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical
Processes, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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63
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Abstract
The active transport of ions and molecules across cell membranes is essential to creating the concentration gradients that sustain life in all living organisms, be they bacteria, fungi, plants, animals or Homo sapiens. Nature uses active transport everywhere for everything. Molecular biologists have long been attracted to the study of active transport and continue to this day to investigate and elucidate the tertiary structures of the complex motor proteins that sustain it, while physicists, interested in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics, have developed theoretical models to describe the driven ratcheting motions that are crucial to its function. The increasingly detailed understanding that contemporary science has acquired relating to active transport, however, has yet to lead to the design and construction of artificial molecular motors capable of employing ratchet-driven motions that can also perform work against concentration gradients. Mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) in the form of pseudo- and semirotaxanes are showing some encouraging signs in meeting these goals. This review summarizes recent progress in making artificial molecular motors that can perform work by "pumping" tetracationic rings into high-energy states. The launching pad is a bistable [2]rotaxane whose dumbbell component contains two electron-donating recognition sites, one, a tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) unit, which interacts more strongly with the ring component, cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT(4+)), containing two electron-accepting bipyridinium units, than does the other 1,5-dioxynaphthalene (DNP) unit. Switching can be induced electrochemically by oxidizing the TTF unit to a TTF(•+) radical cation, whereupon Coulombic repulsion takes care of moving the ring to the DNP unit. Reduction of the radical cation resets the switch. Molecular switches operate at, or close to, equilibrium. Any work done during one switching event is undone during the reset. Molecular motors, on the other hand, rely on a flux of energy, and a ratchet mechanism to make periodic changes to the potential energy surface of a system in order to move molecules uphill to higher energy states. Forging a path from molecular switches to motors involved designing a molecular pump prototype. An asymmetric dumbbell with a 2-isopropylphenyl (neutral) end and a 3,5-dimethylpyridinium (charged) end with a DNP recognition site to entice CBPQT(4+) rings out of solution exhibits relative unidirectional movement of the rings with respect to the dumbbell. Redox chemistry does the trick. During the oxidative cycle, the rings enter the dumbbell by passing over the neutral end onto the recognition site; in the reduction cycle, much of the recognition is lost and the rings find their way back into solution by leaving the dumbbell from the charged end. This on-one-end, off-the-other process can be repeated over and over again using light as the energy source in the presence of a photosensitizer and a compound that shuttles electrons back and forth. Although this prototype demonstrates ratchet-driven translational motion, no work is done. A ring enters the dumbbell from one end and leaves from the other end. Another deficiency of the prototype is the fact that, although the recognition site is muted on reduction, it retains some attraction for the ring. What if the recognition site was attractive initially and then became repulsive? This question was answered by turning to radical chemistry and employing the known stabilization behavior of a bipyridinium radical cation and the bisradical dication, generated on reduction of the CBPQT(4+) ring, to pluck rings out of solution and thread them over the charged end of the pump portion of a semidumbbell. On subsequent oxidation, the pump is primed and the rings pass through a one-way door, given a little thermal energy, onto a collecting-chain where they find themselves accumulating where they would rather not be present. In this manner, an artificial molecular pump mimics the pumping machinery commonplace in biological systems. Looking beyond this state-of-the-art artificial molecular pump, we discuss, from a theoretical standpoint, the measures that would need to be taken in order to render its operation autonomous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Paul R McGonigal
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University , South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - R Dean Astumian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Maine , Orono, Maine 04469, United States
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64
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Frasconi M, Fernando IR, Wu Y, Liu Z, Liu WG, Dyar SM, Barin G, Wasielewski MR, Goddard WA, Stoddart JF. Redox Control of the Binding Modes of an Organic Receptor. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:11057-68. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Frasconi
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Isurika R. Fernando
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhichang Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wei-Guang Liu
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Scott M. Dyar
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Gokhan Barin
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- NanoCentury
KAIST Institute and Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong Dong, Yuseong Gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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65
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Electrochemically addressable trisradical rotaxanes organized within a metal-organic framework. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:11161-8. [PMID: 26283386 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514485112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The organization of trisradical rotaxanes within the channels of a Zr6-based metal-organic framework (NU-1000) has been achieved postsynthetically by solvent-assisted ligand incorporation. Robust Zr(IV)-carboxylate bonds are forged between the Zr clusters of NU-1000 and carboxylic acid groups of rotaxane precursors (semirotaxanes) as part of this building block replacement strategy. Ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared (UV-Vis-NIR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies all confirm the capture of redox-active rotaxanes within the mesoscale hexagonal channels of NU-1000. Cyclic voltammetry measurements performed on electroactive thin films of the resulting material indicate that redox-active viologen subunits located on the rotaxane components can be accessed electrochemically in the solid state. In contradistinction to previous methods, this strategy for the incorporation of mechanically interlocked molecules within porous materials circumvents the need for de novo synthesis of a metal-organic framework, making it a particularly convenient approach for the design and creation of solid-state molecular switches and machines. The results presented here provide proof-of-concept for the application of postsynthetic transformations in the integration of dynamic molecular machines with robust porous frameworks.
