51
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Wang Z, Zhao J, Barbon A, Toffoletti A, Liu Y, An Y, Xu L, Karatay A, Yaglioglu HG, Yildiz EA, Hayvali M. Radical-Enhanced Intersystem Crossing in New Bodipy Derivatives and Application for Efficient Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7831-7842. [PMID: 28524657 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory
of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West
Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory
of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West
Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Antonio Barbon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Toffoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory
of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West
Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonglin An
- State Key Laboratory
of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West
Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory
of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West
Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
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52
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53
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Liu H, Wang R, Shen L, Xu Y, Xiao M, Zhang C, Li X. A Covalently Linked Tetracene Trimer: Synthesis and Singlet Exciton Fission Property. Org Lett 2017; 19:580-583. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heyuan Liu
- College
of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Rui Wang
- National
Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Li Shen
- College
of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
| | - Yanqing Xu
- National
Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Min Xiao
- National
Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Synergetic
Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- National
Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Synergetic
Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiyou Li
- College
of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong 266580, China
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54
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Li X, Tang ML. Triplet transport in thin films: fundamentals and applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:4429-4440. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc00861a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An overview of experimental and theoretical work on triplet energy transfer, with a focus on triplet transport in thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Chemistry Department
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Ming Lee Tang
- Chemistry Department
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
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55
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Singlet Fission: Optimization of Chromophore Dimer Geometry. ADVANCES IN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aiq.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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56
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Margulies EA, Logsdon JL, Miller CE, Ma L, Simonoff E, Young RM, Schatz GC, Wasielewski MR. Direct Observation of a Charge-Transfer State Preceding High-Yield Singlet Fission in Terrylenediimide Thin Films. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 139:663-671. [PMID: 27977196 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Singlet exciton fission (SF) in organic chromophore assemblies results in the conversion of one singlet exciton (S1) into two triplet excitons (T1), provided that the overall process is exoergic, i.e., E(S1) > 2E(T1). We report on SF in thin polycrystalline films of two terrylene-3,4:11,12-bis(dicarboximide) (TDI) derivatives 1 and 2, which crystallize into two distinct π-stacked structures. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy (fsTA) reveals a charge-transfer state preceding a 190% T1 yield in films of 1, where the π-stacked TDI molecules are rotated by 23° along an axis perpendicular to their π systems. In contrast, when the TDI molecules are slip-stacked along their N-N axes in films of 2, fsTA shows excimer formation, followed by a 50% T1 yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Margulies
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Jenna L Logsdon
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Claire E Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ethan Simonoff
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research Center, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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57
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Grieco C, Doucette GS, Pensack RD, Payne MM, Rimshaw A, Scholes GD, Anthony JE, Asbury JB. Dynamic Exchange During Triplet Transport in Nanocrystalline TIPS-Pentacene Films. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:16069-16080. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Grieco
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Grayson S. Doucette
- Intercollege
Materials Science and Engineering Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ryan D. Pensack
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Marcia M. Payne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Adam Rimshaw
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Gregory D. Scholes
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - John E. Anthony
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - John B. Asbury
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Intercollege
Materials Science and Engineering Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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58
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Feng X, Krylov AI. On couplings and excimers: lessons from studies of singlet fission in covalently linked tetracene dimers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:7751-61. [PMID: 26910414 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00177g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Electronic factors controlling singlet fission (SF) rates are investigated in covalently linked dimers of tetracene. Using covalent linkers, relative orientation of the individual chromophores can be controlled, maximizing the rates of SF. Structures with coplanar and staggered arrangements of tetracene moieties are considered. The electronic structure calculations and three-state kinetic model for SF rates provide explanations for experimentally observed low SF yields in coplanar dimers and efficient SF in staggered dimers. The calculations illuminate the role of the excimer formation in SF process. The structural relaxation in the S1 state leads to the increased rate of the multi-exciton (ME) state formation, but impedes the second step, separation of the ME state into independent triplets. The slower second step reduces SF yield by allowing other processes, such as radiationless relaxation, to compete with triplet generation. The calculations of electronic couplings also suggest an increased rate of radiationless relaxation at the excimer geometries. Thus, the excimer serves as a trap of the ME state. The effect of covalent linkers on the electronic factors and SF rates is investigated. In all considered structures, the presence of the linker leads to larger couplings, however, the effect on the overall rate is less straightforward, since the linkers generally result in less favorable energetics. This complex behavior once again illustrates the importance of integrative approaches that evaluate the overall rate, rather than focusing on specific electronic factors such as energies or couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintian Feng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, USA.
| | - Anna I Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, USA.
