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Chéron N, Jasty N, Shakhnovich EI. OpenGrowth: An Automated and Rational Algorithm for Finding New Protein Ligands. J Med Chem 2015; 59:4171-88. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chéron
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Naveen Jasty
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Eugene I. Shakhnovich
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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52
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Murray CW, Berdini V, Buck IM, Carr ME, Cleasby A, Coyle JE, Curry JE, Day JEH, Day PJ, Hearn K, Iqbal A, Lee LYW, Martins V, Mortenson PN, Munck JM, Page LW, Patel S, Roomans S, Smith K, Tamanini E, Saxty G. Fragment-Based Discovery of Potent and Selective DDR1/2 Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:798-803. [PMID: 26191369 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The DDR1 and DDR2 receptor tyrosine kinases are activated by extracellular collagen and have been implicated in a number of human diseases including cancer. We performed a fragment-based screen against DDR1 and identified fragments that bound either at the hinge or in the back pocket associated with the DFG-out conformation of the kinase. Modeling based on crystal structures of potent kinase inhibitors facilitated the "back-to-front" design of potent DDR1/2 inhibitors that incorporated one of the DFG-out fragments. Further optimization led to low nanomolar, orally bioavailable inhibitors that were selective for DDR1 and DDR2. The inhibitors were shown to potently inhibit DDR2 activity in cells but in contrast to unselective inhibitors such as dasatinib, they did not inhibit proliferation of mutant DDR2 lung SCC cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W. Murray
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Valerio Berdini
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Ildiko M. Buck
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Maria E. Carr
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Anne Cleasby
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Joseph E. Coyle
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Jayne E. Curry
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - James E. H. Day
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Phillip J. Day
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Keisha Hearn
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Aman Iqbal
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Lydia Y. W. Lee
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Vanessa Martins
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Paul N. Mortenson
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Joanne M. Munck
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Lee W. Page
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Sahil Patel
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Susan Roomans
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Kirsten Smith
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Emiliano Tamanini
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Gordon Saxty
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
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53
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Fragment virtual screening based on Bayesian categorization for discovering novel VEGFR-2 scaffolds. Mol Divers 2015; 19:895-913. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-015-9592-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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54
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Devi RV, Sathya SS, Coumar MS. Evolutionary algorithms for de novo drug design – A survey. Appl Soft Comput 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2014.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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55
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Abstract
Fragment-based drug design has become an important strategy for drug design and development over the last decade. It has been used with particular success in the development of kinase inhibitors, which are one of the most widely explored classes of drug targets today. The application of fragment-based methods to discovering and optimizing kinase inhibitors can be a complicated and daunting task; however, a general process has emerged that has been highly fruitful. Here a practical outline of the fragment process used in kinase inhibitor design and development is laid out with specific examples. A guide to the overall process from initial discovery through fragment screening, including the difficulties in detection, to the computational methods available for use in optimization of the discovered fragments is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon A Erickson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA,
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56
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3D virtual screening of large combinatorial spaces. Methods 2015; 71:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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57
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Abstract
Fragment-based drug design has proved itself as a powerful technique for increasing the sampling and diversity of chemical space and enabling the design of novel leads and compounds. Computational techniques for identifying fragments, binding sites and particularly for linking, growing, and evolving fragments play a significant role in the process. Information from ADME studies and clustering property information in the form of toxicophores and chemotypes can play a significant role in aiding the design of novel, selective fragments with good activity profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle J Bienstock
- Independent Researcher and Consultant, 300 Pitch Pine Lane, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA,
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58
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Jangir S, Bala V, Lal N, Kumar L, Sarswat A, Kumar A, Hamidullah, Saini KS, Sharma V, Verma V, Maikhuri JP, Konwar R, Gupta G, Sharma VL. Novel alkylphospholipid-DTC hybrids as promising agents against endocrine related cancers acting via modulation of Akt-pathway. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:638-47. [PMID: 25128666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new series of 2-(alkoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryloxy)ethyl dialkylcarbodithioate derivatives was synthesized and evaluated against endocrine related cancers, acting via modulation of Akt-pathway. Eighteen compounds were active at 7.24-100 μM against MDA-MB-231 or MCF-7 cell lines of breast cancer. Three compounds (14, 18 and 22) were active against MCF-7 cells at IC50 significantly better than miltefosine and most of the compounds were less toxic towards non-cancer cell lines, HEK-293. On the other hand, twelve compounds exhibited cell growth inhibiting activity against prostate cancer cell lines, either PC-3 or DU-145 at 14.69-95.20 μM. While nine of these were active against both cell lines. The most promising compounds 14 and 18 were about two and five fold more active than miltefosine against DU-145 and MCF-7 cell lines respectively and significantly down regulated phospho-Akt. Possibly anti-cancer and pro-apoptotic activity was mostly due to blockade of Akt-pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Jangir
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Veenu Bala
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Nand Lal
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Amit Sarswat
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Hamidullah
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Karan S Saini
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Vikas Sharma
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Vikas Verma
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Jagdamba P Maikhuri
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Rituraj Konwar
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Gopal Gupta
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Vishnu L Sharma
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, New Delhi 110001, India.
