51
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Theis T, Truong M, Coffey AM, Shchepin R, Waddell KW, Shi F, Goodson BM, Warren WS, Chekmenev EY. Microtesla SABRE enables 10% nitrogen-15 nuclear spin polarization. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:1404-7. [PMID: 25583142 PMCID: PMC4333583 DOI: 10.1021/ja512242d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Parahydrogen is demonstrated to efficiently transfer its nuclear spin hyperpolarization to nitrogen-15 in pyridine and nicotinamide (vitamin B(3) amide) by conducting "signal amplification by reversible exchange" (SABRE) at microtesla fields within a magnetic shield. Following transfer of the sample from the magnetic shield chamber to a conventional NMR spectrometer, the (15)N NMR signals for these molecules are enhanced by ∼30,000- and ∼20,000-fold at 9.4 T, corresponding to ∼10% and ∼7% nuclear spin polarization, respectively. This method, dubbed "SABRE in shield enables alignment transfer to heteronuclei" or "SABRE-SHEATH", promises to be a simple, cost-effective way to hyperpolarize heteronuclei. It may be particularly useful for in vivo applications because of longer hyperpolarization lifetimes, lack of background signal, and facile chemical-shift discrimination of different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Theis
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Milton
L. Truong
- Department
of Radiology, Vanderbilt University, Institute
of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Aaron M. Coffey
- Department
of Radiology, Vanderbilt University, Institute
of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Roman
V. Shchepin
- Department
of Radiology, Vanderbilt University, Institute
of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kevin W. Waddell
- Department
of Radiology, Vanderbilt University, Institute
of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Fan Shi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Boyd M. Goodson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Warren S. Warren
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department
of Radiology, Vanderbilt University, Institute
of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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52
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Theis T, Truong M, Coffey AM, Chekmenev EY, Warren WS. LIGHT-SABRE enables efficient in-magnet catalytic hyperpolarization. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2014; 248:23-6. [PMID: 25299767 PMCID: PMC6097635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear spin hyperpolarization overcomes the sensitivity limitations of traditional NMR and MRI, but the most general method demonstrated to date (dynamic nuclear polarization) has significant limitations in scalability, cost, and complex apparatus design. As an alternative, signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) of parahydrogen on transition metal catalysts can hyperpolarize a variety of substrates, but to date this scheme has required transfer of the sample to low magnetic field or very strong RF irradiation. Here we demonstrate "Low-Irradiation Generation of High Tesla-SABRE" (LIGHT-SABRE) which works with simple pulse sequences and low power deposition; it should be usable at any magnetic field and for hyperpolarization of many different nuclei. This approach could drastically reduce the cost and complexity of producing hyperpolarized molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Theis
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Milton Truong
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University, Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Ave South MCN AA-1105, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Aaron M Coffey
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University, Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Ave South MCN AA-1105, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University, Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Ave South MCN AA-1105, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Ave South MCN AA-1105, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Warren S Warren
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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53
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Zeng H, Xu J, McMahon MT, Lohman JAB, van Zijl PCM. Achieving 1% NMR polarization in water in less than 1min using SABRE. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2014; 246:119-21. [PMID: 25123540 PMCID: PMC4324624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of biocompatible hyperpolarized media is a crucial step towards application of hyperpolarization in vivo. This article describes the achievement of 1% hyperpolarization of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazine protons in water using the parahydrogen induced polarization technique based on signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE). Polarization was achieved in less than 1 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Zeng
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Jiadi Xu
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael T McMahon
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Peter C M van Zijl
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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54
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Ivanov KL, Pravdivtsev AN, Yurkovskaya AV, Vieth HM, Kaptein R. The role of level anti-crossings in nuclear spin hyperpolarization. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 81:1-36. [PMID: 25142733 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear spin hyperpolarization is an important resource for increasing the sensitivity of NMR spectroscopy and MRI. Signal enhancements can be as large as 3-4 orders of magnitude. In hyperpolarization experiments, it is often desirable to transfer the initial polarization to other nuclei of choice, either protons or insensitive nuclei such as (13)C and (15)N. This situation arises primarily in Chemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (CIDNP), Para-Hydrogen Induced Polarization (PHIP), and the related Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange (SABRE). Here we review the recent literature on polarization transfer mechanisms, in particular focusing on the role of Level Anti-Crossings (LACs) therein. So-called "spontaneous" polarization transfer may occur both at low and high magnetic fields. In addition, transfer of spin polarization can be accomplished by using especially designed pulse sequences. It is now clear that at low field spontaneous polarization transfer is primarily due to coherent spin-state mixing under strong coupling conditions. However, thus far the important role of LACs in this process has not received much attention. At high magnetic field, polarization may be transferred by cross-relaxation effects. Another promising high-field technique is to generate the strong coupling condition by spin locking using strong radio-frequency fields. Here, an analysis of polarization transfer in terms of LACs in the rotating frame is very useful to predict which spin orders are transferred depending on the strength and frequency of the B1 field. Finally, we will examine the role of strong coupling and LACs in magnetic-field dependent nuclear spin relaxation and the related topic of long-lived spin-states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin L Ivanov
