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Mokrejs P, Svoboda P, Hrncirik J, Janacova D, Vasek V. Processing poultry feathers into keratin hydrolysate through alkaline-enzymatic hydrolysis. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2011; 29:260-267. [PMID: 20483878 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x10370378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Poultry feathers make up for as much as 8.5% of chicken weight and represent a considerable amount of almost pure keratin waste which is not being adequately utilized at the present time. The present study dealt with the processing of poultry feathers through a two-stage alkaline-enzymatic hydrolysis. In the first stage, feathers were mixed with a 0.1 or 0.3% KOH water solution in a 1 : 50 ratio and were incubated at 70°C for 24 h. After adjusting pH to 9, the effects examined in the second processing stage on the amount of degraded feathers were those of proteolytic enzyme additions (1-5%), time (4-8 h) and temperature (50-70°C). Processing feathers in 0.3% KOH and hydrolysing for 8 h in the second stage at 70°C with a 5% dose of enzyme (relative to dry feathers weight) produced approx. 91% degradation. Keratin hydrolysate is distinct for its high nitrogen content and reasonable inorganic solids level. Two-stage technology of alkaline-enzymatic hydrolysing of poultry feathers in an environment of 0.3% KOH achieves high efficiency under quite mild reaction conditions (temperature not exceeding 70°C with pH in a mildly alkaline region), and is feasible from an economic viewpoint. Keratin hydrolysate can find particular application in packaging technology (films, foils and encapsulates).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Mokrejs
- Faculty of Technology, Department of Polymeric Engineering, Tomas Bata University, Zlin, Czech Republic.
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Saber W, El-Metwall M, El-Hersh M. Keratinase Production and Biodegradation of Some Keratinous Wastes by Alternaria tenuissima and Aspergillus nidulans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/jm.2010.21.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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53
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Reichl S. Films based on human hair keratin as substrates for cell culture and tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2009; 30:6854-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Yuan J, Xing ZC, Park SW, Geng J, Kang IK, Yuan J, Shen J, Meng W, Shim KJ, Han IS, Kim JC. Fabrication of PHBV/keratin composite nanofibrous mats for biomedical applications. Macromol Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03218625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Davidson I. Diverse uses of feathers with emphasis on diagnosis of avian viral infections and vaccine virus monitoring. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2009000300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Moreira-Gasparin FG, de Souza CGM, Costa AM, Alexandrino AM, Bracht CK, Boer CG, Peralta RM. Purification and characterization of an efficient poultry feather degrading-protease from Myrothecium verrucaria. Biodegradation 2009; 20:727-36. [PMID: 19381452 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-009-9260-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to characterize an alkaline protease from the filamentous fungus Myrothecium verrucaria and to explore its capability to degrade native poultry feathers. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity using a single chromatographic step. Recovery was high, 62%, with a specific activity of 12,851.8 U/mg protein. The enzyme is a small monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 22 +/- 1.5 kDa. It presented pH optimum of 8.3 and was stable over a broad pH range (5.0-12.0). The temperature optimum was 37 degrees C, with thermal stability at temperatures up to 45 degrees C. The enzyme presented an efficiency of 80.3% in the degradation of poultry feather meal, releasing amino acids and soluble peptides. It was able to hydrolyze beta-keratin without necessity of chemical or enzymatic reduction of the disulphide bonds. Considering that, everyday, poultry-processing plants produce feathers as a waste products, this protease can be useful in biotechnological processes aiming to improve the transformation of poultry feathers through solubilization of beta-keratin into usable peptides. Furthermore, it can also be useful in processes aiming to reduce the environmental pollution caused by the accumulation of feathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana G Moreira-Gasparin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
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Poole AJ, Church JS, Huson MG. Environmentally sustainable fibers from regenerated protein. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:1-8. [PMID: 19035767 DOI: 10.1021/bm8010648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Concerns for the environment and consumer demand are driving research into environmentally friendly fibers as replacements for part of the 38 million tonnes of synthetic fiber produced annually. While much current research focuses on cellulosic fibers, we highlight that protein fibers regenerated from waste or byproduct sources should also be considered. Feather keratin and wheat gluten may both be suitable. They are annually renewable, commercially abundant, of consistent quality, and have guaranteed supply. They contain useful amino acids for fiber making, with interchain cross-linking possible via cysteine residues or through the metal-catalyzed photocrosslinking of tyrosine residues. Previous commercially produced fibers suffered from poor wet strength. Contemporary nanoparticle and cross-linking technology has the potential to overcome this, allowing commercial production to resume. This would bring together two existing large production and processing pipelines, agricultural protein production and textile processing, to divert potential waste streams into useful products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Poole
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 21, Belmont, Victoria, 3216, Australia.
