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Wei X, Handoko DD, Pather L, Methven L, Elmore JS. Evaluation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline in foods, with an emphasis on rice flavour. Food Chem 2017; 232:531-544. [PMID: 28490108 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The popcorn-like aroma compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) is a key contributor to the desirable aroma of fragrant rice and is also important in the aroma of other foods, such as pandan leaf, popcorn and Mediterranean sausage. It can be formed enzymatically in the rice grain as it grows and is also formed, as part of the Maillard reaction, when rice is heated. This review examines the formation of 2-AP in rice and other foods, particularly its formation during cooking, focusing on the importance of the Maillard reaction between reducing sugar breakdown products and 1-pyrroline derived from the amino acids proline and ornithine. The synthesis of 2-AP is discussed alongside the attempts that have been made to stabilise this relatively unstable compound. The analysis of 2-AP by instrumental techniques, particularly gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-olfactometry, alongside the use of sensory studies, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wei
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Dody D Handoko
- Indonesian Centre for Rice Research, Cikampek, Sukamandi, Subang 41256, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Leela Pather
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Lisa Methven
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - J Stephen Elmore
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
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Attar U, Hinge V, Zanan R, Adhav R, Nadaf A. Identification of aroma volatiles and understanding 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthetic mechanism in aromatic mung bean ( Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 23:443-451. [PMID: 28461731 PMCID: PMC5391348 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-017-0414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mung bean having high food value and easily digestible proteins, is one of the socioeconomically important crop of India. Among the varied cultivars, Sona mung is having aroma and hence popularly cultivated in the pockets of Ganga river basin at Bhutnir char village of Malda District in the West Bengal state. In the present study, aroma volatiles with special reference to 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) were analyzed using HS-SPME-GCMS from Sona mung bean and compared with non-scented mung bean (PHULE M-9339). 26 volatiles in seeds of Sona mung and 20 in non-scented mung bean were identified, in which 3,7-dimethyl-6-octenal, (2E)-2-decen-1-ol, 2-ethyl-1-dodecanol and 3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexene-1-one are first time reported. 0.19 ± 0.001 ppm 2AP was recorded in Sona mung seeds whereas it was not detected in non-scented mung bean. PCA analysis indicated that 2AP, octanal, 1 pentanol, decanal, phenylmethanol and 2-nonen-1-ol were the major contributors in the aroma of Sona mung bean. The significantly higher level proline, methylglyoxal and lower level of BADH2 transcript were detected in Sona mung than non-scented mung, suggesting similar 2AP biosynthesis mechanism in Sona mung bean as reported in scented rice, sorghum and soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usmangani Attar
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 India
| | - Vidya Hinge
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 India
| | - Rahul Zanan
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 India
| | - Rahul Adhav
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 India
| | - Altafhusain Nadaf
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 India
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Wakte K, Zanan R, Hinge V, Khandagale K, Nadaf A, Henry R. Thirty-three years of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, a principal basmati aroma compound in scented rice (Oryza sativa L.): a status review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:384-395. [PMID: 27376959 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Rice is the staple food of around 3 billion people, most of them in Asia which accounts for 90% of global rice consumption. Aromatic rices have been preferred over non-aromatic rice for hundreds of years. They have a premium value in national as well as international market owing to their unique aroma and quality. Many researchers were involved in identifying the compound responsible for the pleasant aroma in aromatic rice in the 20th century. However, due to its unstable nature, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) was discovered very late, in 1982. Buttery and co-workers found 2AP to be the principal compound imparting the pleasant aroma to basmati and other scented rice varieties. Since then, 2AP has been identified in all fragrant rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties and a wide range of plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and various food products. The present article reviews in detail biochemical and genetic aspects of 2AP in living systems. The site of synthesis, site of storage and stability in plant systems in vivo is of interest. This compound requires more research on stability to facilitate use as a food additive. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantilal Wakte
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Rahul Zanan
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Vidya Hinge
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Kiran Khandagale
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Altafhusain Nadaf
