51
|
Accounting for the delay in the transition from acute to chronic pain: axonal and nuclear mechanisms. J Neurosci 2015; 35:495-507. [PMID: 25589745 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5147-13.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute insults produce hyperalgesic priming, a neuroplastic change in nociceptors that markedly prolongs inflammatory mediator-induced hyperalgesia. After an acute initiating insult, there is a 72 h delay to the onset of priming, for which the underlying mechanism is unknown. We hypothesized that the delay is due to the time required for a signal to travel from the peripheral terminal to the cell body followed by a return signal to the peripheral terminal. We report that when an inducer of hyperalgesic priming (monocyte chemotactic protein 1) is administered at the spinal cord of Sprague Dawley rats, priming is detected at the peripheral terminal with a delay significantly shorter than when applied peripherally. Spinally induced priming is detected not only when prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is presented to the peripheral nociceptor terminals, but also when it is presented intrathecally to the central terminals in the spinal cord. Furthermore, when an inducer of priming is administered in the paw, priming can be detected in spinal cord (as prolonged hyperalgesia induced by intrathecal PGE2), but only when the mechanical stimulus is presented to the paw on the side where the priming inducer was administered. Both spinally and peripherally induced priming is prevented by intrathecal oligodeoxynucleotide antisense to the nuclear transcription factor CREB mRNA. Finally, the inhibitor of protein translation reversed hyperalgesic priming only when injected at the site where PGE2 was administered, suggesting that the signal transmitted from the cell body to the peripheral terminal is not a newly translated protein, but possibly a newly expressed mRNA.
Collapse
|
52
|
Cheng YJ, Shyu WC, Teng YH, Lan YH, Lee SD. Antagonistic interaction between cordyceps sinensis and exercise on protection in fulminant hepatic failure. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2015; 42:1199-213. [PMID: 25242080 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x1450075x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Herb supplements are widely used by Asian athletes; however, there are no studies evaluated the co-effects of exercise and herb supplements on hepatic failure. In this study, D-GalN/LPS-induced fulminant hepatic failure was used to examine whether there are synergistic or antagonistic effects of exercise and Cordyceps sinensis (CS). Mice were randomly divided into eight groups: control, swimming exercise for four weeks, D-GalN/LPS challenge, swimming exercise plus D-GalN/LPS, 20 mg/kg or 40 mg/kg CS pretreated for four weeks plus D-GalN/LPS, and swimming exercise combined with 20 mg/kg or 40 mg/kg CS pretreatment plus D-GalN/LPS. Either exercise or 40 mg/kg CS pretreatment alone significantly decreased D-GalN/LPS-induced TNF-α, AST, NO, apoptotic-related proteins, and hepatocyte apoptosis. Exercise or 40 mg/kg CS alone increased the IL-10 and D-GalN/LPS-suppressed Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) level. However, no protective or worse effect was observed in the mice treated with exercise preconditioning combined 40 mg/kg CS compared to those receive exercise alone or CS alone. TNF-α, AST, NO level, caspase-3 activity, and hepatocytes apoptosis were not significantly different in the exercise combined with 40 mg/kg CS compared to mice challenged with D-GalN/LPS. The IL-10 level was significantly decreased after D-GalN/LPS stimulation in the mice received exercise combined with 40 mg/kg CS, indicating the combination strongly reduced the anti-inflammatory effect. In summary, preconditioning exercise or CS pretreatment alone can protect mice from septic liver damage, but in contrast, the combination of exercise and CS does not produce any benefit. The antagonistic interactions between exercise and CS imply taking CS is not recommended for people who undertake regular exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jung Cheng
- Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Li G, Nakagome I, Hirono S, Itoh T, Fujiwara R. Inhibition of adenosine deaminase (ADA)-mediated metabolism of cordycepin by natural substances. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00121. [PMID: 26038697 PMCID: PMC4448975 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordycepin, which is an analogue of a nucleoside adenosine, exhibits a wide variety of pharmacological activities including anticancer effects. In this study, ADA1- and ADA2-expressing HEK293 cells were established to determine the major ADA isoform responsible for the deamination of cordycepin. While the metabolic rate of cordycepin deamination was similar between ADA2-expressing and Mock cells, extensive metabolism of cordycepin was observed in the ADA1-expressing cells with Km and Vmax values of 54.9 μmol/L and 45.8 nmole/min/mg protein. Among five natural substances tested in this study (kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin, naringenin, and naringin), naringin strongly inhibited the deamination of cordycepin with Ki values of 58.8 μmol/L in mouse erythrocytes and 168.3 μmol/L in human erythrocytes. A treatment of Jurkat cells with a combination of cordycepin and naringin showed significant cytotoxicity. Our in silico study suggests that not only small molecules such as adenosine derivatives but also bulky molecules like naringin can be a potent ADA1 inhibitor for the clinical usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Izumi Nakagome
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Shuichi Hirono
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tomoo Itoh
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Fujiwara
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Lu H, Li X, Zhang J, Shi H, Zhu X, He X. Effects of cordycepin on HepG2 and EA.hy926 cells: Potential antiproliferative, antimetastatic and anti-angiogenic effects on hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2014; 7:1556-1562. [PMID: 24765175 PMCID: PMC3997733 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a hypervascular tumor and accumulating evidence suggests that angiogenesis plays an important role in HCC development. Cordycepin, also known as 3′-deoxyadenosine, is a derivative of adenosine, and numerous cellular enzymes cannot differentiate the two. The aim of the present study was to determine whether cordycepin regulates proliferation, migration and angiogenesis in a human umbilical vein endothelial cell line (EA.hy926) and in a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2). MTT was used to assess cell proliferation. Apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry (propidium iodide staining). Transwell and wound healing assays were used to analyze the migration and invasion of HepG2 and EA.hy926 cells. Angiogenesis in EA.hy926 cells was assessed using a tube formation assay. Cordycepin strongly suppressed HepG2 and EA.hy926 cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Cordycepin induced EA.hy926 cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner (2,000 μg/ml: 50.20±1.55% vs. 0 μg/ml: 2.62±0.19%; P<0.01). Cordycepin inhibited EA.hy926 cell migration (percentage of wound healing area, 2,000 μg/ml: 3.45±0.29% vs. 0 μg/ml: 85.48±0.84%; P<0.05), as well as tube formation (total length of tubular structure, 1,000 μg/ml: 107±39 μm vs. 0 μg/ml: 936±56 μm; P<0.05). Cordycepin also efficiently inhibited HepG2 cell invasion and migration. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the cytosol from EA.hy926 cells showed that cordycepin was stable for 3 h. In conclusion, cordycepin not only inhibited human HepG2 cell proliferation and invasion, but also induced apoptosis and inhibited migration and angiogenesis in vascular endothelial cells, suggesting that cordycepin may be used as a novel anti-angiogenic therapy in HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Lu
- Organ Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xiting Li
- Department of Periodontology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hexian Memorial Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Organ Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoshun He
- Organ Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Shashidhar M, Giridhar P, Udaya Sankar K, Manohar B. Bioactive principles from Cordyceps sinensis: A potent food supplement - A review. J Funct Foods 2013; 5:1013-1030. [PMID: 32288795 PMCID: PMC7104994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducing the importance of Cordyceps sinensis (CS) and its economics. Alternative artificial cultivation methods for large scale production to meet the world demand for CS. Chemical characterization of compounds in different extracts of CS. Potential health benefits and mechanism of action of compounds in CS. Possible application of whole fungus or its extracts in food and pharmaceutical industries.