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59
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Zhu T, Wan Y, Guo Z, Johnson J, Huang L. Two Birds with One Stone: Tailoring Singlet Fission for Both Triplet Yield and Exciton Diffusion Length. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:7539-7547. [PMID: 27348847 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
By direct imaging of singlet and triplet populations with ultrafast microscopy, it is shown that the triplet diffusion length and singlet fission yield can be simultaneously optimized for tetracene and its derivatives, making them ideal structures for application in bilayer solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yan Wan
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zhi Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Justin Johnson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Pkwy, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Libai Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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60
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Mauck CM, Hartnett PE, Margulies EA, Ma L, Miller CE, Schatz GC, Marks TJ, Wasielewski MR. Singlet Fission via an Excimer-Like Intermediate in 3,6-Bis(thiophen-2-yl)diketopyrrolopyrrole Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11749-61. [PMID: 27547986 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) in polycrystalline thin films of four 3,6-bis(thiophen-2-yl)diketopyrrolopyrrole (TDPP) chromophores with methyl (Me), n-hexyl (C6), triethylene glycol (TEG), and 2-ethylhexyl (EH) substituents at the 2,5-positions is found to involve an intermediate excimer-like state. The four different substituents yield four distinct intermolecular packing geometries, resulting in variable intermolecular charge transfer (CT) interactions in the solid. SF from the excimer state of Me, C6, TEG, and EH takes place in τSF = 22, 336, 195, and 1200 ps, respectively, to give triplet yields of 200%, 110%, 110%, and 70%, respectively. The transient spectra of the excimer-like state and its energetic proximity to the lowest excited singlet state in these derivatives suggests that this state may be the multiexciton (1)(T1T1) state that precedes formation of the uncorrelated triplet excitons. The excimer decay rates correlate well with the SF efficiencies and the degree of intermolecular donor-acceptor interactions resulting from π-stacking of the thiophene donor of one molecule with the DPP core acceptor in another molecule as observed in the crystal structures. Such interactions are found to also increase with the SF coupling energies, as calculated for each derivative. These structural and spectroscopic studies afford a better understanding of the electronic interactions that enhance SF in chromophores having strong intra- and intermolecular CT character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Mauck
- Department of Chemistry, Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Patrick E Hartnett
- Department of Chemistry, Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Eric A Margulies
- Department of Chemistry, Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Claire E Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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61
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Margulies EA, Miller CE, Wu Y, Ma L, Schatz GC, Young RM, Wasielewski MR. Enabling singlet fission by controlling intramolecular charge transfer in π-stacked covalent terrylenediimide dimers. Nat Chem 2016; 8:1120-1125. [PMID: 27874873 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
When an assembly of two or more molecules absorbs a photon to form a singlet exciton, and the energetics and intermolecular interactions are favourable, the singlet exciton can rapidly and spontaneously produce two triplet excitons by singlet fission. To understand this process is important because it may prove to be technologically significant for enhancing solar-cell performance. Theory strongly suggests that charge-transfer states are involved in singlet fission, but their role has remained an intriguing puzzle and, up until now, no molecular system has provided clear evidence for such a state. Here we describe a terrylenediimide dimer that forms a charge-transfer state in a few picoseconds in polar solvents, and undergoes equally rapid, high-yield singlet fission in nonpolar solvents. These results show that adjusting the charge-transfer-state energy relative to those of the exciton states can serve to either inhibit or promote singlet fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Margulies
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Claire E Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Ryan M Young
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
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62
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Curtis F, Wang X, Marom N. Effect of packing motifs on the energy ranking and electronic properties of putative crystal structures of tricyano-1,4-dithiino[c]-isothiazole. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2016; 72:562-570. [PMID: 27484377 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520616009227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present an analysis of putative structures of tricyano-1,4-dithiino[c]-isothiazole (TCS3), generated within the sixth crystal structure prediction blind test. Typical packing motifs are identified and characterized in terms of distinct patterns of close contacts and regions of electrostatic and dispersion interactions. We find that different dispersion-inclusive density functional theory (DFT) methods systematically favor specific packing motifs, which may affect the outcome of crystal structure prediction efforts. The effect of crystal packing on the electronic and optical properties of TCS3 is investigated using many-body perturbation theory within the GW approximation and the Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE). We find that a structure with Pna21 symmetry and a bilayer packing motif exhibits intermolecular bonding patterns reminiscent of π-π stacking and has markedly different electronic and optical properties than the experimentally observed P21/n structure with a cyclic dimer motif, including a narrower band gap, enhanced band dispersion and broader optical absorption. The Pna21 bilayer structure is close in energy to the observed structure and may be feasible to grow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farren Curtis