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Robert Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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Hinge VR, Patil HB, Nadaf AB. Aroma volatile analyses and 2AP characterization at various developmental stages in Basmati and Non-Basmati scented rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 9:38. [PMID: 27495313 PMCID: PMC4975739 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-016-0113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice plant growth is comprised of distinct phases, such as vegetative, reproductive, grain filling and maturity phases. In these phases synthesis and availability of primary and secondary metabolites including volatile organic compounds (VOC's) is highly variable. In scented rice, aroma volatiles are synthesized in aerial plant parts and deposited in mature grains. There are more than 100 VOCs reported to be responsible for flavor in basmati rice. It will be interesting to keep track of aroma volatiles across the developmental stages in scented rice. Therefore, the aroma volatiles contributing in aroma with special reference to the major compound 2 acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) were screened at seven developmental stages in scented rice cultivars Basmati-370 and Ambemohar-157 along with non-scented rice cultivar IR-64 as a control following HS-SPME-GC-MS method. In addition, the expression levels of key genes and precursor levels involved in 2AP biosynthesis were studied. RESULTS The study indicated that volatilome of scented rice cultivars is more complex than non-scented rice cultivar. N-heterocyclic class was the major distinguishing class between scented from non-scented rice. A total of 14 compounds including, 2AP were detected specifically in scented rice cultivars. Maximum number of compounds were synthesized at seedling stage and decreased gradually at reproductive and maturity. The seedling stage is an active phase of development where maximum number green leaf volatiles were synthesized which are known to act as defense molecules for protection of young plant parts. Among the 14 odor active compounds (OACs), 10 OACs were accumulated at higher concentrations significantly in scented rice cultivars and contribute in the aroma. 2AP content was highest in mature grains followed by at booting stage. Gene expression analysis revealed that reduced expression of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (badh2) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and elevated level of triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) and Δ1-Pyrolline-5-carboxylic acid synthetase (P5CS) transcript enhances 2AP accumulation. CONCLUSIONS Most diverse compounds were synthesized at seedling stage and OACs were accumulated more at flowering followed by seedling stage. Distinct accumulation pattern exists for 2AP and other aroma volatiles at various developmental stages. The study revealed the mechanism of 2AP accumulation such that 2AP in mature grains might be transported from leaves and stem sheath and accumulation takes place in grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya R. Hinge
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 India
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Vilasrao Deshmukh College of Agricultural Biotechnology, Latur, VNMKV, Parbhani, 413512 India
| | - Hemant B. Patil
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Vilasrao Deshmukh College of Agricultural Biotechnology, Latur, VNMKV, Parbhani, 413512 India
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Saensuk C, Wanchana S, Choowongkomon K, Wongpornchai S, Kraithong T, Imsabai W, Chaichoompu E, Ruanjaichon V, Toojinda T, Vanavichit A, Arikit S. De novo transcriptome assembly and identification of the gene conferring a "pandan-like" aroma in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 252:324-334. [PMID: 27717469 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Thailand's aromatic coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is a special type of green dwarf coconut, the liquid endosperm of which is characterized by a pleasant "pandan-like" aroma due to the presence of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP). The aim of this study was to perform a de novo assembly of transriptome from C. nucifera endosperm and to identify the gene responsible for 2AP biosynthesis. CnAMADH2 was identified as an ortholog of the rice aromatic gene and a G-to-C substitution found in exon 14 was associated with 2AP content in the aromatic green dwarf coconut accessions. The base substitution caused an amino-acid change, alanine-to-proline, at position 442 (P442A). The presence of P at this position might alter the steric conformation at the loop region and subsequently result in an unstabilized dimer conformation that could lower AMADH enzyme activity. Among AMADH/BADH protein sequences in different plant species, the P442A mutation was found exclusively in aromatic coconut. The PCR marker developed based on this sequence variation can perfectly detect the aromatic and non-aromatic alleles of the gene. This study confirms the hypothesis that plants may share a mechanism of 2AP biosynthesis. This is the first identification of the gene associated with 2AP biosynthesis in a tree plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatree Saensuk
- Rice Science Center, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Samart Wanchana
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Sugunya Wongpornchai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Tippaya Kraithong
- Chumphon Horticultural Research Center, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Wachiraya Imsabai
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Ekawat Chaichoompu
- Rice Science Center, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Vinitchan Ruanjaichon
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Theerayut Toojinda
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Apichart Vanavichit
- Rice Science Center, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand; Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Siwaret Arikit
- Rice Science Center, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand; Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand.
