51
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Chang KS, Sun CJ, Chiang PL, Chou AC, Lin MC, Liang C, Hung HH, Yeh YH, Chen CD, Pan CY, Chen YT. Monitoring extracellular K+ flux with a valinomycin-coated silicon nanowire field-effect transistor. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 31:137-43. [PMID: 22036669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A silicon nanowire field-effect transistor (SiNW-FET) coated with a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane containing valinomycin (VAL) was employed as a biosensor (referred to as VAL-PVC/SiNW-FET) to detect the K(+)-efflux from live chromaffin cells. The detection sensitivity of K(+) with the VAL-PVC/SiNW-FET covers a broad range of concentrations from 10(-6) to 10(-2) M. The apparent association constants between VAL and Li(+), Na(+), K(+), and Cs(+) in Tris buffer solution were determined to be 67±42, 120±23, 5974±115, and 4121±140 M(-1), respectively. By culturing chromaffin cells on the VAL-PVC/SiNW-FET, the conductance was significantly increased by nicotine stimulation in a bath buffer without Na(+). The K(+) concentration at the cell surface was determined to be ~20 μM under the stimulation of 5 mM nicotine. These results demonstrate that the VAL-PVC/SiNW-FET is sensitive and selective to detect the released K(+) from cells and is suitable for applications in cellular recording investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Shing Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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52
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Cui Y, Kim SN, Jones SE, Wissler LL, Naik RR, McAlpine MC. Chemical functionalization of graphene enabled by phage displayed peptides. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:4559-4565. [PMID: 20942387 DOI: 10.1021/nl102564d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The development of a general approach for the nondestructive chemical and biological functionalization of graphene could expand opportunities for graphene in both fundamental studies and a variety of device platforms. Graphene is a delicate single-layer, two-dimensional network of carbon atoms whose properties can be affected by covalent modification. One method for functionalizing materials without fundamentally changing their inherent structure is using biorecognition moieties. In particular, oligopeptides are molecules containing a broad chemical diversity that can be achieved within a relatively compact size. Phage display is a dominant method for identifying peptides that possess enhanced selectivity toward a particular target. Here, we demonstrate a powerful yet benign approach for chemical functionalization of graphene via comprehensively screened phage displayed peptides. Our results show that graphene can be selectively recognized even in nanometer-defined strips. Further, modification of graphene with bifunctional peptides reveals both the ability to impart selective recognition of gold nanoparticles and the development of an ultrasensitive graphene-based TNT sensor. We anticipate that these results could open exciting opportunities in the use of graphene in fundamental biochemical recognition studies, as well as applications ranging from sensors to energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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53
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Mannoor MS, Zhang S, Link AJ, McAlpine MC. Electrical detection of pathogenic bacteria via immobilized antimicrobial peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:19207-12. [PMID: 20956332 PMCID: PMC2984209 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1008768107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a robust and portable biosensor for the detection of pathogenic bacteria could impact areas ranging from water-quality monitoring to testing of pharmaceutical products for bacterial contamination. Of particular interest are detectors that combine the natural specificity of biological recognition with sensitive, label-free sensors providing electronic readout. Evolution has tailored antimicrobial peptides to exhibit broad-spectrum activity against pathogenic bacteria, while retaining a high degree of robustness. Here, we report selective and sensitive detection of infectious agents via electronic detection based on antimicrobial peptide-functionalized microcapacitive electrode arrays. The semiselective antimicrobial peptide magainin I--which occurs naturally on the skin of African clawed frogs--was immobilized on gold microelectrodes via a C-terminal cysteine residue. Significantly, exposing the sensor to various concentrations of pathogenic Escherichia coli revealed detection limits of approximately 1 bacterium/μL, a clinically useful detection range. The peptide-microcapacitive hybrid device was further able to demonstrate both Gram-selective detection as well as interbacterial strain differentiation, while maintaining recognition capabilities toward pathogenic strains of E. coli and Salmonella. Finally, we report a simulated "water-sampling" chip, consisting of a microfluidic flow cell integrated onto the hybrid sensor, which demonstrates real-time on-chip monitoring of the interaction of E. coli cells with the antimicrobial peptides. The combination of robust, evolutionarily tailored peptides with electronic read-out monitoring electrodes may open exciting avenues in both fundamental studies of the interactions of bacteria with antimicrobial peptides, as well as the practical use of these devices as portable pathogen detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu S. Mannoor
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544; and
| | - Siyan Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - A. James Link
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Michael C. McAlpine
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544; and
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54
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Ramgir NS, Yang Y, Zacharias M. Nanowire-based sensors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:1705-1722. [PMID: 20712030 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201000972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nanowires are important potential candidates for the realization of the next generation of sensors. They offer many advantages such as high surface-to-volume ratios, Debye lengths comparable to the target molecule, minimum power consumption, and they can be relatively easily incorporated into microelectronic devices. Accordingly, there has been an intensified search for novel nanowire materials and corresponding platforms for realizing single-molecule detection with superior sensing performance. In this work, progress made towards the use of nanowires for achieving better sensing performance is critically reviewed. In particular, various nanowires types (metallic, semiconducting, and insulating) and their employment either as a sensor material or as a template material are discussed. Major obstacles and future steps towards the ultimate nanosensors based on nanowires are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan S Ramgir