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66
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Sun J, Wu Y, Liu Z, Cao D, Wang Y, Cheng C, Chen D, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Visible Light-Driven Artificial Molecular Switch Actuated by Radical–Radical and Donor–Acceptor Interactions. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:6317-25. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b04570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junling Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Zhichang Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Dennis Cao
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Chuyang Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Dongyang Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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67
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Cheng C, McGonigal PR, Schneebeli ST, Li H, Vermeulen NA, Ke C, Stoddart JF. An artificial molecular pump. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 10:547-53. [PMID: 25984834 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Carrier proteins consume fuel in order to pump ions or molecules across cell membranes, creating concentration gradients. Their control over diffusion pathways, effected entirely through noncovalent bonding interactions, has inspired chemists to devise artificial systems that mimic their function. Here, we report a wholly artificial compound that acts on small molecules to create a gradient in their local concentration. It does so by using redox energy and precisely organized noncovalent bonding interactions to pump positively charged rings from solution and ensnare them around an oligomethylene chain, as part of a kinetically trapped entanglement. A redox-active viologen unit at the heart of a dumbbell-shaped molecular pump plays a dual role, first attracting and then repelling the rings during redox cycling, thereby enacting a flashing energy ratchet mechanism with a minimalistic design. Our artificial molecular pump performs work repetitively for two cycles of operation and drives rings away from equilibrium toward a higher local concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Paul R McGonigal
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Severin T Schneebeli
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Nicolaas A Vermeulen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Chenfeng Ke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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68
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69
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Yu G, Jie K, Huang F. Supramolecular Amphiphiles Based on Host–Guest Molecular Recognition Motifs. Chem Rev 2015; 115:7240-303. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5005315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 766] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guocan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Kecheng Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Feihe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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70
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Han Y, Gu YK, Guo JB, Chen CF. Linker-Length-Dependent Complexation of a Triptycene-Derived Macrotricyclic Polyether with π-Extended Viologens. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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71
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Wang Y, Frasconi M, Liu WG, Liu Z, Sarjeant AA, Nassar MS, Botros YY, Goddard WA, Stoddart JF. Folding of Oligoviologens Induced by Radical–Radical Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:876-85. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5111305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Marco Frasconi
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wei-Guang Liu
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Zhichang Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amy A. Sarjeant
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Majed S. Nassar
- Joint
Center of Excellence in Integrated Nano-Systems (JCIN), King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Youssry Y. Botros
- Joint
Center of Excellence in Integrated Nano-Systems (JCIN), King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
- University
Research Office, Intel Corporation, Building RNB-6-61, 2200 Mission
College Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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72
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Zhang YC, Zhang DW, Wang H, Zhou Y, Li ZT. Bipyridinium radical cation dimerization-driven polymeric pleated foldamers and a homoduplex that undergo ion-tuned interconversion. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00419e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Radical cation dimerization induces bipyridinium-derived polymers to form pleated secondary structures and a homoduplex which can be tuned by ammonium to interconvert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Dan-Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Yaming Zhou
- Department of Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Zhan-Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
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73
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Berville M, Karmazin L, Wytko JA, Weiss J. Viologen cyclophanes: redox controlled host–guest interactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:15772-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bis(viologen) cyclophanes with alkyl linkers demonstrate redox-dependent host–guest properties, including the formation of a crystalline mixed valence species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Berville
- CLAC
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg
- UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Lydia Karmazin
- Service de Cristallographie
- GDS 3648