Cordyceps sinensis (CS) is a well-known entamophagus fungus, naturally distributed in the Tibetan Plateau of Asia and Himalayas. Recently this synonym is transferred to Ophiocordyceps by both scientific and non-scientific communities. It is widely used as a tonic and medicinal food in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), as it possess wonderful health benefits. To support its functional attributes, various investigations have been carried out to find out its adaptogenic, aphrodisiac, anti-oxidant, anti-aging, neuroprotective, nootropic, immunomodulatory, anti-cancer and hepatoprotective role. Its fruiting portion as well as the larvae possesses potent bio-active fractions and their composition almost found to be similar in both. The bioactive principles are nucleosides, exo-polysaccharides, sterols and, proteins, among others. Among nucleosides, adenosine and cordycepin are the major biochemical markers. Further, different types of solvent extracts and their mixtures exhibit wide range of pharmacological activities, while the water and methanol extracts with the richest sources of nucleosides and polysaccharides also show wide range of pharmacological activities. This review gives a panoramic view of potential health benefits of various classes of bio-active fractions along with the need for sustainable management of CS for human wellness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M.G. Shashidhar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial research, New Delhi, India
- Department of Food Engineering, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
| | - P. Giridhar
- Department of Plant Cell Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
| | - K. Udaya Sankar
- Department of Food Engineering, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
| | - B. Manohar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial research, New Delhi, India
- Department of Food Engineering, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
- Corresponding author at: Department of Food Engineering, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India. Fax: +91 821 2517233.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Lei W, Li S, Peng Q, Zhang G, Liu X. A real-time qPCR assay to quantify Ophiocordyceps sinensis biomass in Thitarodes larvae. J Microbiol 2013; 51:229-33. [PMID: 23625225 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-2241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis, an entomogenous fungus parasitic in the larvae of moths (Lepidoptera), is one of the most valuable medicinal fungi, and it only distributed naturally on the Tibetan Plateau. The parasitical amount of O. sinensis in various tissues of the host Thitarodes larvae has an important role in study the occurrence and developmental mechanisms of O. sinensis, but there no an effective method to detect the fungal anamorph. A real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) system, including a pair of species-specific ITS primers and its related program, was developed for O. sinensis assay with high reliability and efficiency. A calibration curve was established and exhibited a very good linear correlation between the fungal biomass and the C T values (R (2)=0.999419) by the qPCR system. Based on this method, O. sinensis was detected rapidly in four tissues of its host caterpillars, and the results were shown as following: the maximum content of O. sinensis parasitized in the fat-body, and next came body-wall; both of them were much larger than that observed in the haemolymph and intestinal-wall. Taken together, these results show that qPCR assays may become useful tools for study on developmental mechanism of O. sinensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lei
- Food and Health Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Cordycepin Increases Nonrapid Eye Movement Sleep via Adenosine Receptors in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:840134. [PMID: 23710239 PMCID: PMC3655593 DOI: 10.1155/2013/840134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine) is a naturally occurring adenosine analogue and one of the bioactive constituents isolated from Cordyceps militaris/Cordyceps sinensis, species of the fungal genus Cordyceps. It has traditionally been a prized Chinese folk medicine for the human well-being. Because of similarity of chemical structure of adenosine, cordycepin has been focused on the diverse effects of the central nervous systems (CNSs), like sleep regulation. Therefore, this study was undertaken to know whether cordycepin increases the natural sleep in rats, and its effect is mediated by adenosine receptors (ARs). Sleep was recorded using electroencephalogram (EEG) for 4 hours after oral administration of cordycepin in rats. Sleep architecture and EEG power spectra were analyzed. Cordycepin reduced sleep-wake cycles and increased nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Interestingly, cordycepin increased θ (theta) waves power density during NREM sleep. In addition, the protein levels of AR subtypes (A1, A2A, and A2B) were increased after the administration of cordycepin, especially in the rat hypothalamus which plays an important role in sleep regulation. Therefore, we suggest that cordycepin increases theta waves power density during NREM sleep via nonspecific AR in rats. In addition, this experiment can provide basic evidence that cordycepin may be helpful for sleep-disturbed subjects.