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59
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Toledo Warshaviak D, Golan G, Borrelli KW, Zhu K, Kalid O. Structure-based virtual screening approach for discovery of covalently bound ligands. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:1941-50. [PMID: 24932913 DOI: 10.1021/ci500175r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We present a fast and effective covalent docking approach suitable for large-scale virtual screening (VS). We applied this method to four targets (HCV NS3 protease, Cathepsin K, EGFR, and XPO1) with known crystal structures and known covalent inhibitors. We implemented a customized "VS mode" of the Schrödinger Covalent Docking algorithm (CovDock), which we refer to as CovDock-VS. Known actives and target-specific sets of decoys were docked to selected X-ray structures, and poses were filtered based on noncovalent protein-ligand interactions known to be important for activity. We were able to retrieve 71%, 72%, and 77% of the known actives for Cathepsin K, HCV NS3 protease, and EGFR within 5% of the decoy library, respectively. With the more challenging XPO1 target, where no specific interactions with the protein could be used for postprocessing of the docking results, we were able to retrieve 95% of the actives within 30% of the decoy library and achieved an early enrichment factor (EF1%) of 33. The poses of the known actives bound to existing crystal structures of 4 targets were predicted with an average RMSD of 1.9 Å. To the best of our knowledge, CovDock-VS is the first fully automated tool for efficient virtual screening of covalent inhibitors. Importantly, CovDock-VS can handle multiple chemical reactions within the same library, only requiring a generic SMARTS-based predefinition of the reaction. CovDock-VS provides a fast and accurate way of differentiating actives from decoys without significantly deteriorating the accuracy of the predicted poses for covalent protein-ligand complexes. Therefore, we propose CovDock-VS as an efficient structure-based virtual screening method for discovery of novel and diverse covalent ligands.
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60
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Anthwal A, Rajesh UC, Rawat MSM, Kushwaha B, Maikhuri JP, Sharma VL, Gupta G, Rawat DS. Novel metronidazole-chalcone conjugates with potential to counter drug resistance in Trichomonas vaginalis. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 79:89-94. [PMID: 24727243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trichomoniasis is the most prevalent, curable sexually transmitted disease (STD), which increases risk of viral STDs and HIV. However, drug resistance has been developed by some strains of Trichomonas vaginalis against Metronidazole (MTZ), the FDA approved drug against trichomoniasis. In the present study twenty two chalcone hybrids of metronidazole have been synthesized in a quest to get new molecules with higher potential against metronidazole-resistant T. vaginalis. All new hybrid molecules were found active against T. vaginalis with varying levels of activity against MTZ-susceptible and resistant strains. Eight compounds (4a, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4h, 4q and 4s) were found as active as the standard drug with an MIC of 1.56 μg/ml against MTZ-susceptible strain. However, compounds 4e, 4h and 4m were 4-times more active than MTZ against drug-resistant T. vaginalis, amongst which 4e and 4h were most promising against both susceptible and resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Anthwal
- Department of Chemistry, H.N.B. Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar (Garhwal), Uttarakhand 246174, India; Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - U Chinna Rajesh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - M S M Rawat
- Department of Chemistry, H.N.B. Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar (Garhwal), Uttarakhand 246174, India.
| | - Bhavana Kushwaha
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Jagdamba P Maikhuri
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Vishnu L Sharma
- Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Gopal Gupta
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Diwan S Rawat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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61
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Joseph-McCarthy D, Campbell AJ, Kern G, Moustakas D. Fragment-Based Lead Discovery and Design. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:693-704. [DOI: 10.1021/ci400731w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Joseph-McCarthy
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Arthur J. Campbell
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Gunther Kern
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Demetri Moustakas
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca, R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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62
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Yuan H, Tai W, Hu S, Liu H, Zhang Y, Yao S, Ran T, Lu S, Ke Z, Xiong X, Xu J, Chen Y, Lu T. Fragment-based strategy for structural optimization in combination with 3D-QSAR. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2013; 27:897-915. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-013-9687-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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63
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Peng Z. Very large virtual compound spaces: construction, storage and utility in drug discovery. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2013; 10:e387-e394. [PMID: 24050135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent activities in the construction, storage and exploration of very large virtual compound spaces are reviewed by this report. As expected, the systematic exploration of compound spaces at the highest resolution (individual atoms and bonds) is intrinsically intractable. By contrast, by staying within a finite number of reactions and a finite number of reactants or fragments, several virtual compound spaces have been constructed in a combinatorial fashion with sizes ranging from 10(11)11 to 10(20)20 compounds. Multiple search methods have been developed to perform searches (e.g. similarity, exact and substructure) into those compound spaces without the need for full enumeration. The up-front investment spent on synthetic feasibility during the construction of some of those virtual compound spaces enables a wider adoption by medicinal chemists to design and synthesize important compounds for drug discovery. Recent activities in the area of exploring virtual compound spaces via the evolutionary approach based on Genetic Algorithm also suggests a positive shift of focus from method development to workflow, integration and ease of use, all of which are required for this approach to be widely adopted by medicinal chemists.