- CNRS-Université de Strasbourg
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Jennifer A. Wytko
- CLAC
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg
- UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Jean Weiss
- CLAC
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg
- UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
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74
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Nierengarten I, Nierengarten JF. The impact of copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition in fullerene chemistry. CHEM REC 2014; 15:31-51. [PMID: 25392909 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201402081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Click reactions largely cross the borders of organic synthetic chemistry and are now at the forefront of many interdisciplinary studies at the interfaces between chemistry, physics, and biology. As part of this research, our group is involved in a program on the development of clickable fullerene building blocks and their application in the preparation of a large variety of new advanced materials and bioactive compounds. Importantly, the introduction of the click chemistry concept in fullerene chemistry allowed us to produce compounds that would barely be accessible by using the classical tools of fullerene chemistry. This is particularly the case for the conjugation of fullerenes with other carbon nanoforms, such as carbon nanohorns and graphene. It is also the case for most of the sophisticated molecular ensembles constructed from clickable fullerene hexa-adduct building blocks. In this paper, we have summarized our ongoing progress in this particular field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Nierengarten
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires, Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (UMR 7509), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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75
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Cheng C, McGonigal PR, Liu WG, Li H, Vermeulen NA, Ke C, Frasconi M, Stern CL, Goddard III WA, Stoddart JF. Energetically Demanding Transport in a Supramolecular Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14702-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja508615f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuyang Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Paul R. McGonigal
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wei-Guang Liu
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Hao Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nicolaas A. Vermeulen
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chenfeng Ke
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Marco Frasconi
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L. Stern
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - William A. Goddard III
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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76
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Zhang DW, Tian J, Chen L, Zhang L, Li ZT. Dimerization of Conjugated Radical Cations: An Emerging Non-Covalent Interaction for Self-Assembly. Chem Asian J 2014; 10:56-68. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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77
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Barnes JC, Frasconi M, Young RM, Khdary NH, Liu WG, Dyar SM, McGonigal PR, Gibbs-Hall IC, Diercks CS, Sarjeant AA, Stern CL, Goddard WA, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Solid-State Characterization and Photoinduced Intramolecular Electron Transfer in a Nanoconfined Octacationic Homo[2]Catenane. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10569-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ja505093d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nezar H. Khdary
- National
Center for Nano Technology Research, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Wei-Guang Liu
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - William A. Goddard
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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78
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Ferrón CC, Capdevila-Cortada M, Balster R, Hartl F, Niu W, He M, Novoa JJ, López Navarrete JT, Hernández V, Ruiz Delgado MC. Multistep π Dimerization of Tetrakis(n-decyl)heptathienoacene Radical Cations: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study. Chemistry 2014; 20:10351-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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79
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Fernando IR, Mo Y, Mezei G. Metal-binding studies of linear rigid-axle [2]pseudorotaxanes with in situ generated anionic metal halide complexes. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce00789a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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80
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81
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Leblanc N, Mercier N, Toma O, Kassiba AH, Zorina L, Auban-Senzier P, Pasquier C. Unprecedented stacking of MV2+ dications and MV˙+ radical cations in the mixed-valence viologen salt (MV)2(BF4)3 (MV = methylviologen). Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 49:10272-4. [PMID: 24067860 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45690k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using a slow liquid-gas diffusion method, the mixed-valence viologen salt (MV)2(BF4)3 (1) and the radical cation salt (MV)(BF4) (2) are crystallized. Both structures contain regular stacks of MV˙(+) radical cations (2) or alternating MV˙(+) and MV(2+) entities (1). A short intrastack intermolecular separation (3.23 Å) unprecedently reveals strong interactions between MV(2+) and MV˙(+) in 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Leblanc
- MOLTECH-Anjou UMR-CNRS 6200, 2 Bd Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France.