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Institutskaya 3a, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Andrey N Pravdivtsev
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Institutskaya 3a, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Alexandra V Yurkovskaya
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Institutskaya 3a, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Hans-Martin Vieth
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Arnimallee 14, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Robert Kaptein
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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55
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A hyperpolarized equilibrium for magnetic resonance. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2946. [PMID: 24336292 PMCID: PMC3905697 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging (MRI) play an indispensable role in science and healthcare but use only a tiny fraction of their potential. No more than ≈10 p.p.m. of all ¹H nuclei are effectively detected in a 3-Tesla clinical MRI system. Thus, a vast array of new applications lays dormant, awaiting improved sensitivity. Here we demonstrate the continuous polarization of small molecules in solution to a level that cannot be achieved in a viable magnet. The magnetization does not decay and is effectively reinitialized within seconds after being measured. This effect depends on the long-lived, entangled spin-order of parahydrogen and an exchange reaction in a low magnetic field of 10⁻³ Tesla. We demonstrate the potential of this method by fast MRI and envision the catalysis of new applications such as cancer screening or indeed low-field MRI for routine use and remote application.
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56
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Lee JH, Okuno Y, Cavagnero S. Sensitivity enhancement in solution NMR: emerging ideas and new frontiers. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2014; 241:18-31. [PMID: 24656077 PMCID: PMC3967054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Modern NMR spectroscopy has reached an unprecedented level of sophistication in the determination of biomolecular structure and dynamics at atomic resolution in liquids. However, the sensitivity of this technique is still too low to solve a variety of cutting-edge biological problems in solution, especially those that involve viscous samples, very large biomolecules or aggregation-prone systems that need to be kept at low concentration. Despite the challenges, a variety of efforts have been carried out over the years to increase sensitivity of NMR spectroscopy in liquids. This review discusses basic concepts, recent developments and future opportunities in this exciting area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biophysics Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706-1322, USA
| | - Yusuke Okuno
- Department of Chemistry and Biophysics Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706-1322, USA
| | - Silvia Cavagnero
- Department of Chemistry and Biophysics Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706-1322, USA.
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57
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Barskiy D, Kovtunov KV, Koptyug IV, He P, Groome KA, Best Q, Shi F, Goodson BM, Shchepin RV, Coffey AM, Waddell K, Chekmenev EY. The feasibility of formation and kinetics of NMR signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) at high magnetic field (9.4 T). J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:3322-5. [PMID: 24528143 PMCID: PMC3985893 DOI: 10.1021/ja501052p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
(1)H NMR signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) was observed for pyridine and pyridine-d5 at 9.4 T, a field that is orders of magnitude higher than what is typically utilized to achieve the conventional low-field SABRE effect. In addition to emissive peaks for the hydrogen spins at the ortho positions of the pyridine substrate (both free and bound to the metal center), absorptive signals are observed from hyperpolarized orthohydrogen and Ir-complex dihydride. Real-time kinetics studies show that the polarization build-up rates for these three species are in close agreement with their respective (1)H T1 relaxation rates at 9.4 T. The results suggest that the mechanism of the substrate polarization involves cross-relaxation with hyperpolarized species in a manner similar to the spin-polarization induced nuclear Overhauser effect. Experiments utilizing pyridine-d5 as the substrate exhibited larger enhancements as well as partial H/D exchange for the hydrogen atom in the ortho position of pyridine and concomitant formation of HD molecules. While the mechanism of polarization enhancement does not explicitly require chemical exchange of hydrogen atoms of parahydrogen and the substrate, the partial chemical modification of the substrate via hydrogen exchange means that SABRE under these conditions cannot rigorously be referred to as a non-hydrogenative parahydrogen induced polarization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila
A. Barskiy
- International Tomography Center, Novosibirsk State
University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Kirill V. Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center, Novosibirsk State
University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, Novosibirsk State
University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Ping He
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Kirsten A. Groome
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Quinn
A. Best
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Fan Shi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Boyd M. Goodson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Roman V. Shchepin
- Institute
of Imaging Science, Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232-2310, United States
| | - Aaron M. Coffey
- Institute
of Imaging Science, Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232-2310, United States
| | - Kevin
W. Waddell
- Institute
of Imaging Science, Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232-2310, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Institute
of Imaging Science, Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232-2310, United States
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58