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64
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Posy SL, Claus BL, Pokross ME, Johnson SR. 3D Matched Pairs: Integrating Ligand- and Structure-Based Knowledge for Ligand Design and Receptor Annotation. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:1576-88. [DOI: 10.1021/ci400201k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shana L. Posy
- Computer-Assisted
Drug Design and ‡Protein Science and Structure, Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton,
New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Brian L. Claus
- Computer-Assisted
Drug Design and ‡Protein Science and Structure, Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton,
New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Matt E. Pokross
- Computer-Assisted
Drug Design and ‡Protein Science and Structure, Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton,
New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Stephen R. Johnson
- Computer-Assisted
Drug Design and ‡Protein Science and Structure, Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton,
New Jersey 08543, United States
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65
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Sonawani A, Niazi S, Idicula-Thomas S. In silico study on binding specificity of gonadotropins and their receptors: design of a novel and selective peptidomimetic for human follicle stimulating hormone receptor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64475. [PMID: 23700481 PMCID: PMC3659097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropins bind to specific receptors in spite of sharing a high level of sequence and structural similarity. This specific binding is crucial for maintaining the reproductive health of an organism. In this study, residues that dictate the receptor binding specificity of the gonadotropins (FSH and LH) have been identified using combination of in silico methods. Docking studies (ZDOCK), based on the systematic replacement of these residues, confirmed its importance in receptor binding. An interesting observation is that the relative positioning of the residues conferring binding specificity varied for the gonadotropin-receptor complexes. This spatial difference of the key residues could be exploited for design of specific modulators. Based on the identified residues, we have rationally designed a peptidomimetic (FSHP) that displays good binding affinity and specificity for hFSHR. FSHP was developed by screening 3.9 million compounds using pharmacophore-shape similarity followed by fragment-based approach. It was observed that FSHP and hFSHâ can share the same receptor binding site thereby mimicking the native hFSHR-FSH interactions. FSHP also displayed higher binding affinity to hFSHR as compared to two reported hFSHR antagonists. MD simulation studies on hFSHR-FSHP complex revealed that FSHP is conformationally rigid and the intermolecular interactions are maintained during the course of simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Sonawani
- Biomedical Informatics Center of Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Sarfaraj Niazi
- Biomedical Informatics Center of Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Susan Idicula-Thomas
- Biomedical Informatics Center of Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
- * E-mail:
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66
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Vidović D, Muskal SM, Schürer SC. Novel kinase inhibitors by reshuffling ligand functionalities across the human kinome. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:3107-15. [PMID: 23121521 DOI: 10.1021/ci3003842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases remain among the most versatile and prospective therapeutic drug targets with currently 15 distinct compounds approved for use in humans and numerous clinical development programs. The vast majority of kinase inhibitors bind at the ATP site. Here we present an integrated workflow to amplify the rapidly increasing space of structurally resolved small molecule kinase ligands to generate novel inhibitors. Our approach considers both receptor-based similarity constraints in cocomplexes and ligand-based filtering/refinement methods to generate novel, drug-like matter. After building a comprehensive database of the structural kinome and identifying ATP-competitive ligands, we leverage local site similarities and site alignments to shuffle ligand fragments across the kinome. After extensive curation and standardization, our automated protocol starting from 936 cocrystal ATP-competitive binding sites generated about 150,000 new ligand structures among them over 26,000 lead-/drug-like compounds; the majority of those are novel based on structural similarity and scaffolds. In a retrospective analysis we demonstrate that our protocol produced known potent kinase inhibitors and we show how docking can be applied to prioritize the most likely efficacious compounds. Our workflow emulates a common strategy in medicinal chemistry to identify and swap corresponding moieties from known inhibitors to generate novel and potent leads. Here, we systematize and automate this approach leveraging available knowledge covering the entire human Kinome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušica Vidović
- Center for Computational Science, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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67
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Reymond JL, Awale M. Exploring chemical space for drug discovery using the chemical universe database. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:649-57. [PMID: 23019491 DOI: 10.1021/cn3000422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we review our recent efforts in searching for bioactive ligands by enumeration and virtual screening of the unknown chemical space of small molecules. Enumeration from first principles shows that almost all small molecules (>99.9%) have never been synthesized and are still available to be prepared and tested. We discuss open access sources of molecules, the classification and representation of chemical space using molecular quantum numbers (MQN), its exhaustive enumeration in form of the chemical universe generated databases (GDB), and examples of using these databases for prospective drug discovery. MQN-searchable GDB, PubChem, and DrugBank are freely accessible at www.gdb.unibe.ch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Mahendra Awale