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82
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Bruns CJ, Frasconi M, Iehl J, Hartlieb KJ, Schneebeli ST, Cheng C, Stupp SI, Stoddart JF. Redox Switchable Daisy Chain Rotaxanes Driven by Radical–Radical Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:4714-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ja500675y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carson J. Bruns
- Department
of Chemistry ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering §Department of Medicine Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Marco Frasconi
- Department
of Chemistry ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering §Department of Medicine Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Julien Iehl
- Department
of Chemistry ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering §Department of Medicine Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Karel J. Hartlieb
- Department
of Chemistry ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering §Department of Medicine Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Severin T. Schneebeli
- Department
of Chemistry ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering §Department of Medicine Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chuyang Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering §Department of Medicine Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Samuel I. Stupp
- Department
of Chemistry ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering §Department of Medicine Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department
of Chemistry ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering §Department of Medicine Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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83
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Sambe L, Stoffelbach F, Poltorak K, Lyskawa J, Malfait A, Bria M, Cooke G, Woisel P. Elaboration of Thermoresponsive Supramolecular Diblock Copolymers in Water from Complementary CBPQT4+and TTF End-Functionalized Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2013; 35:498-504. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201300729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Léna Sambe
- UMET (UMR8207); Université de Lille Nord de France, ENSCL; 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex France
| | - François Stoffelbach
- UMR 7610, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, UPMC Université; Paris 6 CNRS, 3, rue Galilée 94200 Ivry sur Seine France
| | - Katarzyna Poltorak
- UMR 7610, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, UPMC Université; Paris 6 CNRS, 3, rue Galilée 94200 Ivry sur Seine France
| | - Joël Lyskawa
- UMET (UMR8207); Université de Lille Nord de France, ENSCL; 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex France
| | - Aurélie Malfait
- UMET (UMR8207); Université de Lille Nord de France, ENSCL; 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex France
| | - Marc Bria
- UMET (UMR8207); Université de Lille Nord de France, ENSCL; 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex France
| | - Graeme Cooke
- Glasgow Centre for Physical Organic Chemistry, WestCHEM, School of Chemistry; University of Glasgow; Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Patrice Woisel
- UMET (UMR8207); Université de Lille Nord de France, ENSCL; 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex France
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84
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Passon M, Ruff A, Schuler P, Speiser B, Dreiling I. Stepwise Solid-Phase Synthesis and Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Viologen Core/Shell-Structured Modified Silica Materials. ChemElectroChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201300123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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85
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Li H, Cheng C, McGonigal PR, Fahrenbach AC, Frasconi M, Liu WG, Zhu Z, Zhao Y, Ke C, Lei J, Young RM, Dyar SM, Co DT, Yang YW, Botros YY, Goddard WA, Wasielewski MR, Astumian RD, Stoddart JF. Relative Unidirectional Translation in an Artificial Molecular Assembly Fueled by Light. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:18609-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4094204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Albert C. Fahrenbach
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699
Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | | | - Wei-Guang Liu
- Materials and Process
Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | | | - Yanli Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School
of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ying-Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular
Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699
Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Youssry Y. Botros
- National Center for Nano Technology Research, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Intel Labs, Building RNB-6-61, 2200 Mission College Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials and Process
Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- NanoCentury KAIST Institute
and Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science
and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong
Dong, Yuseong Gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | - R. Dean Astumian
- Department of Physics, The University of Maine, 5709 Bennett Hall, Orono, Maine 04469-5709, United States
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86
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Chi X, Xue M, Yao Y, Huang F. Redox-Responsive Complexation between a Pillar[5]arene with Mono(ethylene oxide) Substituents and Paraquat. Org Lett 2013; 15:4722-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol402048n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Chi
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance and Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, PR China
| | - Min Xue
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance and Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, PR China
| | - Yong Yao
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance and Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, PR China
| | - Feihe Huang
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance and Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, PR China
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87
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Han Y, Guo JB, Cao J, Chen CF. Ion-controlled switchable complexation between pentiptycene-based tweezer-like hosts and self-folding guests. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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88
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Han Y, Cao J, Li PF, Zong QS, Zhao JM, Guo JB, Xiang JF, Chen CF. Complexation of Triptycene-Derived Macrotricyclic Polyether with Paraquat Derivatives, Diquat, and a 2,7-Diazapyrenium Salt: Guest-Induced Conformational Changes of the Host. J Org Chem 2013; 78:3235-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jo400148b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular
Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function,
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular
Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function,
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Peng-Fei Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular
Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function,
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian-Shou Zong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular
Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function,
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular
Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function,
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jia-Bin Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular
Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function,
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jun-Feng Xiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular
Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function,
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chuan-Feng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular
Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function,
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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89
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Barin G, Frasconi M, Dyar SM, Iehl J, Buyukcakir O, Sarjeant AA, Carmieli R, Coskun A, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Redox-Controlled Selective Docking in a [2]Catenane Host. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:2466-9. [PMID: 23350705 DOI: 10.1021/ja3125004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Barin
- Department
of Chemistry and
Graduate School of EEWS, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
(KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ali Coskun
- Department
of Chemistry and
Graduate School of EEWS, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
(KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department
of Chemistry and
Graduate School of EEWS, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
(KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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90
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Barnes JC, Fahrenbach AC, Cao D, Dyar SM, Frasconi M, Giesener MA, Benitez D, Tkatchouk E, Chernyashevskyy O, Shin WH, Li H, Sampath S, Stern CL, Sarjeant AA, Hartlieb KJ, Liu Z, Carmieli R, Botros YY, Choi JW, Slawin AMZ, Ketterson JB, Wasielewski MR, Goddard WA, Stoddart JF. A Radically Configurable Six-State Compound. Science 2013; 339:429-33. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1228429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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91
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Iehl J, Frasconi M, Jacquot de Rouville HP, Renaud N, Dyar SM, Strutt NL, Carmieli R, Wasielewski MR, Ratner MA, Nierengarten JF, Stoddart JF. π-Dimerization of viologen subunits around the core of C60 from twelve to six directions. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc22250k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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92
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Iordache A, Kannappan R, Métay E, Duclos MC, Pellet-Rostaing S, Lemaire M, Milet A, Saint-Aman E, Bucher C. Redox control of molecular motions in bipyridinium appended calixarenes. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:4383-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40356d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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93
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Li H, Zhu Z, Fahrenbach AC, Savoie BM, Ke C, Barnes JC, Lei J, Zhao YL, Lilley LM, Marks TJ, Ratner MA, Stoddart JF. Mechanical Bond-Induced Radical Stabilization. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 135:456-67. [DOI: 10.1021/ja310060n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113,
United States
| | - Zhixue Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113,
United States
| | - Albert C. Fahrenbach
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113,
United States
| | - Brett M. Savoie
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113,
United States
| | - Chenfeng Ke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113,
United States
| | - Jonathan C. Barnes
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113,
United States
| | - Juying Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113,
United States
| | - Yan-Li Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113,
United States
| | - Laura M. Lilley
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113,
United States
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113,
United States
| | - Mark A. Ratner
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113,
United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113,
United States
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94
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Fahrenbach AC, Sampath S, Late DJ, Barnes JC, Kleinman SL, Valley N, Hartlieb KJ, Liu Z, Dravid VP, Schatz GC, Van Duyne RP, Stoddart JF. A semiconducting organic radical cationic host-guest complex. ACS NANO 2012; 6:9964-9971. [PMID: 23078281 DOI: 10.1021/nn303553z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly and solid-state semiconducting properties of single crystals of a trisradical tricationic complex composed of the diradical dicationic cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT(2(•+))) ring and methyl viologen radical cation (MV(•+)) are reported. An organic field effect transistor incorporating single crystals of the CBPQT(2(•+))⊂MV(•+) complex was constructed using lithographic techniques on a silicon substrate and shown to exhibit p-type semiconductivity with a mobility of 0.05 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). The morphology of the crystals on the silicon substrate was characterized using scanning electron microscopy which revealed that the complexes self-assemble into "molecular wires" observable by the naked-eye as millimeter long crystalline needles. The nature of the recognition processes driving this self-assembly, radical-radical interactions between bipyridinium radical cations (BIPY(•+)), was further investigated by resonance Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with theoretical investigations of the vibrational modes, and was supported by X-ray structural analyses of the complex and its free components in both their radical cationic and dicationic redox states. These spectroscopic investigations demonstrate that the bond order of the BIPY(•+) radical cationic units of host and guest components is not changed upon complexation, an observation which relates to its conductivity in the solid-state. We envision the modularity inherent in this kind of host-guest complexation could be harnessed to construct a library of custom-made electronic organic materials tailored to fit the specific needs of a given electronic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert C Fahrenbach
