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Padhi EM, Ramdath DD. A review of the relationship between pulse consumption and reduction of cardiovascular disease risk factors. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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53
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Lin S, Pan H, Wu H, Ren D, Lu J. Role of the ACE2‑Ang‑(1‑7)‑Mas axis in blood pressure regulation and its potential as an antihypertensive in functional foods (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:4403-4412. [PMID: 28791402 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin‑angiotensin system (RAS) serves a critical role in blood pressure regulation and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Efforts to develop functional foods that enhance the RAS have focused on inhibition of angiotensin‑converting enzyme (ACE) activity in the ACE‑angiotensin II (Ang II)‑Ang II type 1 receptor axis. ACE2 and the Mas receptor are important components of this axis. ACE2 catalyzes Ang II into Ang‑(1‑7), which then binds to the G‑protein‑coupled receptor Mas. In addition, it induces nitric oxide release from endothelial cells and exerts antiproliferative, vasodilatory and antihypertensive effects. The present review examined recent findings regarding the physiological and biological roles of the ACE2‑Ang‑(1‑7)‑Mas axis in the cardiovascular system, discussed potential food‑derived ACE2‑activating agents, and highlighted initiatives, based on this axis, that aim to develop functional foods for the treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Huanglei Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Hongli Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Difeng Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Jun Lu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Functional Peptides, China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing 100015, P.R. China
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Abstract
Current opinion strongly links nutrition and health. Among nutrients, proteins, and peptides which are encrypted in their sequences and released during digestion could play a key role in improving health. These peptides have been claimed to be active on a wide spectrum of biological functions or diseases, including blood pressure and metabolic risk factors (coagulation, obesity, lipoprotein metabolism, and peroxidation), gut and neurological functions, immunity, cancer, dental health, and mineral metabolism. A majority of studies involved dairy peptides, but the properties of vegetal, animal, and sea products were also assessed. However, these allegations are mainly based on in vitro and experimental studies which are seldom confirmed in humans. This review focused on molecules which were tested in humans, and on the mechanisms explaining discrepancies between experimental and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saïd Bouhallab
- b STLO, UMR1253, INRA, Agrocamus Ouest , Rennes , France
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Saleh ASM, Zhang Q, Shen Q. Recent Research in Antihypertensive Activity of Food Protein-derived Hydrolyzates and Peptides. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:760-87. [PMID: 25036695 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.724478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Year to year obesity prevalence, reduced physical activities, bad habits/or stressful lifestyle, and other environmental and physiological impacts lead to increase in diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, and hypertension worldwide. Hypertension is considered as one of the most common serious chronic diseases; however, discovery of medications with high efficacy and without side effects for treatment of patients remains a challenge for scientists. Recent trends in functional foods have evidenced that food bioactive proteins play a major role in the concepts of illness and curing; therefore, nutritionists, biomedical scientists, and food scientists are working together to develop improved systems for the discovery of peptides with increased potency and therapeutic benefits. This review presents a recent research carried out to date for the purpose of isolation and identification of bioactive hydrolyzates and peptides with angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory activity and antihypertensive effect from animal, marine, microbial, and plant food proteins. Effects of food processing and hydrolyzation conditions as well as some other impacts on formation, activity, and stability of these hydrolyzates and peptides are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S M Saleh
- a College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University , Beijing , China.,b Department of Food Science and Technology , Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University , Assiut , Egypt
| | - Qing Zhang
- a College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
| | - Qun Shen
- a College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
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Valenzuela-García P, Bobadilla NA, Ramírez-González V, León-Villanueva A, Lares-Asseff IA, Valdez-Ortiz A, Medina-Godoy S. Antihypertensive Effect of Protein Hydrolysate from Azufrado Beans in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Cereal Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-04-16-0105-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Valenzuela-García