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57
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Shabalin DA, Dvorko MY, Schmidt EY, Ushakov IA, Trofimov BA. Synthesis of 5-hydroxy-Δ1-pyrrolines from sec-alkyl aryl ketoximes and acetylene. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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58
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Biosynthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline in rice calli cultures: Demonstration of 1-pyrroline as a limiting substrate. Food Chem 2016; 197:965-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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59
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Kong Z, Zhao D. Modulation of the Fragrance of Kam Sweet Rice by Jasmonic Acid and Abscisic Acid Might Involve the MYC2 and ABI5 Transcription Factors. J Food Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Kong
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agro-Bioengineering; Guizhou University; South Campus; Huaxi, Guiyang City 550025 Guizhou Province People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Ago-Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Guizhou University, North Campus; Huaxi, Guiyang City 550025 Guizhou Province People's Republic of China
| | - Degang Zhao
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agro-Bioengineering; Guizhou University; South Campus; Huaxi, Guiyang City 550025 Guizhou Province People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science, Guizhou University; South Campus; Huaxi, Guiyang City 550025 Guizhou Province People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Ago-Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Guizhou University, North Campus; Huaxi, Guiyang City 550025 Guizhou Province People's Republic of China
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60
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Proteomic Analysis of Isogenic Rice Reveals Proteins Correlated with Aroma Compound Biosynthesis at Different Developmental Stages. Mol Biotechnol 2015; 58:117-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-015-9906-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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61
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Comparative Characterization of Aroma Volatiles and Related Gene Expression Analysis at Vegetative and Mature Stages in Basmati and Non-Basmati Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 178:619-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1898-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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62
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Lau WCP, Rafii MY, Ismail MR, Puteh A, Latif MA, Ramli A. Review of functional markers for improving cooking, eating, and the nutritional qualities of rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:832. [PMID: 26528304 PMCID: PMC4604308 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
After yield, quality is one of the most important aspects of rice breeding. Preference for rice quality varies among cultures and regions; therefore, rice breeders have to tailor the quality according to the preferences of local consumers. Rice quality assessment requires routine chemical analysis procedures. The advancement of molecular marker technology has revolutionized the strategy in breeding programs. The availability of rice genome sequences and the use of forward and reverse genetics approaches facilitate gene discovery and the deciphering of gene functions. A well-characterized gene is the basis for the development of functional markers, which play an important role in plant genotyping and, in particular, marker-assisted breeding. In addition, functional markers offer advantages that counteract the limitations of random DNA markers. Some functional markers have been applied in marker-assisted breeding programs and have successfully improved rice quality to meet local consumers' preferences. Although functional markers offer a plethora of advantages over random genetic markers, the development and application of functional markers should be conducted with care. The decreasing cost of sequencing will enable more functional markers for rice quality improvement to be developed, and application of these markers in rice quality breeding programs is highly anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy C. P. Lau
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Y. Rafii
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Food Crops, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd R. Ismail
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Food Crops, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang, Malaysia
| | - Adam Puteh
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSerdang, Malaysia
| | | | - Asfaliza Ramli
- Rice and Industrial Crops Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development InstituteSeberang Perai, Malaysia
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63
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Kaikavoosi K, Kad TD, Zanan RL, Nadaf AB. 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline augmentation in scented indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties through Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) gene transformation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 177:1466-79. [PMID: 26340891 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1827-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) has been identified as a principal aroma compound in scented rice varieties. Δ(1)-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) gene is reported to regulate the proline synthesis in plants and acts as the precursor of 2AP. Two scented indica rice varieties, namely Ambemohar 157 and Indrayani, were subjected to Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation containing P5CS gene. Overexpression of P5CS led to a significant increase in proline, P5CS enzyme activity and 2AP levels in transgenic calli, vegetative plant parts, and seeds over control in both the varieties. 2AP level increased more than twofold in transgenic seeds in both varieties. This is the first report of enhancement in 2AP content through overexpression of using P5CS gene, indicating the role of proline as a precursor amino acid in the biosynthesis of 2AP in scented rice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trupti D Kad
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Rahul L Zanan
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Altafhusain B Nadaf
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India.