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van Weerdenburg BJA, Glöggler S, Eshuis N, Engwerda AHJT, Smits JMM, de Gelder R, Appelt S, Wymenga SS, Tessari M, Feiters MC, Blümich B, Rutjes FPJT. Ligand effects of NHC-iridium catalysts for signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE). Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 49:7388-90. [PMID: 23862181 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc43423k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SABRE hyperpolarizes substrates by polarization transfer from para-hydrogen in a metal complex. We have measured the signal enhancement of pyridine and its exchange rate in various [Ir(NHC)(Py)3(H)2](+) complexes to gain insight into their dependence on the N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) ligand's steric and electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram J A van Weerdenburg
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 65625 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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59
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Eshuis N, Hermkens N, van Weerdenburg BJA, Feiters MC, Rutjes FPJT, Wijmenga SS, Tessari M. Toward nanomolar detection by NMR through SABRE hyperpolarization. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:2695-8. [PMID: 24475903 DOI: 10.1021/ja412994k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
SABRE is a nuclear spin hyperpolarization technique based on the reversible association of a substrate molecule and para-hydrogen (p-H2) to a metal complex. During the lifetime of such a complex, generally fractions of a second, the spin order of p-H2 is transferred to the nuclear spins of the substrate molecule via a transient scalar coupling network, resulting in strongly enhanced NMR signals. This technique is generally applied at relatively high concentrations (mM), in large excess of substrate with respect to metal complex. Dilution of substrate ligands below stoichiometry results in progressive decrease of signal enhancement, which precludes the direct application of SABRE to the NMR analysis of low concentration (μM) solutions. Here, we show that the efficiency of SABRE at low substrate concentrations can be restored by addition of a suitable coordinating ligand to the solution. The proposed method allowed NMR detection below 1 μM in a single scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Eshuis
- Radboud University Nijmegen , Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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60
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Pravdivtsev AN, Yurkovskaya AV, Lukzen NN, Vieth HM, Ivanov KL. Exploiting level anti-crossings (LACs) in the rotating frame for transferring spin hyperpolarization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:18707-19. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01445f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A method of transferring hyperpolarization among scalar-coupled nuclear spins is proposed, which is based on spin mixing at energy level anti-crossing (LAC) regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey N. Pravdivtsev
- International Tomography Center
- Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science
- Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexandra V. Yurkovskaya
- International Tomography Center
- Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science
- Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikita N. Lukzen
- International Tomography Center
- Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science
- Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Hans-Martin Vieth
- Institut für Experimentalphysik
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantin L. Ivanov
- International Tomography Center
- Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science
- Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk, Russia
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61
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Pravdivtsev AN, Yurkovskaya AV, Vieth HM, Ivanov KL. Coherent transfer of nuclear spin polarization in field-cycling NMR experiments. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:244201. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4848699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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62
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Fekete M, Bayfield O, Duckett SB, Hart S, Mewis RE, Pridmore N, Rayner PJ, Whitwood A. Iridium(III) hydrido N-heterocyclic carbene-phosphine complexes as catalysts in magnetization transfer reactions. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:13453-61. [PMID: 24215616 PMCID: PMC3850244 DOI: 10.1021/ic401783c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hyperpolarization (HP) method signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) uses para-hydrogen to sensitize substrate detection by NMR. The catalyst systems [Ir(H)2(IMes)(MeCN)2(R)]BF4 and [Ir(H)2(IMes)(py)2(R)]BF4 [py = pyridine; R = PCy3 or PPh3; IMes = 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene], which contain both an electron-donating N-heterocyclic carbene and a phosphine, are used here to catalyze SABRE. They react with acetonitrile and pyridine to produce [Ir(H)2(NCMe)(py)(IMes)(PPh3)]BF4 and [Ir(H)2(NCMe)(py)(IMes)(PCy3)]BF4, complexes that undergo ligand exchange on a time scale commensurate with observation of the SABRE effect, which is illustrated here by the observation of both pyridine and acetonitrile HP. In this study, the required symmetry breaking that underpins SABRE is provided for by the use of chemical inequivalence rather than the previously reported magnetic inequivalence. As a consequence, we show that the ligand sphere of the polarization transfer catalyst itself becomes hyperpolarized and hence that the high-sensitivity detection of a number of reaction intermediates is possible. These species include [Ir(H)2(NCMe)(py)(IMes)(PPh3)]BF4, [Ir(H)2(MeOH)(py)(IMes)(PPh3)]BF4, and [Ir(H)2(NCMe)(py)2(PPh3)]BF4. Studies are also described that employ the deuterium-labeled substrates CD3CN and C5D5N, and the labeled ligands P(C6D5)3 and IMes-d22, to demonstrate that dramatically improved levels of HP can be achieved as a consequence of reducing proton dilution and hence polarization wastage. By a combination of these studies with experiments in which the magnetic field experienced by the sample at the point of polarization transfer is varied, confirmation of the resonance assignments is achieved. Furthermore, when [Ir(H)2(pyridine-h5)(pyridine-d5)(IMes)(PPh3)]BF4 is examined, its hydride ligand signals are shown to become visible through para-hydrogen-induced polarization rather than SABRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Fekete
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Hyperpolarization
in Magnetic Resonance, University of York, York Science Park, York, YO10 5NY, U.K.