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR-Unidad Sinaloa, Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Norma A. Bobadilla
- Unidad de Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
- Departamento de Nefrología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Victoria Ramírez-González
- Unidad de Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
- Departamento de Nefrología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Andrés León-Villanueva
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR-Unidad Sinaloa, Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Ismael A. Lares-Asseff
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR-Durango, Departamento de Farmacogenómica y Biomedicina Molecular, Durango, Durango, Mexico
| | - Angel Valdez-Ortiz
- Maestría en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa 80000, Mexico
| | - Sergio Medina-Godoy
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR-Unidad Sinaloa, Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico
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Aguilar-Toalá J, Santiago-López L, Peres C, Peres C, Garcia H, Vallejo-Cordoba B, González-Córdova A, Hernández-Mendoza A. Assessment of multifunctional activity of bioactive peptides derived from fermented milk by specific Lactobacillus plantarum strains. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:65-75. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Xu Y, Bao T, Han W, Chen W, Zheng X, Wang J. Purification and identification of an angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide from cauliflower by-products protein hydrolysate. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Effect of foxtail millet protein hydrolysates on lowering blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:2129-2138. [PMID: 27344669 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1252-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to determine the effect of foxtail millet protein hydrolysates on lowering blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). METHODS The protein of foxtail millet after extruding or fermenting and the raw foxtail millet was extracted and hydrolyzed by digestive protease to generate angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides. The potential antihypertensive effect of protein hydrolysates from foxtail millet in SHRs was investigated. RESULTS After 4 weeks of treatment with 200 mg peptides/kg of body weight of protein hydrolysates, blood pressure was lowered significantly, and the raw and extruded samples were more effective than the fermented samples. The serum ACE activity and angiotensin II levels in the treatment groups were significantly lower than that of the control. The percent heart weight decreased in the treatment groups. CONCLUSION Thus, ingestion of foxtail millet protein hydrolysates especially for the raw and extruded hydrolysates may ameliorate hypertension and alleviate related cardiovascular diseases.
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Girgih AT, Nwachukwu ID, Onuh JO, Malomo SA, Aluko RE. Antihypertensive Properties of a Pea Protein Hydrolysate during Short- and Long-Term Oral Administration to Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J Food Sci 2016; 81:H1281-7. [PMID: 27037677 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated short-term (24 h) and long-term (5 wk) systolic blood pressure (SBP)-lowering effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) of a 5 kDa membrane pea protein hydrolysate permeate (PPH-5) produced through thermoase hydrolysis of pea protein isolate (PPI). Amino acid analysis showed that the PPH-5 had lower contents of sulfur-containing amino acids than the PPI. Size-exclusion chromatography indicated mainly low molecular weight (<10 kDa) peptides in PPH-5 but not in the PPI. The PPH-5 had renin and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition IC50 values of 0.57 and 0.10 mg/mL (P < 0.05), respectively, and consisted mainly of peptides with 2 to 6 amino acids. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed mainly hydrophilic tetrapeptide sequences. After a single oral administration (100 mg/kg body weight) to SHR, the unheated PPI showed weakest (P < 0.05) SBP-lowering effect with a -4 mm Hg maximum when compared to -25 mm Hg for heat-treated PPI and -36 mm Hg for PPH-5. Incorporation of the PPH-5 as 0.5% or 1% (w/w) casein substitute in the SHR diet produced maximum SBP reductions of -22 or -26 mm Hg (P < 0.05), respectively after 3 wk. In comparison, the unhydrolyzed PPI produced a maximum SBP reduction of -17 mm Hg also after 3 wk. Potency of the pea products decreased in the 4th and 5th wk, though SBP values of the treated rats were still lower than the untreated control. We conclude that the antihypertensive potency of PPH-5 may have been due to the presence of easily absorbed hydrophilic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham T Girgih
- Dept. of Human Nutritional Sciences and The Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Univ. of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ifeanyi D Nwachukwu
- Dept. of Human Nutritional Sciences and The Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Univ. of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - John O Onuh
- Dept. of Human Nutritional Sciences and The Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Univ. of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Sunday A Malomo