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xiaopeng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Noa Marom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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63
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Cook JD, Carey TJ, Damrauer NH. Solution-Phase Singlet Fission in a Structurally Well-Defined Norbornyl-Bridged Tetracene Dimer. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:4473-81. [PMID: 27291516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b04367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photophysics of a norbornyl-bridged covalent tetracene (Tc) dimer BT1 and a monomer analogue Tc-e were studied in room-temperature nonpolar solvents. Notably in BT1, a Davydov-split band is observed in UV absorption, heralding interchromophore electronic interactions. Emission spectra indicate an acene-like vibronic progression mirroring the lowest-energy visible absorption. For BT1, this argues against excited-state excimer formation. Evidence of intramolecular singlet fission (SF) comes from a comparison of time-resolved emission decay signals collected for BT1 versus Tc-e in toluene. In BT1, the multiexcitonic (1)TT state is produced in 70 ns in 6% yield. A ratio of fission versus fusion rate constants provides an experimental measure of the SF reaction free energy at 52 meV in good agreement with previous calculations. The low SF yield corroborates our expectations that orbital symmetry effects on diabatic coupling for SF are important for dimers that cannot rely on more favorable thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper D Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Thomas J Carey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Niels H Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder Colorado 80309, United States
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64
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Sanders SN, Kumarasamy E, Pun AB, Appavoo K, Steigerwald ML, Campos LM, Sfeir MY. Exciton Correlations in Intramolecular Singlet Fission. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7289-97. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel N. Sanders
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Elango Kumarasamy
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Andrew B. Pun
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Kannatassen Appavoo
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | | | - Luis M. Campos
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Matthew Y. Sfeir
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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65
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Fuemmeler EG, Sanders SN, Pun A, Kumarasamy E, Zeng T, Miyata K, Steigerwald ML, Zhu XY, Sfeir MY, Campos LM, Ananth N. A Direct Mechanism of Ultrafast Intramolecular Singlet Fission in Pentacene Dimers. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:316-24. [PMID: 27280166 PMCID: PMC4882733 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Interest in materials that undergo singlet fission (SF) has been catalyzed by the potential to exceed the Shockley-Queisser limit of solar power conversion efficiency. In conventional materials, the mechanism of SF is an intermolecular process (xSF), which is mediated by charge transfer (CT) states and depends sensitively on crystal packing or molecular collisions. In contrast, recently reported covalently coupled pentacenes yield ∼2 triplets per photon absorbed in individual molecules: the hallmark of intramolecular singlet fission (iSF). However, the mechanism of iSF is unclear. Here, using multireference electronic structure calculations and transient absorption spectroscopy, we establish that iSF can occur via a direct coupling mechanism that is independent of CT states. We show that a near-degeneracy in electronic state energies induced by vibronic coupling to intramolecular modes of the covalent dimer allows for strong mixing between the correlated triplet pair state and the local excitonic state, despite weak direct coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G. Fuemmeler
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
| | - Samuel N. Sanders
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Andrew
B. Pun
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Elango Kumarasamy
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
| | - Kiyoshi Miyata
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | | | - X.-Y. Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Matthew Y. Sfeir
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Luis M. Campos
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Nandini Ananth
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
- E-mail:
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66
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Arias DH, Ryerson JL, Cook JD, Damrauer NH, Johnson JC. Polymorphism influences singlet fission rates in tetracene thin films. Chem Sci 2015; 7:1185-1191. [PMID: 29910873 PMCID: PMC5975788 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03535j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the effect of crystal structure and crystallite grain size on singlet fission (SF) in polycrystalline tetracene, one of the most widely studied SF and organic semiconductor materials. SF has been comprehensively studied in one polymoprh (Tc I), but not in the other, less stable polymorph (Tc II). Using carefully controlled thermal evaporation deposition conditions and high sensitivity ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy, we found that for large crystallite size samples, SF in nearly pure Tc II films is significantly faster than SF in Tc I films. We also discovered that crystallite size has a minimal impact on the SF rate in Tc II films, but a significant influence in Tc I films. Large crystallites exhibit SF times of 125 ps and 22 ps in Tc I and Tc II, respectively, whereas small crystallites have SF times of 31 ps and 33 ps. Our results demonstrate first, that attention must be paid to polymorphism in obtaining a self-consistent rate picture for SF in tetracene and second, that control of polymorphism can play a significant role towards achieving a mechanistic understanding of SF in polycrystalline systems. In this latter context we show that conventional theory based on non-covalent tetracene couplings is insufficient, thus highlighting the need for models that capture the delocalized and highly mobile nature of excited states in elucidating the full photophysical picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan H Arias
