51
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Si YY, Liang LJ, Tang S, Qi YK, Huang Y, Zheng JS. One-pot ligation strategy for atypical ubiquitin chains synthesis by using the trifluoroacetamidomethyl-protected isopeptide-linked Ub (Tfacm-isoUb) unit. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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52
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Tang S, Liang LJ, Si YY, Gao S, Wang JX, Liang J, Mei Z, Zheng JS, Liu L. Practical Chemical Synthesis of Atypical Ubiquitin Chains by Using an Isopeptide-Linked Ub Isomer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Tang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education); Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Lu-Jun Liang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education); Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yan-Yan Si
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education); Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Shuai Gao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education); Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jia-Xing Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education); Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jun Liang
- School of Life Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Ziqing Mei
- Biotechnology Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100081 China
| | - Ji-Shen Zheng
- School of Life Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Lei Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education); Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
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53
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Tang S, Liang LJ, Si YY, Gao S, Wang JX, Liang J, Mei Z, Zheng JS, Liu L. Practical Chemical Synthesis of Atypical Ubiquitin Chains by Using an Isopeptide-Linked Ub Isomer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13333-13337. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Tang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education); Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Lu-Jun Liang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education); Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yan-Yan Si
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education); Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Shuai Gao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education); Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jia-Xing Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education); Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jun Liang
- School of Life Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Ziqing Mei
- Biotechnology Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing 100081 China
| | - Ji-Shen Zheng
- School of Life Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Lei Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education); Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
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54
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Mass spectrometry techniques for studying the ubiquitin system. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:1137-1148. [PMID: 28939693 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational control of proteins through covalent attachment of ubiquitin plays important roles in all eukaryotic cell functions. The ubiquitin system in humans consists of 2 E1, 35 E2 and >600 E3 ubiquitin ligases as well as hundreds of deubiquitylases, which reverse ubiquitin attachment. Moreover, there are hundreds of proteins with ubiquitin-binding domains that bind one of the eight possible polyubiquitin chains. Dysfunction of the ubiquitin system is associated with many diseases such as cancer, autoimmunity and neurodegeneration, demonstrating the importance of ubiquitylation. Therefore, enzymes of the ubiquitin system are considered highly attractive drug targets. In recent years, mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques have become increasingly important in the deciphering of the ubiquitin system. This short review addresses the state-of-the-art MS techniques for the identification of ubiquitylated proteins and their ubiquitylation sites. We also discuss the identification and quantitation of ubiquitin chain topologies and highlight how the activity of enzymes in the ubiquitin pathway can be measured. Finally, we present current MS tools that can be used for drug discovery in the ubiquitin space.
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55
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Bi X, Pasunooti KK, Liu CF. Total chemical and semisynthetic approaches for the preparation of ubiquitinated proteins and their applications. Sci China Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-017-9122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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56
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Yan B, Ye L, Xu W, Liu L. Recent advances in racemic protein crystallography. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4953-4965. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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57
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Tan XL, Pan M, Zheng Y, Gao S, Liang LJ, Li YM. Sortase-mediated chemical protein synthesis reveals the bidentate binding of bisphosphorylated p62 with K63 diubiquitin. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6881-6887. [PMID: 29147513 PMCID: PMC5636944 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02937c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of S403 or S407 of the autophagic receptor protein p62 has recently been discovered to enhance the binding of p62 with ubiquitinated protein substrates to upregulate selective autophagy. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of how phosphorylation regulates the recruitment of ubiquitinated proteins, we report the first chemical synthesis of homogeneously phosphorylated p62, which enables the setting up of accurate in vitro systems for biochemical studies. Our synthesis employs the technology of sortase A-mediated protein hydrazide ligation, which successfully affords three types of phosphorylated p62 at the multi-milligram scale. Quantitative biochemical measurements show that the binding affinity of S403/S407-bisphosphorylated p62 to K63 diubiquitin is significantly higher than that of mono-phosphorylated p62. This finding suggests that phosphorylated S403 and S407 sites should bind to different epitopes on the ubiquitin chain. Furthermore, glutamate mutation is found to give a significantly impaired binding affinity, implying the necessity of using chemically synthesized phosphorylated p62 for the biochemical study of selective autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Long Tan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences , Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China.,School of Biological and Medical Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , Anhui 230009 , China .
| | - Man Pan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences , Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yong Zheng
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , Anhui 230009 , China . .,High Magnetic Field Laboratory , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei 230031 , China
| | - Shuai Gao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences , Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Lu-Jun Liang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences , Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yi-Ming Li
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , Anhui 230009 , China .