- Dept. of Human Nutritional Sciences and The Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Univ. of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Rotimi E Aluko
- Dept. of Human Nutritional Sciences and The Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Univ. of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
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61
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Lafarga T, Gallagher E, Aluko RE, Auty MAE, Hayes M. Addition of an Enzymatic Hydrolysate of Bovine Globulins to Bread and Determination of Hypotensive Effects in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1741-1750. [PMID: 26876970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b06078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop bread containing a papain hydrolysate of bovine α- and β-globulins (GPH) with in vitro and in vivo antihypertensive activities. The physical characteristics of the formulated bread were assessed over a six day period and results suggested that the overall quality and acceptance of bread was not affected by the inclusion of GPH at a concentration of 4% (w/w). Bright field light microscopy and confocal scanning laser microscopy images were used to visualize the main ingredients of the bread. In addition, the antihypertensive activity of the bread was assessed in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) over a 24 h period where a maximum significant decrease in systolic blood pressure of 36.2 ± 1.9 mmHg was observed 8 h after oral administration. Results demonstrate that the antihypertensive activity of GPH was resistant to the baking process and shows potential for use as a functional antihypertensive ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Lafarga
- Food BioSciences Department, Teagasc, The Irish Agricultural and Food Development Authority , Ashtown, Dublin 15, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eimear Gallagher
- Food Chemistry Department, Teagasc, The Irish Agricultural and Food Development Authority , Ashtown, Dublin 15, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rotimi E Aluko
- University of Manitoba , Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Mark A E Auty
- Food Chemistry Department, Teagasc, The Irish Agricultural and Food Development Authority , Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Maria Hayes
- Food BioSciences Department, Teagasc, The Irish Agricultural and Food Development Authority , Ashtown, Dublin 15, Dublin, Ireland
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62
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Identification of bioactive peptides from a papain hydrolysate of bovine serum albumin and assessment of an antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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63
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Dave LA, Hayes M, Montoya CA, Rutherfurd SM, Moughan PJ. Human gut endogenous proteins as a potential source of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE-I)-, renin inhibitory and antioxidant peptides. Peptides 2016; 76:30-44. [PMID: 26617077 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that endogenous bioactive proteins and peptides play a substantial role in the body's first line of immunological defence, immune-regulation and normal body functioning. Further, the peptides derived from the luminal digestion of proteins are also important for body function. For example, within the peptide database BIOPEP (http://www.uwm.edu.pl/biochemia/index.php/en/biopep) 12 endogenous antimicrobial and 64 angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE-I) inhibitory peptides derived from human milk and plasma proteins are listed. The antimicrobial peptide database (http://aps.unmc.edu/AP/main.php) lists over 111 human host-defence peptides. Several endogenous proteins are secreted in the gut and are subject to the same gastrointestinal digestion processes as food proteins derived from the diet. The human gut endogenous proteins (GEP) include mucins, serum albumin, digestive enzymes, hormones, and proteins from sloughed off epithelial cells and gut microbiota, and numerous other secreted proteins. To date, much work has been carried out regarding the health altering effects of food-derived bioactive peptides but little attention has been paid to the possibility that GEP may also be a source of bioactive peptides. In this review, we discuss the potential of GEP to constitute a gut cryptome from which bioactive peptides such as ACE-I inhibitory, renin inhibitory and antioxidant peptides may be derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi A Dave
- Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Teagasc, The Irish Agricultural and Food Development Authority, Food BioSciences Department, Ashtown, D 15 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maria Hayes
- Teagasc, The Irish Agricultural and Food Development Authority, Food BioSciences Department, Ashtown, D 15 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carlos A Montoya
- Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Shane M Rutherfurd
- Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Paul J Moughan
- Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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64