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64
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Yundaeng C, Somta P, Tangphatsornruang S, Chankaew S, Srinives P. A single base substitution in BADH/AMADH is responsible for fragrance in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), and development of SNAP markers for the fragrance. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2015; 128:1881-92. [PMID: 26081947 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Sequence analysis revealed that an SNP (A1855G) in CsBADH of cucumber accession PK2011T202 causes amino acid change in a highly conserved motif, Y163C. Gene mapping showed association between the SNP and the fragrance. Pandan-like fragrance is a value-added trait in several food crops such as rice, vegetable soybean and sorghum. The fragrance is caused by the volatile chemical 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP). Mutation(s) in betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (BADH2; also known as aminoaldehyde dehydrogenase 2) gene causes defective BADH2 and results in biosynthesis of 2AP. Recently, cucumber cultivars possessing pandan-like fragrance were discovered in Thailand. In this study, we report an association between CsBADH and the fragrance in cucumber accession "PK2011T202". Gene expression analysis of CsBADH in leaves of PK2011T202 and "301176" (non-fragrant) at various growth stages revealed that CsBADH was expressed in both accessions. Sequence comparison of CsBADH showed that PK2011T202 possesses a single base substitution (A1855G) in exon 5 which causes an amino acid change in a highly conserved motif of BADH, Y163C. Single nucleotide-amplified polymorphism markers were developed to detect the SNP polymorphism between the wild-type and fragrance alleles. Since CsBADH is located on chromosome 1, quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was conducted for this chromosome using an F2 and a backcross populations developed from the cross between PK2011T202 and 301176. QTL analysis in both populations showed that the major QTL for fragrance, qFgr, was co-localized with the CsBADH. We concluded that the defect function of CsBADH is responsible for fragrance in cucumber PK2011T202.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutintorn Yundaeng
- Program in Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
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65
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Anacleto R, Cuevas RP, Jimenez R, Llorente C, Nissila E, Henry R, Sreenivasulu N. Prospects of breeding high-quality rice using post-genomic tools. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2015; 128:1449-66. [PMID: 25993897 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2537-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The holistic understanding derived from integrating grain quality and sensory research outcomes in breeding high-quality rice in the light of post-genomics resources has been synthesized. Acceptance of new rice genotypes by producers and consumers hinges not only on their potential for higher yield but recent emphasis has also been on premium-value genotypes that have the ability to satisfy consumer preferences for grain quality. This review article provides insights into how to link grain quality attributes and sensory perception to support breeding superior rice varieties. Recent advances in quality profiling and omics technologies have provided efficient approaches to identify the key genes and biochemical markers involved in rice quality traits. Emphasis has been given to the upcoming area of holistic understanding of grain quality and attributes derived from sensory evaluation to leverage integrative gene discovery strategies that enable breeding programs to efficiently tap the huge genetic diversity in rice for novel genes that enhance rice food quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roslen Anacleto
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, 1301, Philippines,
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66
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Ootsuka K, Takahashi I, Tanaka K, Itani T, Tabuchi H, Yoshihashi T, Tonouchi A, Ishikawa R. Genetic polymorphisms in Japanese fragrant landraces and novel fragrant allele domesticated in northern Japan. BREEDING SCIENCE 2014; 64:115-124. [PMID: 24987297 PMCID: PMC4065318 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.64.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Rice fragrance is an important characteristic for Southeast Asian consumers, and fragrant landraces from Japan were first recorded in the 17th century. Principal component analysis clearly showed that Japanese fragrant landraces were genetically different from non-Japanese fragrant landraces. Japanese fragrant landraces were composed of six clades, none of which carried the most common fragrance mutation, an 8-bp deletion in exon 7 of Badh2. Fragrant landraces comprised two major groups carrying different Badh2 mutations. One group carried a known SNP at exon13 and the other a SNP at the exon1-intron1 junction as splicing donor site. The latter was considered to be a potential splicing mutant group as a novel allele at Badh2. Heterozygosity (He) scores in the two fragrant groups were not significantly different from non-fragrant landraces and modern cultivars. However, lower He scores were found around the Badh2 locus in the two groups. The potential splicing mutant group showed a more extended haplotype than the E13 SNP group. A likely causal factor responsible for loss of function is a novel splicing mutation allele that may have been generated quite recently. The fragrance allele has dispersed as a result of out-crossing under local environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Ootsuka