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , USA . .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , USA .
| | - Joseph L Ryerson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , USA . .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , USA .
| | - Jasper D Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , USA .
| | - Niels H Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , USA .
| | - Justin C Johnson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , USA .
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Bakulin AA, Morgan SE, Kehoe TB, Wilson MWB, Chin AW, Zigmantas D, Egorova D, Rao A. Real-time observation of multiexcitonic states in ultrafast singlet fission using coherent 2D electronic spectroscopy. Nat Chem 2015; 8:16-23. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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69
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Pensack RD, Tilley AJ, Parkin SR, Lee TS, Payne MM, Gao D, Jahnke AA, Oblinsky DG, Li PF, Anthony JE, Seferos DS, Scholes GD. Exciton Delocalization Drives Rapid Singlet Fission in Nanoparticles of Acene Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6790-803. [DOI: 10.1021/ja512668r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Pensack
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Tilley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sean R. Parkin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Tia S. Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Marcia M. Payne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Dong Gao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ashlee A. Jahnke
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Daniel G. Oblinsky
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Peng-Fei Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - John E. Anthony
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Gregory D. Scholes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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70
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Casanova D. Bright Fission: Singlet Fission into a Pair of Emitting States. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 11:2642-50. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Casanova
- Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P.K. 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation
for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
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71
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Abstract
Singlet fission, the splitting of a singlet exciton into two triplet excitons in molecular materials, is interesting not only as a model many-electron problem, but also as a process with potential applications in solar energy conversion. Here we discuss limitations of the conventional four-electron and molecular dimer model in describing singlet fission in crystalline organic semiconductors, such as pentacene and tetracene. We emphasize the need to consider electronic delocalization, which is responsible for the decisive role played by the Mott-Wannier exciton, also called the charge transfer (CT) exciton, in mediating singlet fission. At the strong electronic coupling limit, the initial excitation creates a quantum superposition of singlet, CT, and triplet-pair states, and we present experimental evidence for this interpretation. We also discuss the most recent attempts at translating this mechanistic understanding into design principles for CT state-mediated intramolecular singlet fission in oligomers and polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Monahan
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027;
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72
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Liu H, Nichols VM, Shen L, Jahansouz S, Chen Y, Hanson KM, Bardeen CJ, Li X. Synthesis and photophysical properties of a “face-to-face” stacked tetracene dimer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:6523-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05444j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first “face-to-face” stacked tetracene dimer is prepared and its photophysical properties are studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Department of Chemistry
- Shandong University
- Jinan
| | | | - Li Shen
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Department of Chemistry
- Shandong University
- Jinan
| | - Setarah Jahansouz
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California, Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Yuhan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Department of Chemistry
- Shandong University
- Jinan
| | - Kerry M. Hanson
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California, Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
| | | | - Xiyou Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Department of Chemistry
- Shandong University
- Jinan
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73
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Alguire EC, Subotnik JE, Damrauer NH. Exploring Non-Condon Effects in a Covalent Tetracene Dimer: How Important Are Vibrations in Determining the Electronic Coupling for Singlet Fission? J Phys Chem A 2014; 119:299-311. [DOI: 10.1021/jp510777c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan C. Alguire