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Vallabha VS, Tapal A, Sukhdeo SV, K G, Tiku PK. Effect of arginine : lysine ratio in free amino acid and protein form onl-NAME induced hypertension in hypercholesterolemic Wistar rats. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13632j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine : lysine in the ratio of 5 : 1 plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases, especially as a nitric oxide precursor leading to vasodilation and inhibiting angiotensin-I converting enzyme in renin angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwanath S. Vallabha
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology
- CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute
- Mysuru-570 020
- India
| | - Arun Tapal
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology
- CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute
- Mysuru-570 020
- India
| | - Shinde Vijay Sukhdeo
- Animal House Facility
- CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute
- Mysuru-570 020
- India
| | - Govindaraju K
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology
- CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute
- Mysuru-570 020
- India
| | - Purnima Kaul Tiku
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology
- CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute
- Mysuru-570 020
- India
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65
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Aluko RE, Girgih AT, He R, Malomo S, Li H, Offengenden M, Wu J. Structural and functional characterization of yellow field pea seed (Pisum sativum L.) protein-derived antihypertensive peptides. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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66
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Hieda K, Sunagawa Y, Katanasaka Y, Hasegawa K, Morimoto T. Pharmacological effect of functional foods with a hypotensive action. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2015; 146:33-9. [PMID: 26165340 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.146.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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67
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Bajaj PR, Tang J, Sablani SS. Pea Protein Isolates: Novel Wall Materials for Microencapsulating Flaxseed Oil. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-015-1589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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68
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Structural and Antihypertensive Properties of Enzymatic Hemp Seed Protein Hydrolysates. Nutrients 2015; 7:7616-32. [PMID: 26378569 PMCID: PMC4586553 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to produce antihypertensive protein hydrolysates through different forms of enzymatic hydrolysis (2% pepsin, 4% pepsin, 1% alcalase, 2% alcalase, 2% papain, and 2% pepsin + pancreatin) of hemp seed proteins (HSP). The hemp seed protein hydrolysates (HPHs) were tested for in vitro inhibitions of renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), two of the enzymes that regulate human blood pressure. The HPHs were then administered orally (200 mg/kg body weight) to spontaneously hypertensive rats and systolic blood pressure (SBP)-lowering effects measured over a 24 h period. Size exclusion chromatography mainly showed a 300–9560 Da peptide size range for the HPHs, while amino acid composition data had the 2% pepsin HPH with the highest cysteine content. Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed higher fluorescence intensities for the peptides when compared to the unhydrolyzed hemp seed protein. Overall, the 1% alcalase HPH was the most effective (p < 0.05) SBP-reducing agent (−32.5 ± 0.7 mmHg after 4 h), while the pepsin HPHs produced longer-lasting effects (−23.0 ± 1.4 mmHg after 24 h). We conclude that an optimized combination of the fast-acting HPH (1% alcalase) with the longer-lasting HPHs (2% and 4% pepsin) could provide daily effective SBP reductions.
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69
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Hieda K, Sunagawa Y, Katanasaka Y, Hasegawa K, Morimoto T. Antihypertensive effects of foods. World J Hypertens 2015; 5:53-62. [DOI: 10.5494/wjh.v5.i2.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for arteriosclerosis, which leads to cardiovascular disease and stroke. Several clinical trials revealed that control of the blood pressure is useful to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases. However, the protective efficacy against these complications still remains at less than 50% even if the high blood pressure is treated by current medical drugs. Healthy diets are expected to not only prevent but also treat lifestyle-related diseases. Improvement of the dietary life, including low-salt diets, appropriate alcohol consumption, and calorie restriction, is important for the prevention of hypertension. In addition, green tea, which has been drunk on a daily basis in Japan and China since ancient times, possesses an antihypertensive effect, and it was revealed that its components with this effect are catechins. Many studies have been performed on the antihypertensive effects of foods. Therefore, functional foods and their ingredients, reported to possess antihypertensive effects in animal experiments and human clinical trials, are summarized in this review. Blood pressure might be controlled by improvement of the daily eating habits based on evidence regarding these functional foods, and a healthy longevity can be expected.