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University,
Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561,
Japan
| | - Ikuya Takahashi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University,
Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561,
Japan
| | - Katsunori Tanaka
- Faculty of Humanity, Hirosaki University,
Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561,
Japan
| | - Tomio Itani
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima,
Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023,
Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tabuchi
- Upland Farming Research Division, Miyakonojo Research Station, NARO Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center,
6651-2 Yokoichi, Miyakonojo, Miyazaki 885-0091,
Japan
| | - Tadashi Yoshihashi
- Post harvest Science and Technology Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686,
Japan
| | - Akio Tonouchi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University,
Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561,
Japan
| | - Ryuji Ishikawa
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University,
Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561,
Japan
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67
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Lagautriere T, Bashiri G, Paterson NG, Berney M, Cook GM, Baker EN. Characterization of the proline-utilization pathway in Mycobacterium tuberculosis through structural and functional studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 70:968-80. [PMID: 24699642 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004713034391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The proline-utilization pathway in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has recently been identified as an important factor in Mtb persistence in vivo, suggesting that this pathway could be a valuable therapeutic target against tuberculosis (TB). In Mtb, two distinct enzymes perform the conversion of proline into glutamate: the first step is the oxidation of proline into Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (P5C) by the flavoenzyme proline dehydrogenase (PruB), and the second reaction involves converting the tautomeric form of P5C (glutamate-γ-semialdehyde) into glutamate using the NAD(+)-dependent Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylic dehydrogenase (PruA). Here, the three-dimensional structures of Mtb-PruA, determined by X-ray crystallography, in the apo state and in complex with NAD(+) are described at 2.5 and 2.1 Å resolution, respectively. The structure reveals a conserved NAD(+)-binding mode, common to other related enzymes. Species-specific conformational differences in the active site, however, linked to changes in the dimer interface, suggest possibilities for selective inhibition of Mtb-PruA despite its reasonably high sequence identity to other PruA enzymes. Using recombinant PruA and PruB, the proline-utilization pathway in Mtb has also been reconstituted in vitro. Functional validation using a novel NMR approach has demonstrated that the PruA and PruB enzymes are together sufficient to convert proline to glutamate, the first such demonstration for monofunctional proline-utilization enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lagautriere
- Structural Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Ghader Bashiri
- Structural Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Neil G Paterson
- Structural Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Michael Berney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Edward N Baker
- Structural Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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68
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Yundaeng C, Somta P, Tangphatsornruang S, Wongpornchai S, Srinives P. Gene discovery and functional marker development for fragrance in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2013; 126:2897-906. [PMID: 23975246 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-013-2180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Sequence analysis and genetic mapping revealed that a 1,444 bp deletion causes a premature stop codon in SbBADH2 of sorghum IS19912. The non-function of SbBADH2 is responsible for fragrance in sorghum IS19912. 