Collapse
|
58
|
Pharmacological Effects of Cordyceps and Its Bioactive Compounds. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59603-1.00013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
59
|
Chen M, Cheung FW, Chan MH, Hui PK, Ip SP, Ling YH, Che CT, Liu WK. Protective roles of Cordyceps on lung fibrosis in cellular and rat models. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 143:448-454. [PMID: 22796203 PMCID: PMC7125542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cordyceps sinensis is a fungus used in traditional Chinese medicine as a tonic to soothe the lung for the treatment of fatigue and respiratory diseases. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic, irreversible and debilitating lung disease showing fibroblast/myofibroblast expansion and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix in the interstitium leading to breathing difficulty. Our previous observation revealed a partial relief of lung fibrosis in patients suffering from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). We hypothesize that Cordyceps has beneficial effects on lung fibrosis and the objective of this study is to explore the target(s) of Cordyceps in the relief of lung fibrosis in animal and cell models and to gain insight into its underlying mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS A rat model of bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis and a fibrotic cell model with transforming growth factor beta-1 induction were employed in the studies. RESULTS Reduction of infiltration of inflammatory cells, deposition of fibroblastic loci and collagen, formation of reactive oxygen species, and production of cytokines, as well as recovery from imbalance of MMP-9/TIMP-1, were observed in fibrotic rats after treatment with Cordyceps in preventive (from the day of BLM administration) and therapeutic (from 14 days after BLM) regimens. In a fibrotic cell model with transforming growth factor beta-1 induction, the human lung epithelial A549 acquired a mesenchymal phenotype and an increase of vimentin expression with a concomitant decrease of E-cadherin. This epithelial-mesenchymal transition could be partially reverted by cordycepin, a major component of Cordyceps. CONCLUSION The findings provide an insight into the preventive and therapeutic potentials of Cordyceps for the treatment of lung fibrosis.
Collapse
Key Words
- balf, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
- blm, bleomycin
- ce, cordyceps powder extract in culture medium
- cs, cordyceps sinensis
- cs1, low-dose cs powder suspension treatment
- cs2, high-dose cs powder suspension treatment
- ecm, extracellular matrix
- emt, epithelial–mesenchymal transition
- ipf, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
- mmp, matrix metalloproteinases
- ros, reactive oxygen species
- tgf-β1, transforming growth factor beta-1
- timp, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases
- cordyceps sinensis
- cordycepin
- bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis
- traditional chinese medicine
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Florence W.K. Cheung
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ming Hung Chan
- Department of Medicine, Kwong Wah Hospital, The Tung Wah Group of Hospitals, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Pak Kwan Hui
- Department of Pathology, Kwong Wah Hospital, The Tung Wah Group of Hospitals, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Siu-Po Ip
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Yick Hin Ling
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Chun-Tao Che
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, IL 60612, USA
| | - Wing Keung Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Li L, He D, Yang J, Wang X. Cordycepin inhibits renal interstitial myofibroblast activation probably by inducing hepatocyte growth factor expression. J Pharmacol Sci 2011; 117:286-94. [PMID: 22134049 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.11127fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal interstitial fibrosis is the common end point of progressive renal diseases leading to the deterioration and eventual loss of renal function. This study investigated the effect and potential mechanism of cordycepin on activation of renal interstitial fibroblast cells. The time and dose-responses of cordycepin in rat renal interstitial fibroblast (NRK-49F) cells were analyzed. The proliferation of NRK-49F and the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and fibronectin (FN) were examined. The expression and translocation of Smad proteins also were measured by western blot and indirect immunofluorescence staining. The mRNA level of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and the expression of HGF receptor c-Met and its phosphorylation (p-Met) were also detected. Cordycepin suppressed the proliferation of NRK-49F and the expression of α-SMA and FN induced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). The pretreatment of cordycepin markedly attenuated the nuclear translocation and accumulation of activated Smad2/3 in NRK-49F cells. Furthermore, cordycepin not only increased HGF expression, but also induced HGF secretion, as well as HGF receptor phosphorylation in NRK-49F cells. Cordycepin possesses renoprotective activity through suppression myofibroblast activation. This action is mediated, at least in part, by blocking nuclear translocation and accumulation of activated Smad2/3 protein and up-regulating anti-fibrotic HGF expression and secretion and HGF receptor activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|