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70
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotimi E. Aluko
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2;
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71
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Effects of exopeptidase treatment on antihypertensive activity and taste attributes of enzymatic whey protein hydrolysates. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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72
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Abstract
Significant effects on blood pressure (BP) have been reported from large nutritional interventions, particularly the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and the Mediterranean diet. In more recent years, numerous studies have investigated the possible BP-lowering effect of different nutraceuticals; these range from specific foods to minerals, lipids, whole proteins, peptides, amino acids, probiotics, and vitamins. While a very large body of evidence supports the use of potassium, L-arginine, vitamins C and D, cocoa flavonoids, beetroot juice, some probiotics, coenzyme Q10, controlled-release melatonin, aged garlic extract, and coffee, the use of other nutraceuticals, such as green tea, flaxseed, and resveratrol, has not as yet been supported by adequate evidence. In some cases, e.g. proteins/peptides, the responsible component needs also to be fully uncovered. Finally, while for most of the products only short-term studies are available, with no specific end-points, an ongoing very large prospective study on chocolate flavanols will answer the question whether this may reduce cardiovascular risk. Thus, in addition to data on long-term safety, further clinical research is advisable in order to identify, among active nutraceuticals, those with the best cost-effectiveness and risk-benefit ratio for a wide use in the general population with a raised cardiovascular risk consequent to uncomplicated hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare R Sirtori
- a Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Milan , Milano , Italy
| | - Anna Arnoldi
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Milan , Milano , Italy
| | - Arrigo F G Cicero
- c Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
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73
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Molecular targets of antihypertensive peptides: understanding the mechanisms of action based on the pathophysiology of hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 16:256-83. [PMID: 25547491 PMCID: PMC4307246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16010256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in using functional foods or nutraceuticals for the prevention and treatment of hypertension or high blood pressure. Although numerous preventive and therapeutic pharmacological interventions are available on the market, unfortunately, many patients still suffer from poorly controlled hypertension. Furthermore, most pharmacological drugs, such as inhibitors of angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE), are often associated with significant adverse effects. Many bioactive food compounds have been characterized over the past decades that may contribute to the management of hypertension; for example, bioactive peptides derived from various food proteins with antihypertensive properties have gained a great deal of attention. Some of these peptides have exhibited potent in vivo antihypertensive activity in both animal models and human clinical trials. This review provides an overview about the complex pathophysiology of hypertension and demonstrates the potential roles of food derived bioactive peptides as viable interventions targeting specific pathways involved in this disease process. This review offers a comprehensive guide for understanding and utilizing the molecular mechanisms of antihypertensive actions of food protein derived peptides.
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74
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Yeh WJ, Yang HY, Chen JR. Soy β-conglycinin retards progression of diabetic nephropathy via modulating the insulin sensitivity and angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in rats fed with high salt diet. Food Funct 2014; 5:2898-904. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00379a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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75
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Fitzgerald C, Aluko RE, Hossain M, Rai DK, Hayes M. Potential of a renin inhibitory peptide from the red seaweed Palmaria palmata as a functional food ingredient following confirmation and characterization of a hypotensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:8352-8356. [PMID: 25062358 DOI: 10.1021/jf500983n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This work examined the resistance of the renin inhibitory, tridecapeptide IRLIIVLMPILMA derived previously from a Palmaria palmata papain hydrolysate, during gastrointestinal (GI) transit. Following simulated GI digestion, breakdown products were identified using mass spectrometry analysis and the known renin and angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory dipeptide IR was identified. In vivo animal studies using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were used to confirm the antihypertensive effects of both the tridecapeptide IRLIIVLMPILMA and the seaweed protein hydrolysate from which this peptide was isolated. After 24 h, the SHR group fed the P. palmata protein hydrolysate recorded a drop of 34 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure (SBP) from 187 (±0.25) to 153 (± 0.64) mm Hg SBP, while the group fed the tridecapeptide IRLIIVLMPLIMA presented a drop of 33 mm Hg in blood pressure from 187 (±0.95) to 154 (±0.94) mm Hg SBP compared to the SBP recorded at time zero. The results of this study indicate that the seaweed protein derived hydrolysate has potential for use as antihypertensive agents and that the tridecapeptide is cleaved and activated to the dipeptide IR when it travels through the GI tract. Both the hydrolysate and peptide reduced SHR blood pressure when administered orally over a 24 h period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran Fitzgerald