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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95
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Mercier N. The Templating Effect and Photochemistry of Viologens in Halometalate Hybrid Crystals. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201201125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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96
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Wang C, Dyar SM, Cao D, Fahrenbach AC, Horwitz N, Colvin MT, Carmieli R, Stern CL, Dey SK, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Tetrathiafulvalene Hetero Radical Cation Dimerization in a Redox-Active [2]Catenane. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:19136-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ja307577t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Scott M. Dyar
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy
Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Dennis Cao
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
- NanoCentury KAIST Institute and
Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 37-1 Guseong Dong,
Yuseong Gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Albert C. Fahrenbach
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
- NanoCentury KAIST Institute and
Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 37-1 Guseong Dong,
Yuseong Gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Noah Horwitz
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy
Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael T. Colvin
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy
Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Raanan Carmieli
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy
Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L. Stern
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sanjeev K. Dey
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy
Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
- NanoCentury KAIST Institute and
Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 37-1 Guseong Dong,
Yuseong Gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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97
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Barin G, Forgan RS, Stoddart JF. Mechanostereochemistry and the mechanical bond. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2012; 468:2849-2880. [PMID: 22977353 PMCID: PMC3438546 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2012.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemistry of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs), in which two or more covalently linked components are held together by mechanical bonds, has led to the coining of the term mechanostereochemistry to describe a new field of chemistry that embraces many aspects of MIMs, including their syntheses, properties, topologies where relevant and functions where operative. During the rapid development and emergence of the field, the synthesis of MIMs has witnessed the forsaking of the early and grossly inefficient statistical approaches for template-directed protocols, aided and abetted by molecular recognition processes and the tenets of self-assembly. The resounding success of these synthetic protocols, based on templation, has facilitated the design and construction of artificial molecular switches and machines, resulting more and more in the creation of integrated functional systems. This review highlights (i) the range of template-directed synthetic methods being used currently in the preparation of MIMs; (ii) the syntheses of topologically complex knots and links in the form of stable molecular compounds; and (iii) the incorporation of bistable MIMs into many different device settings associated with surfaces, nanoparticles and solid-state materials in response to the needs of particular applications that are perceived to be fair game for mechanostereochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Barin
- Department of Chemistry, Center for the Chemistry of Integrated Systems, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3133, USA
- NanoCentury KAIST Institute and Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1, Guseong Dong, Yuseong Gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ross S. Forgan
- Department of Chemistry, Center for the Chemistry of Integrated Systems, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3133, USA
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Center for the Chemistry of Integrated Systems, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3133, USA
- NanoCentury KAIST Institute and Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1, Guseong Dong, Yuseong Gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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98
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Basuray AN, Jacquot de Rouville HP, Hartlieb KJ, Kikuchi T, Strutt NL, Bruns CJ, Ambrogio MW, Avestro AJ, Schneebeli ST, Fahrenbach AC, Stoddart JF. The Chameleonic Nature of Diazaperopyrenium Recognition Processes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11872-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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99
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Basuray AN, Jacquot de Rouville HP, Hartlieb KJ, Kikuchi T, Strutt NL, Bruns CJ, Ambrogio MW, Avestro AJ, Schneebeli ST, Fahrenbach AC, Stoddart JF. The Chameleonic Nature of Diazaperopyrenium Recognition Processes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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100
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Fahrenbach AC, Zhu Z, Cao D, Liu WG, Li H, Dey SK, Basu S, Trabolsi A, Botros YY, Goddard WA, Stoddart JF. Radically Enhanced Molecular Switches. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:16275-88. [DOI: 10.1021/ja306044r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert C. Fahrenbach
- NanoCentury
KAIST Institute and
Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong Dong,
Yuseong Gu, Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
| | | | - Dennis Cao
- NanoCentury
KAIST Institute and
Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong Dong,
Yuseong Gu, Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Wei-Guang Liu
- Materials and Process Simulation
Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | | | | | | | - Ali Trabolsi
- Center for Science and Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab
Emirates
| | - Youssry Y. Botros
- Intel Laboratories, Building RNB-6-61, 2200 Mission College Blvd., Santa Clara, California
95054-1549, United States
- National Center for Nano Technology Research, King Abdulaziz City for
Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia
| | - William A. Goddard
- NanoCentury
KAIST Institute and
Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong Dong,
Yuseong Gu, Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
- Materials and Process Simulation
Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- NanoCentury
KAIST Institute and
Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong Dong,
Yuseong Gu, Daejeon 305-701 Republic of Korea
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