- Nanotechnology Institute of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK) Georges-Köhler-Allee 103 Freiburg, D 79110, Germany
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55
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Qi Y, Jafferis NT, Lyons K, Lee CM, Ahmad H, McAlpine MC. Piezoelectric ribbons printed onto rubber for flexible energy conversion. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:524-528. [PMID: 20102189 DOI: 10.1021/nl903377u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The development of a method for integrating highly efficient energy conversion materials onto stretchable, biocompatible rubbers could yield breakthroughs in implantable or wearable energy harvesting systems. Being electromechanically coupled, piezoelectric crystals represent a particularly interesting subset of smart materials that function as sensors/actuators, bioMEMS devices, and energy converters. Yet, the crystallization of these materials generally requires high temperatures for maximally efficient performance, rendering them incompatible with temperature-sensitive plastics and rubbers. Here, we overcome these limitations by presenting a scalable and parallel process for transferring crystalline piezoelectric nanothick ribbons of lead zirconate titanate from host substrates onto flexible rubbers over macroscopic areas. Fundamental characterization of the ribbons by piezo-force microscopy indicates that their electromechanical energy conversion metrics are among the highest reported on a flexible medium. The excellent performance of the piezo-ribbon assemblies coupled with stretchable, biocompatible rubber may enable a host of exciting avenues in fundamental research and novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, New Jersey 08544, USA
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56
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Kuang Z, Kim SN, Crookes-Goodson WJ, Farmer BL, Naik RR. Biomimetic chemosensor: designing peptide recognition elements for surface functionalization of carbon nanotube field effect transistors. ACS NANO 2010; 4:452-458. [PMID: 20038158 DOI: 10.1021/nn901365g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Single-wall carbon nanotube field effect transistors (SWNT-FETs) are ideal candidates for fabricating sensors due to their unique electronic properties and have been widely investigated for chemical and biological sensing applications. The lack of selectivity of SWNT-FETs has prompted extensive research on developing ligands that exhibit specific binding as selective surface coating for SWNTs. Herein we describe the rational design of a peptide recognition element (PRE) that is capable of noncovalently attaching to SWNTs as well as binding to trinitrotoluene (TNT). The PRE contains two domains, a TNT binding domain derived from the binding pocket of the honeybee odor binding protein ASP1, and a SWNT binding domain previously identified from the phage peptide display library. The PRE structure in the presence of SWNT was investigated by performing classical all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Both computational and experimental analyses demonstrate that the peptide retains two functional domains for SWNT and TNT binding. The binding motif of the peptide to SWNT and to TNT was revealed from interaction energy calculations by molecular dynamics simulations. The potential application of the peptide for the detection of TNT is theoretically predicted and experimentally validated using a SWNT-FET sensor functionalized with a designer PRE. Results from this study demonstrate the creation of chemosensors using designed PRE as selective surface coatings for targeted analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Kuang
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, USA
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57
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Chua JH, Chee RE, Agarwal A, Wong SM, Zhang GJ. Label-Free Electrical Detection of Cardiac Biomarker with Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor-Compatible Silicon Nanowire Sensor Arrays. Anal Chem 2009; 81:6266-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901157x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay Huiyi Chua
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore 117685
| | - Ru-Ern Chee
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore 117685
| | - Ajay Agarwal
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore 117685
| | - She Mein Wong
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore 117685
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 11 Science Park Road, Singapore 117685
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58
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Dan Y, Lu Y, Kybert NJ, Luo Z, Johnson ATC. Intrinsic response of graphene vapor sensors. NANO LETTERS 2009; 9:1472-5. [PMID: 19267449 DOI: 10.1021/nl8033637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is a two-dimensional material with extremely favorable chemical sensor properties. Conventional nanolithography typically leaves a resist residue on the graphene surface, whose impact on the sensor characteristics has not yet been determined. Here we show that the contamination layer chemically dopes the graphene, enhances carrier scattering, and acts as an absorbent layer that concentrates analyte molecules at the graphene surface, thereby enhancing the sensor response. We demonstrate a cleaning process that verifiably removes the contamination on the device structure and allows the intrinsic chemical responses of the graphene monolayer to be measured. These intrinsic responses are surprisingly small, even upon exposure to strong analytes such as ammonia vapor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Dan
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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59
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Morris J. A nose for small molecules. Nat Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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