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) is a potent volatile compound causing fragrance in several plants and foods. Seeds of some varieties of rice, sorghum and soybean possess fragrance. The genes responsible for fragrance in rice and soybean are orthologs that correspond to betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (BADH2). Genotypes harboring fragrance in rice and soybean contain a premature stop codon in BADH2 which impairs the synthesis of full length functional BADH2 protein leading to the accumulation of 2AP. In this study, we reported an association between the BADH2 gene and fragrance in sorghum. An F2 population of 187 plants developed from a cross between KU630 (non-fragrant) and IS19912 (fragrant) was used. Leaves of F2 and F3 progenies were evaluated for fragrance by organoleptic test, while seeds of F2 plants were analyzed for 2AP. The tests consistently showed that the fragrance is controlled by a single recessive gene. Gene expression analysis of SbBADH1 and SbBADH2 in leaves of KU630 and IS19912 at various stages revealed that SbBADH1 and SbBADH2 were expressed in both accessions. Sequence comparison between KU630 and IS19912 revealed a continuous 1,444 bp deletion encompassing exon 12 to 15 of SbBADH2 in IS19912 which introduces a frameshift mutation and thus causes a premature stop codon. An indel marker was developed to detect polymorphism in SbBADH2. Bulk segregant and QTL analyses confirmed the association between SbBADH2 and fragrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutintorn Yundaeng
- Program in Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
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69
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Wakte KV, Kad TD, Zanan RL, Nadaf AB. Mechanism of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis in Bassia latifolia Roxb. flowers. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 17:231-7. [PMID: 23573014 PMCID: PMC3550574 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-011-0075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The flowers of Bassia latifolia are known to contain 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP), the compound responsible for pleasant aroma in basmati and other scented rice. Four growth stages of Bassia flowers were identified and 2AP contents were analysed in each stage. It was found that 2AP (3.30 ppm) gets synthesized only in fleshy corolla of mature flowers (fourth stage). The activity of γ-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (AADH); an enzyme responsible for synthesis of γ-aminobutyricacid (GABA) from γ-aminobutyraldehyde (GABald) was assessed in these four stages. The AADH activity was absent in the fourth stage. It was concluded that ceased activity of AADH in fourth stage flowers leads to the accumulation of γ-aminobutyraldehyde which is cyclised spontaneously to Δ(1)-pyrroline, the key precursor of 2AP. Δ(1)-pyrroline further reacts unenzymatically with methylglyoxal to form 2AP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trupti D. Kad
- Department of Botany, University of Pune, Pune, 411007 India
| | - Rahul L. Zanan
- Department of Botany, University of Pune, Pune, 411007 India
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70
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Juwattanasomran R, Somta P, Chankaew S, Shimizu T, Wongpornchai S, Kaga A, Srinives P. A SNP in GmBADH2 gene associates with fragrance in vegetable soybean variety "Kaori" and SNAP marker development for the fragrance. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2011; 122:533-41. [PMID: 21046066 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-010-1467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fragrance in soybean is due to the presence of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP). BADH2 gene coding for betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase has been identified as the candidate gene responsible for fragrance in rice (Oryza sativa L.). In this study, using the RIL population derived from fragrant soybean cultivar "Kaori" and non-fragrant soybean cultivar "Chiang Mai 60" (CM60), STS markers designed from BADH2 homolog were found associating with 2AP production. Genetic mapping demonstrated that QTL position of fragrance and 2AP production coincides with the position of GmBADH2 (Glycine max betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2). Sequence comparison of GmBADH2 between Kaori and non-fragrant soybeans revealed non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in exon 10. Nucleotide substitution of G to A in the exon results in an amino acid change of glycine (GGC; G) to aspartic acid (GAC; D) in Kaori. The amino acid substitution changes the conserved EGCRLGPIVS motif of GmBADH2, which is essential for functional activity of GmBADH2 protein, to EGCRLDPIVS motif, suggesting that the SNP in GmBADH2 is responsible for the fragrance in Kaori. Five single nucleotide-amplified polymorphism (SNAP) markers which are PCR-based allele specific SNP markers were developed for fragrance based on the SNP in GmBADH2. Two markers specific to A allele produced a band in only Kaori, while three markers specific to G alleles produced a band in only CM60. The simple PCR-based allele specific SNAP markers developed in the present study are useful in marker-assisted breeding of fragrant soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruangchai Juwattanasomran