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Tatineni R, Doddapaneni KK, Potumarthi RC, Vellanki RN, Kandathil MT, Kolli N, Mangamoori LN. Purification and characterization of an alkaline keratinase from Streptomyces sp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:1596-602. [PMID: 17804219 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 04/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A protease producing bacterial culture ('S7') was isolated from slaughterhouse waste samples, Hyderabad, India. It was related to Streptomyces sp. on the basis of biochemical properties and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Purification of the protease present in the culture medium supernatant on sephacryl S-100 indicated that it contains a keratinase with 67% recovery, 2.5-fold purification and an estimated molecular mass of approximately 44,000 Da. Keratinase showed an optimal activity at 45 degrees C and pH 11. Keratinase activity increased substantially in presence of Ca(2+) and was inhibited in presence of PMSF and EDTA identifying it as a serine metalloprotease. Stability in the presence of detergents, surfactants and solvents make this keratinase extremely useful for biotechnological process involving keratin hydrolysis or in the leather industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Tatineni
- Center for Biotechnology, Institute of Science and Technology, JNT University, Hyderabad, India
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59
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Hide depilation and feather disintegration studies with keratinolytic serine protease from a novel Bacillus subtilis isolate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 78:643-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1355-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sobral P, De Alvarado JD, Zaritzky NE, Laurindo JB, Gómez-Guillén C, Añón MC, Montero P, Denavi G, Ortíz SM, Mauri A, Pinotti A, García M, Martino MN, Carvalho R. Films Based on Biopolymer from Conventional and Non-Conventional Sources. FOOD ENGINEERING: INTEGRATED APPROACHES 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-75430-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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61
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Wang X, Xu W, Wang X. Characterization of hot-pressed films from superfine wool powder. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bacterial Keratinases: Useful Enzymes for Bioprocessing Agroindustrial Wastes and Beyond. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-007-0025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Thys RCS, Brandelli A. Purification and properties of a keratinolytic metalloprotease from Microbacterium sp. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 101:1259-68. [PMID: 17105556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study was developed to purify and to characterize a keratinolytic protease from the bacterium Microbacterium sp. strain kr10. METHODS AND RESULTS Enzyme purification was carried out by sequential liquid chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and Q-Sepharose columns. The purification was about 255-fold, with a yield of 34%, as determined with azocasein as substrate. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated as 42,000 Da by SDS-PAGE. The enzyme had pH and temperature optima of 7.5 and 50 degrees C respectively. This keratinase was inhibited by EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline, and analysis of metal content indicates that Zn(2+) and Mg(2+) are present. A 2(2) factorial design was developed to investigate the effect of keratinase and mercaptoacetate concentration on feather keratinolysis. Statistical analysis showed that both variables have a significant effect on hydrolysis of keratin. CONCLUSIONS A new keratinase produced by Microbacterium sp. was purified and characterized. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This keratinolytic enzyme offers an interesting potential for the hydrolysis of keratin wastes to be used as feed supplement or bioconversion to added-value products.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C S Thys
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Microbiologia Aplicada, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, ICTA, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Rocha Plácido Moore G, Maria Martelli S, Gandolfo C, José do Amaral Sobral P, Borges Laurindo J. Influence of the glycerol concentration on some physical properties of feather keratin films. Food Hydrocoll 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Giongo JL, Lucas FS, Casarin F, Heeb P, Brandelli A. Keratinolytic proteases of Bacillus species isolated from the Amazon basin showing remarkable de-hairing activity. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-006-9234-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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68
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Ozdemir G, Sezgin OE. Keratin-rhamnolipids and keratin-sodium dodecyl sulfate interactions at the air/water interface. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2006; 52:1-7. [PMID: 16837174 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Keratin-surfactant interactions at the air/solution interface may be indicative for skin irritation by surfactants. In this study pure keratin was extracted from chicken feathers as described by Schrooyen at al. and the adsorption properties of biologically produced rhamnolipids (RL) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) mixed with keratin molecules were investigated by surface tension measurements. Keratin was added in three specific amounts to RL and SDS aqueous solutions of varying concentrations, respectively, and keratin-RL and keratin-SDS interactions were investigated at pH 6.2 and 5.0. The surface tension measurements showed that surfactant-keratin complexes were formed in the solutions at pH 6.2. At low RL concentrations the added amount of keratin decreased the surface tension as a result of the hydrophobic keratin-RL complexes formed, which have covered the air/solution interface. Beginning from moderate RL concentrations, less surface active keratin-RL complexes were formed due to hydrophilization of the former complexes and they were removed from the interface to the bulk phase as a result of the competitive adsorption mechanism and pure RL molecules covered the interface gradually. At low SDS concentrations surface tension decrease was also observed by the covering of the air/solution interface with keratin-SDS complexes. At moderate SDS concentrations the keratin-SDS complexes exhibited a more surface active feature. Unlike the keratin-RL complexes, they have remained at the interface until the higher SDS concentrations and keratin ratios. However, at the minimum surface tension value of the pure SDS at its CMC value, the surface tension of the keratin-SDS mixture reached the value of pure SDS solution and the air/solution interface has been covered again only with pure SDS monomers. The keratin-surfactant solutions prepared at pH 5 showed lower surface tension values compared to that measured at pH 6.2 and the surface tension behavior of RL and SDS resembled each other. Above a certain surfactant concentration the addition of keratin to surfactant solutions rendered the surface less surface active compared to their pure surfactant solutions at pH 5.0. The consideration of the surface tension behavior of two anionic surfactants has shown that the RL-keratin interactions are milder than SDS-keratin interactions at pH 6.2 and 5.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ozdemir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey.