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Joseph E. Subotnik
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Niels H. Damrauer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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74
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ambrosio
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Computing, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Computing, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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75
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Piland GB, Burdett JJ, Dillon RJ, Bardeen CJ. Singlet Fission: From Coherences to Kinetics. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:2312-9. [PMID: 26279552 DOI: 10.1021/jz500676c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Singlet fission, in which an initially excited singlet state spontaneously splits into a pair of triplet excitons, is a process that can potentially boost the efficiency of solar energy conversion. The separate electronic bands in organic semiconductors make them especially useful for dividing a high-energy singlet exciton into a pair of lower-energy triplet excitons. Recent experiments illustrate the role of spin coherence in fission, while kinetic models are used to describe how triplet and singlet states interact on longer time scales. Despite insights gained from recent experiments, the detailed structure and dynamics of the electronic states involved in the initial step of singlet fission remain active areas of investigation. On longer time scales, finding ways to efficiently harvest the triplet excitons will be an important challenge for making devices based on this phenomenon. A full understanding of singlet fission requires consideration of a sequence of photophysical events (decoherence, relaxation, and diffusion) occurring on different time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey B Piland
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92506, United States
| | - Jonathan J Burdett
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92506, United States
| | - Robert J Dillon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92506, United States
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92506, United States
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76
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Bayliss SL, Chepelianskii AD, Sepe A, Walker BJ, Ehrler B, Bruzek MJ, Anthony JE, Greenham NC. Geminate and nongeminate recombination of triplet excitons formed by singlet fission. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:238701. [PMID: 24972236 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.238701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the simultaneous observation of geminate and nongeminate triplet-triplet annihilation in a solution-processable small molecule TIPS-tetracene undergoing singlet exciton fission. Using optically detected magnetic resonance, we identify recombination of triplet pairs directly following singlet fission, as well as recombination of triplet excitons undergoing bimolecular triplet-triplet annihilation. We show that the two processes give rise to distinct magnetic resonance spectra, and estimate the interaction between geminate triplet excitons to be 60 neV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam L Bayliss
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Alexei D Chepelianskii
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom and LPS, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, UMR 8502, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Alessandro Sepe
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Brian J Walker
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Ehrler
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Bruzek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - John E Anthony
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Neil C Greenham
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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77
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Schrauben JN, Ryerson JL, Michl J, Johnson JC. Mechanism of singlet fission in thin films of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:7363-73. [PMID: 24735403 DOI: 10.1021/ja501337b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to elucidate the mechanism of singlet fission in thin films of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (1) we have performed ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy as a function of sample temperature and excitation fluence on polycrystalline thin films composed of two polymorphs. Our earlier investigations revealed that films enriched in a particular polymorph of 1 displayed near 200% efficiency for triplet formation at 77 K, while films composed primarily of a second polymorph had a very low triplet quantum yield. Present data confirm the triplet yield disparities in the two polymorphs and demonstrate the distinct fates of the initially prepared singlets in films of different structure. Singlet fission is inhibited in the more stable polymorph due to rapid excimer formation and trapping. The less stable polymorph undergoes highly efficient singlet fission with a dominant time constant of 10-30 ps and without strong thermal activation. Transient absorption measurements with varying excitation fluence indicate that singlet-singlet annihilation is a primary competitor of singlet fission at higher fluence and that fission from higher-lying states can also contribute to the triplet formation process. Measurements employing different excitation energies and sample temperatures reveal the role that trapping processes play in attenuating the triplet quantum yield to produce the complex temperature dependence of the singlet fission yield. The rate constants for singlet fission itself are essentially temperature independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel N Schrauben
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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