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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71
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Pandit P, Chatterjee N, Maiti DK. First synthesis of fused-Δ1-pyrrolines via intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of ketoimine: A complete diastereoselective approach. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:1285-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03873c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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72
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Maraval I, Sen K, Agrebi A, Menut C, Morere A, Boulanger R, Gay F, Mestres C, Gunata Z. Quantification of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline in rice by stable isotope dilution assay through headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 675:148-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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73
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Wu ML, Chou KL, Wu CR, Chen JK, Huang TC. Characterization and the possible formation mechanism of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline in aromatic vegetable soybean (Glycine max L.). J Food Sci 2009; 74:S192-7. [PMID: 19646056 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) was identified as an important aroma compound of aromatic vegetable soybean. The level of 2-AP in 6 aromatic vegetable soybean lines was found to be positively correlated with popcorn-like aroma score. Comparison between aromatic and nonaromatic vegetable soybeans found that aromatic vegetable soybean contains higher concentration of methylglyoxal (MG) and Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) than a nonaromatic one. For MG formation-related genes, GapC was down-regulated and TPI was up-regulated in aromatic cultivar (Aromatic 7) as compared to nonaromatic control, which may contribute to the increase of MG level. Based on the data presented, a formation mechanism for 2-AP via interaction between MG and P5C in aromatic vegetable soybean was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Li Wu
- Dept. of Food Science, National Pingtung Univ. of Science & Technology, Taiwan
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74
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Sakthivel K, Sundaram RM, Shobha Rani N, Balachandran SM, Neeraja CN. Genetic and molecular basis of fragrance in rice. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:468-73. [PMID: 19371779 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fragrance or aroma in rice is considered as a special trait with huge economic importance that determines the premium price in global trade. With the availability of molecular maps and genome sequences, a major gene for fragrance (badh2) was identified on chromosome 8. An 8-bp deletion in the exon 7 of this gene was reported to result in truncation of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme whose loss-of-function lead to the accumulation of a major aromatic compound, 2-acetyl 1-pyrroline (2AP) in fragrant rice. However, several studies have reported exceptions to this mutation and indicated the involvement of other genetic loci in controlling fragrance trait. These studies emphasize the need to characterize the fragrance and its underlying factors in a wide range of genetic resources available for this trait. This review summarizes the new insights gained on the genetic and molecular understanding of fragrance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sakthivel
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Crop Improvement Section, Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, India
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75
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Fitzgerald MA, McCouch SR, Hall RD. Not just a grain of rice: the quest for quality. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2009; 14:133-9. [PMID: 19230745 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of the factors that contribute to the overall grain quality of rice (Oryza sativa) will lay the foundation for developing new breeding and selection strategies for combining high quality, with high yield. This is necessary to meet the growing global demand for high quality rice while offering producing countries additional opportunities for generating higher export revenues. Several recent developments in genetics, genomics, metabolomics and phenomics are enhancing our understanding of the pathways that determine several quality traits. New research strategies, as well as access to the draft of the rice genome, will not only advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that lead to quality rice but will also pave the way for efficient and targeted grain improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Fitzgerald
- International Rice Research Institute, Grain Quality, Nutrition and Postharvest Centre, DAPO 7777 Metro Manila, Philippines
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