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69
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Maria Martelli S, Moore G, Silva Paes S, Gandolfo C, Laurindo JB. Influence of plasticizers on the water sorption isotherms and water vapor permeability of chicken feather keratin films. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2004.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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70
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Gupta R, Ramnani P. Microbial keratinases and their prospective applications: an overview. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 70:21-33. [PMID: 16391926 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Revised: 10/29/2005] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Microbial keratinases have become biotechnologically important since they target the hydrolysis of highly rigid, strongly cross-linked structural polypeptide "keratin" recalcitrant to the commonly known proteolytic enzymes trypsin, pepsin and papain. These enzymes are largely produced in the presence of keratinous substrates in the form of hair, feather, wool, nail, horn etc. during their degradation. The complex mechanism of keratinolysis involves cooperative action of sulfitolytic and proteolytic systems. Keratinases are robust enzymes with a wide temperature and pH activity range and are largely serine or metallo proteases. Sequence homologies of keratinases indicate their relatedness to subtilisin family of serine proteases. They stand out among proteases since they attack the keratin residues and hence find application in developing cost-effective feather by-products for feed and fertilizers. Their application can also be extended to detergent and leather industries where they serve as specialty enzymes. Besides, they also find application in wool and silk cleaning; in the leather industry, better dehairing potential of these enzymes has led to the development of greener hair-saving dehairing technology and personal care products. Further, their prospective application in the challenging field of prion degradation would revolutionize the protease world in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India.
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Yi F, Guo ZX, Zhang LX, Yu J, Li Q. Soluble eggshell membrane protein: preparation, characterization and biocompatibility. Biomaterials 2005; 25:4591-9. [PMID: 15120504 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2003] [Accepted: 11/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The preparation, characterization and biocompatibility of soluble eggshell membrane (SEP) are reported. The dissolution process, which is the key step of the preparation of SEP, has been followed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe the changes of the surfaces and thickness of the eggshell membrane (ESM). The composition of SEP has been investigated by amino acid analysis and elemental analysis. Based on the fact that SEP losses significantly cystine, and that SEP has a higher content of sulfur, an assumption involving combination with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (the reagent used for reductive cleavage of disulfide bonds) following the cleavage of the original disulfide bonds has been proposed, which explains the solubility of SEP. The thermal and surface properties have been studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and contact angle measurement. The biocompatibility of SEP, as demonstrated by cell culture of NIH3T3, is comparable to collagen type I and superior to raw ESM either inside or outside surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yi
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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Schrooyen PMM, Dijkstra PJ, Oberthür RC, Bantjes A, Feijen J. Stabilization of Solutions of Feather Keratins by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate. J Colloid Interface Sci 2001; 240:30-39. [PMID: 11446783 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2001.7673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Feather keratins were extracted from chicken feathers with aqueous solutions of urea and 2-mercaptoethanol. After filtration of the insoluble residue, a feather keratin solution was obtained. Removal of 2-mercaptoethanol and urea by dialysis resulted in aggregation of the keratin polypeptide chains and oxidation of the cysteine residues to afford a gel. The addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to the keratin solution prior to dialysis prevented extensive aggregation of the keratin chains. The effect of the addition of various quantities of SDS on the rate of aggregation of the polypeptide chains and the rate of oxidation of cysteine residues during dialysis was studied. With size exclusion chromatography, it was found that lower initial SDS/keratin ratios (0.125-0.5 g SDS/g keratin) resulted in larger SDS-keratin complexes. This indicates that more intermolecular cross-links had formed. Higher SDS/keratin ratios (1-2 g SDS/g keratin) resulted in small SDS-keratin complexes, comparable in size to the keratin monomer. High amounts of SDS seemed to prevent the oxidation reaction between different keratin chains, resulting in more intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.
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