| | - Oliver Bayfield
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Hyperpolarization
in Magnetic Resonance, University of York, York Science Park, York, YO10 5NY, U.K.
| | - Simon B. Duckett
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Hyperpolarization
in Magnetic Resonance, University of York, York Science Park, York, YO10 5NY, U.K.
| | - Sam Hart
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Hyperpolarization
in Magnetic Resonance, University of York, York Science Park, York, YO10 5NY, U.K.
| | - Ryan E. Mewis
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Hyperpolarization
in Magnetic Resonance, University of York, York Science Park, York, YO10 5NY, U.K.
| | - Natalie Pridmore
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Hyperpolarization
in Magnetic Resonance, University of York, York Science Park, York, YO10 5NY, U.K.
| | - Peter J. Rayner
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Hyperpolarization
in Magnetic Resonance, University of York, York Science Park, York, YO10 5NY, U.K.
| | - Adrian Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Hyperpolarization
in Magnetic Resonance, University of York, York Science Park, York, YO10 5NY, U.K.
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63
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Zeng H, Xu J, Gillen J, McMahon MT, Artemov D, Tyburn JM, Lohman JAB, Mewis RE, Atkinson KD, Green GGR, Duckett SB, van Zijl PCM. Optimization of SABRE for polarization of the tuberculosis drugs pyrazinamide and isoniazid. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2013; 237:73-78. [PMID: 24140625 PMCID: PMC3989039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization produces nuclear spin polarization that is several orders of magnitude larger than that achieved at thermal equilibrium thus providing extraordinary contrast and sensitivity. As a parahydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) technique that does not require chemical modification of the substrate to polarize, Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange (SABRE) has attracted a lot of attention. Using a prototype parahydrogen polarizer, we polarize two drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis, namely pyrazinamide and isoniazid. We examine this approach in four solvents, methanol-d4, methanol, ethanol and DMSO and optimize the polarization transfer magnetic field strength, the temperature as well as intensity and duration of hydrogen bubbling to achieve the best overall signal enhancement and hence hyperpolarization level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Zeng
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Jiadi Xu
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Gillen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael T McMahon
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dmitri Artemov
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Ryan E Mewis
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Kevin D Atkinson
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Gary G R Green
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Simon B Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Peter C M van Zijl
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Glöggler S, Colell J, Appelt S. Para-hydrogen perspectives in hyperpolarized NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2013; 235:130-142. [PMID: 23932399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The first instance of para-hydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) in an NMR experiment was serendipitously observed in the 1980s while investigating a hydrogenation reaction (Seldler et al., 1983; Bowers and Weitekamp, 1986, 1987; Eisenschmid et al., 1987) [1-4]. Remarkably a theoretical investigation of the applicability of para-hydrogen as a hyperpolarization agent was being performed in the 1980's thereby quickly providing a theoretical basis for the PHIP-effect (Bowers and Weitekamp, 1986) [2]. The discovery of signal amplification by a non-hydrogenating interaction with para-hydrogen has recently extended the interest to exploit the PHIP effect, as it enables investigation of compounds without structural alteration while retaining the advantages of spectroscopy with hyperpolarized compounds [5]. In this article we will place more emphasis of the future applications of the method while only briefly discussing the efforts that have been made in the understanding of the phenomenon and the development of the method so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Glöggler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 607 Charles E Young Drive East, Young Hall 2056, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Theis T, Blanchard JW, Butler MC, Ledbetter MP, Budker D, Pines A. Chemical analysis using J-coupling multiplets in zero-field NMR. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Butler MC, Kervern G, Theis T, Ledbetter MP, Ganssle PJ, Blanchard JW, Budker D, Pines A. Parahydrogen-induced polarization at zero magnetic field. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:234201. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4805062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Nasibulov EA, Pravdivtsev AN, Yurkovskaya AV, Lukzen NN, Vieth HM, Ivanov KL. Analysis of Nutation Patterns in Fourier-Transform NMR of Non-Thermally Polarized Multispin Systems. Z PHYS CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2013.0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The complex spin order of hyperpolarized multispin systems giving rise to anomalous NMR spectral patterns that vary with the RF excitation angle is analyzed by decomposing its nutation behavior in a superposition of Fourier harmonics. The product operator formalism is applied to calculating the spectral contributions of the various mutual alignments of scalar coupled spins. Two cases are treated, namely systems exhibiting only differences in population of their spin states and systems showing in addition zero-quantum coherences between states, a situation often seen at hyperpolarization. After deriving the general solution a number of representative examples are discussed in detail. The theoretical treatment is applied to analyzing the spin order observed in a hyperpolarized two-spin system that is prepared in the singlet state by para-hydrogen induced polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor A. Nasibulov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russische Föderation
| | | | | | - Nikita N. Lukzen
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russische Föderation
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68
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Butler MC, Ledbetter MP, Theis T, Blanchard JW, Budker D, Pines A. Multiplets at zero magnetic field: The geometry of zero-field NMR. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:184202. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4803144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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69
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Colell J, Türschmann P, Glöggler S, Schleker P, Theis T, Ledbetter M, Budker D, Pines A, Blümich B, Appelt S. Fundamental aspects of parahydrogen enhanced low-field nuclear magnetic resonance. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:137602. [PMID: 23581373 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.137602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We report new phenomena in low-field 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy using parahydrogen induced polarization (PHIP), enabling determination of chemical shift differences, δν, and the scalar coupling constant J. NMR experiments performed with thermal polarization in millitesla magnetic fields do not allow the determination of scalar coupling constants for homonuclear coupled spins in the inverse weak coupling regime (δν<J). We show here that low-field PHIP experiments in the inverse weak coupling regime enable the precise determination of δν and J. Furthermore we experimentally prove that observed splittings are related to δν in a nonlinear way. Naturally abundant 13C and 29Si isotopes lead to heteronuclear J-coupled 1H-multiplet lines with amplitudes significantly enhanced compared to the amplitudes for thermally prepolarized spins. PHIP-enhanced NMR in the millitesla regime allows us to measure characteristic NMR parameters in a single scan using samples containing rare spins in natural abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Colell
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Blanchard JW, Ledbetter MP, Theis T, Butler MC, Budker D, Pines A. High-Resolution Zero-Field NMR J-Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:3607-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ja312239v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John W. Blanchard
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720-3220, United States
| | - Micah P. Ledbetter
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720-7300, United States
| | - Thomas Theis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720-3220, United States
| | - Mark C. Butler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720-3220, United States
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720-7300, United States
| | - Alexander Pines
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720-3220, United States
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Pravdivtsev AN, Yurkovskaya AV, Kaptein R, Miesel K, Vieth HM, Ivanov KL. Exploiting level anti-crossings for efficient and selective transfer of hyperpolarization in coupled nuclear spin systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:14660-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52026a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ivanov KL, Yurkovskaya AV, Vieth HM. Parahydrogen Induced Polarization in Scalar Coupled Systems: Analytical Solutions for Spectral Patterns and their Field Dependence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2012.0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We have obtained analytical solutions for Para-Hydrogen Induced Polarization (PHIP) for several types of coupled spin systems, namely, for AB-, ABX-, AA´A´´- and A2B-systems. Scalar spin-spin interactions were considered the factor, that determines the PHIP spectral pattern; it is the variation of the spin coupling regime (from strong coupling at low field to weak coupling at high field), which is responsible for the PHIP magnetic field dependence. The field dependence of polarization was considered in detail, general peculiarities of PHIP were found, PHIP patterns were calculated for the systems mentioned. Special attention was paid to the effects of field switching on PHIP.
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