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre , Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
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76
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Girgih AT, He R, Aluko RE. Kinetics and molecular docking studies of the inhibitions of angiotensin converting enzyme and renin activities by hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) peptides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:4135-44. [PMID: 24766098 DOI: 10.1021/jf5002606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Four novel peptide sequences (WVYY, WYT, SVYT, and IPAGV) identified from an enzymatic digest of hemp seed proteins were used for enzyme inhibition kinetics and molecular docking studies. Results showed that WVYY (IC50 = 0.027 mM) was a more potent (p < 0.05) ACE-inhibitory peptide than WYT (IC50 = 0.574 mM). However, WYT (IC50 = 0.054 mM) and SVYT (IC50 = 0.063 mM) had similar renin-inhibitory activity, which was significantly better than that of IPAGV (IC50 = 0.093 mM). Kinetics studies showed that WVYY had a lower inhibition constant (Ki) of 0.06 mM and hence greater affinity for ACE when compared to the 1.83 mM obtained for WYT. SVYT had lowest Ki value of 0.89 mM against renin, when compared to the values obtained for WYT and IPAGV. Molecular docking results showed that the higher inhibitory activities of WVYY and SVYT were due to the greater degree of noncovalent bond-based interactions with the enzyme protein, especially formation of higher numbers of hydrogen bonds with active site residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham T Girgih
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences and The Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T2N2, Canada
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77
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Udenigwe CC, Mohan A. Mechanisms of food protein-derived antihypertensive peptides other than ACE inhibition. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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78
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Li P, Jia J, Fang M, Zhang L, Guo M, Xie J, Xia Y, Zhou L, Wei D. In vitro and in vivo ACE inhibitory of pistachio hydrolysates and in silico mechanism of identified peptide binding with ACE. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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79
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Alashi AM, Blanchard CL, Mailer RJ, Agboola SO, Mawson AJ, He R, Malomo SA, Girgih AT, Aluko RE. Blood pressure lowering effects of Australian canola protein hydrolysates in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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80
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Preventive and treatment effects of a hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) meal protein hydrolysate against high blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Eur J Nutr 2013; 53:1237-46. [PMID: 24292743 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0625-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This work determined the ability of hemp seed meal protein hydrolysate (HMH)-containing diets to attenuate elevated blood pressure (hypertension) development in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Effects of diets on plasma levels of renin and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) in the SHRs were also determined. METHODS Defatted hemp seed protein meal was hydrolyzed using simulated gastrointestinal tract digestion with pepsin followed by pancreatin, and the resulting HMH used as a source of antihypertensive peptides. The HMH was substituted for casein at 0.5 and 1.0% levels and fed to young growing rats for 8 weeks (preventive phase) or adult rats for 4 weeks (treatment phase). RESULTS Feeding of young growing SHRs with HMH resulted in attenuation of the normal increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP) with an average value of ~120 mmHg when compared to the casein-only group of rats (control) with a maximum of 158 mm Hg (p < 0.05). Feeding adult rats (SBP ~145 mmHg) with same diets during a 4-week period led to significant (p < 0.05) reduction in SBP to ~119 mmHg in comparison with 150 mmHg for the control rats. Plasma ACE activity was significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed (0.047-0.059 U/mL) in HMH-fed rats when compared to control rats (0.123 U/mL). Plasma renin level was also decreased for HMH-fed rats (0.040-0.054 μg/mL) when compared to control rats that were fed only with casein (0.151 μg/mL). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that HMH with strong hypotensive effects in SHRs could be used as a therapeutic agent for both the prevention and treatment of hypertension.