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58
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Jacobsen MT, Erickson PW, Kay MS. Aligator: A computational tool for optimizing total chemical synthesis of large proteins. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4946-4952. [PMID: 28651912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The scope of chemical protein synthesis (CPS) continues to expand, driven primarily by advances in chemical ligation tools (e.g., reversible solubilizing groups and novel ligation chemistries). However, the design of an optimal synthesis route can be an arduous and fickle task due to the large number of theoretically possible, and in many cases problematic, synthetic strategies. In this perspective, we highlight recent CPS tool advances and then introduce a new and easy-to-use program, Aligator (Automated Ligator), for analyzing and designing the most efficient strategies for constructing large targets using CPS. As a model set, we selected the E. coli ribosomal proteins and associated factors for computational analysis. Aligator systematically scores and ranks all feasible synthetic strategies for a particular CPS target. The Aligator script methodically evaluates potential peptide segments for a target using a scoring function that includes solubility, ligation site quality, segment lengths, and number of ligations to provide a ranked list of potential synthetic strategies. We demonstrate the utility of Aligator by analyzing three recent CPS projects from our lab: TNFα (157 aa), GroES (97 aa), and DapA (312 aa). As the limits of CPS are extended, we expect that computational tools will play an increasingly important role in the efficient execution of ambitious CPS projects such as production of a mirror-image ribosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Jacobsen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, Room 4100, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5650, United States
| | - Patrick W Erickson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, Room 4100, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5650, United States
| | - Michael S Kay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, Room 4100, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5650, United States.
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59
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Liang J, Zhang L, Tan XL, Qi YK, Feng S, Deng H, Yan Y, Zheng JS, Liu L, Tian CL. Chemical Synthesis of Diubiquitin-Based Photoaffinity Probes for Selectively Profiling Ubiquitin-Binding Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2744-2748. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; University of Science and University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Lin Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Xiang-Long Tan
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yun-Kun Qi
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Shan Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yijing Yan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; University of Science and University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Ji-Shen Zheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; University of Science and University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Chang-Lin Tian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; University of Science and University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
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60
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Liang J, Zhang L, Tan XL, Qi YK, Feng S, Deng H, Yan Y, Zheng JS, Liu L, Tian CL. Chemical Synthesis of Diubiquitin-Based Photoaffinity Probes for Selectively Profiling Ubiquitin-Binding Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; University of Science and University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Lin Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Xiang-Long Tan
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yun-Kun Qi
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Shan Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yijing Yan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; University of Science and University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Ji-Shen Zheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; University of Science and University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Chang-Lin Tian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; University of Science and University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
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61
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Qi YK, He QQ, Ai HS, Guo J, Li JB. The convergent chemical synthesis of histone H3 protein for site-specific acetylation at Lys56 and ubiquitination at Lys122. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:4148-4151. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01721a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The first total chemical synthesis of modified H3 bearing Lys56 acetylation and Lys122 ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Kun Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Qiao-Qiao He
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Hua-Song Ai
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Jing Guo
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Jia-Bin Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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62
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Tan XD, Pan M, Gao S, Zheng Y, Shi J, Li YM. A diubiquitin-based photoaffinity probe for profiling K27-linkage targeting deubiquitinases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:10208-10211. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc05504h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel aryl-azide-based photoaffinity diubiquitin probe for profiling K27-linkage targeting DUBs in high selectivity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dan Tan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
| | - Man Pan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
| | - Shuai Gao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
| | - Yong Zheng
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China; and High Magnetic Field Laboratory
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei 230026
- China
| | - Yi-Ming Li
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- China
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63
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Li J, He Q, Liu Y, Liu S, Tang S, Li C, Sun D, Li X, Zhou M, Zhu P, Bi G, Zhou Z, Zheng JS, Tian C. Chemical Synthesis of K34-Ubiquitylated H2B for Nucleosome Reconstitution and Single-Particle Cryo-Electron Microscopy Structural Analysis. Chembiochem 2016; 18:176-180. [PMID: 27976477 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (e.g., ubiquitylation) of histones play important roles in dynamic regulation of chromatin. Histone ubiquitylation has been speculated to directly influence the structure and dynamics of nucleosomes. However, structural information for ubiquitylated nucleosomes is still lacking. Here we report an alternative strategy for total chemical synthesis of homogenous histone H2B-K34-ubiquitylation (H2B-K34Ub) by using acid-cleavable auxiliary-mediated ligation of peptide hydrazides for site-specific ubiquitylation. Synthetic H2B-K34Ub was efficiently incorporated into nucleosomes and further used for single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) imaging. The cryo-EM structure of the nucleosome containing H2B-K34Ub suggests that two flexible ubiquitin domains protrude between the DNA chains of the nucleosomes. The DNA chains around the H2B-K34 sites shift and provide more space for ubiquitin to protrude. These analyses indicated local and slight structural influences on the nucleosome with ubiquitylation at the H2B-K34 site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry and School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Sciences at MicroScale and, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China and, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Qiaoqiao He
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry and School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuntao Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Sciences at MicroScale and, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China and, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Sanling Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Sciences at MicroScale and, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China and, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Shan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry and School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chengmin Li
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Demeng Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Sciences at MicroScale and, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China and, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Xiaorun Li
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Sciences at MicroScale and, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China and, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guoqiang Bi
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Sciences at MicroScale and, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China and, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Zhenghong Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Sciences at MicroScale and, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China and, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230027, China.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and, California NanoSystems Systems, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ji-Shen Zheng
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Sciences at MicroScale and, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China and, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Changlin Tian
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Sciences at MicroScale and, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China and, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230027, China
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