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81
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Fernández-Musoles R, Manzanares P, Burguete MC, Alborch E, Salom JB. In vivo angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibition by long-term intake of antihypertensive lactoferrin hydrolysate in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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82
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83
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He R, Malomo SA, Girgih AT, Ju X, Aluko RE. Glycinyl-histidinyl-serine (GHS), a novel rapeseed protein-derived peptide has blood pressure-lowering effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:8396-8402. [PMID: 23919612 DOI: 10.1021/jf400865m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel antihypertensive peptide (Gly-His-Ser or GHS) with dual inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) and renin activities was isolated from the 3 kDa membrane ultrafiltration permeate of a pepsin+pancreatin rapeseed protein digest. The IC50 values of GHS were 0.52 ± 0.01 mg/mL and 0.32 ± 0.01 mg/mL for ACE and renin inhibitions, respectively, which are 1.5 times the ACE inhibition and 3.5 times the renin inhibition of the 3 kDa permeate. Oral administration (30 mg/kg body weight) to spontaneously hypertensive rats showed GHS to be an effective hypotensive agent with maximum blood pressure reduction of -17.29 ± 2.47 mmHg after 6 h. In contrast, the 3 kDa permeate exhibited a maximum of -21.29 ± 9.29 mmHg after 4 h, although at a relatively higher dose of 100 mg/kg body weight). GHS inhibited ACE and renin activities noncompetitively, but the renin inhibition became uncompetitive at a higher peptide concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics , Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China 210003
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84
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Zhang X, Xiong YL, Chen J, Zhou L. Synergistic inhibition of lipid oxidation by pea protein hydrolysate coupled with licorice extract in a liposomal model system. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:8452-61. [PMID: 23924409 DOI: 10.1021/jf402256k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen pea protein hydrolysates (PPHs) were prepared using different proteases and tested for antioxidant activity in a liposomal model system under oxidative stress (100 μM FeCl3/2 mM ascorbate). Almost all PPHs inhibited lipid oxidation, and those prepared from heated protein with Flavourzyme (Fla-PPH) or Protamex (Pro-PPH) were the most effective. Remarkable synergistic effects were observed on both Fla-PPH and Pro-PPH with licorice extract (LE). Electron microscopy revealed a self-assembled network that appeared to provide crucial protection of liposome against oxidation. The presence of LE enhanced the antioxidant potential by producing a more compact network apparently via PPH-LE complexation. Zeta-potential measurements suggested electrostatic interactions are important driving forces for the accumulation of active peptides at the liposome interface. Peptides rich in leucine, lysine, glutamic acid, glutamine, valine, or proline with a hydrophobic N-terminus, as identified by mass spectrometry, were implicated in the antioxidative protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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85
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Sanae M, Yasuo A. Green asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) prevented hypertension by an inhibitory effect on angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in the kidney of spontaneously hypertensive rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5520-5525. [PMID: 23647085 DOI: 10.1021/jf3041066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Green asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) is known to be rich in functional components. In the present study, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were used to clarify whether green asparagus prevents hypertension by inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity. Six-week-old male SHR were fed a diet with (AD group) or without (ND group) 5% asparagus for 10 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) (AD: 159 ± 4.8 mmHg, ND: 192 ± 14.7 mmHg), urinary protein excretion/creatinine excretion, and ACE activity in the kidney were significantly lower in the AD group compared with the ND group. Creatinine clearance was significantly higher in the AD group compared with the ND group. In addition, ACE inhibitory activity was observed in a boiling water extract of asparagus. The ACE inhibitor purified and isolated from asparagus was identified as 2″-hydroxynicotianamine. In conclusion, 2″-hydroxynicotianamine in asparagus may be one of the factors inhibiting ACE activity in the kidney, thus preventing hypertension and preserving renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matsuda Sanae
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Junior College of Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-24-3 Komagome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-8481, Japan.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite a considerable amount of research, the blood pressure (BP) lowering effect of dietary proteins is still not fully established. This review discusses the most recent findings on BP lowering of dietary proteins and protein sources, the possible mechanisms and the safety of increasing protein intake. RECENT FINDINGS Recent short-term, strictly controlled, randomized clinical trials show a BP lowering effect of increased protein intake. Longer-term trials, however, show inconsistent results. Because all recent trials exchanged carbohydrates, and not fats, for proteins, the question remains whether potential beneficial effects of high protein diets are due to increased protein intake or decreased carbohydrate intake. No clear differences between plant protein and animal protein are found in observational studies, and trials comparing plant versus animal protein are lacking. Different protein sources may lower BP via different mechanisms, which might explain divergent findings. Potential harms of high protein diets are not confirmed in recent trials in healthy persons. SUMMARY Increasing dietary protein intake or decreasing carbohydrate intake within reasonable limits may be beneficial for BP. The most and least beneficial protein sources still need to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karianna F M Teunissen-Beekman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Patten GS, Abeywardena MY, Head RJ, Bennett LE. Processed dietary plants demonstrate broad capacity for angiotensin converting enzyme and angiotensin II receptor binding inhibition in vitro. J Funct Foods 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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88
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Low molecular weight flaxseed protein-derived arginine-containing peptides reduced blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats faster than amino acid form of arginine and native flaxseed protein. Food Chem 2012; 132:468-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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