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
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68
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Bonnet P. Is chemical synthetic accessibility computationally predictable for drug and lead-like molecules? A comparative assessment between medicinal and computational chemists. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 54:679-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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69
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Lindert S, Durrant JD, McCammon JA. LigMerge: a fast algorithm to generate models of novel potential ligands from sets of known binders. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 80:358-65. [PMID: 22594624 PMCID: PMC3462068 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2012.01414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
One common practice in drug discovery is to optimize known or suspected ligands in order to improve binding affinity. In performing these optimizations, it is useful to look at as many known inhibitors as possible for guidance. Medicinal chemists often seek to improve potency by altering certain chemical moieties of known/endogenous ligands while retaining those critical for binding. To our knowledge, no automated, ligand-based algorithm exists for systematically ‘swapping’ the chemical moieties of known ligands to generate novel ligands with potentially improved potency. To address this need, we have created a novel algorithm called ‘LigMerge’. LigMerge identifies the maximum (largest) common substructure of two three-dimensional ligand models, superimposes these two substructures, and then systematically mixes and matches the distinct fragments attached to the common substructure at each common atom, thereby generating multiple compound models related to the known inhibitors that can be evaluated using computer docking prior to synthesis and experimental testing. To demonstrate the utility of LigMerge, we identify compounds predicted to inhibit peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma, HIV reverse transcriptase, and dihydrofolate reductase with affinities higher than those of known ligands. We hope that LigMerge will be a helpful tool for the drug design community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Lindert
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA.
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70
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Reymond JL, Ruddigkeit L, Blum L, van Deursen R. The enumeration of chemical space. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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71
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Sheng C, Zhang W. Fragment Informatics and Computational Fragment-Based Drug Design: An Overview and Update. Med Res Rev 2012; 33:554-98. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunquan Sheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; 325 Guohe Road Shanghai 200433 People's Republic of China
| | - Wannian Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; 325 Guohe Road Shanghai 200433 People's Republic of China
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72
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Kawai K, Nagata N. Metal-ligand interactions: an analysis of zinc binding groups using the Protein Data Bank. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 51:271-6. [PMID: 22405284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated zinc binding groups (ZBGs) using the coordinates of protein-ligand complex structures obtained from the Protein Data Bank. The distance from the zinc to the nearest ligand atom was measured to determine whether the atom was part of the ZBG. The most frequently found ZBG was carboxylate, followed by sulfonamide, hydroxamate, and phosphonate/phosphate. Because it was found that few heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atoms, interacted with zinc, ideal distances between the zinc and these heteroatoms were identified. Whereas carboxylates bound to the zinc via both monodentate and bidentate interactions, the hydroxamates bound dominantly in a bidentate manner. These results will aid in the design of new inhibitors with the potential to interact with zinc in the target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kawai
- Central Research Laboratories, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 14, Shinomiya Minamikawara-cho, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8042, Japan
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73
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Kumar L, Jain A, Lal N, Sarswat A, Jangir S, Kumar L, Singh V, Shah P, Jain SK, Maikhuri JP, Siddiqi MI, Gupta G, Sharma VL. Potentiating Metronidazole Scaffold against Resistant Trichomonas: Design, Synthesis, Biology and 3D-QSAR Analysis. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:83-7. [PMID: 24900434 DOI: 10.1021/ml200161t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metronidazole (MTZ), the FDA-approved drug against Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), is being challenged seriously by drug resistance, while its inertness to sperm makes it ineffective as a vaginal contraceptive. Thirteen piperidine dithiocarbamate hybrids of 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethane (8-20) were designed to potentiate the MTZ framework against drug resistance and sperm. New compounds were 1.2-12.1 times more effective against MTZ-susceptible and -resistant strains of TV. All of the compounds exhibited high safety toward cervical (HeLa) cells and Lactobacillus. Thirty-eight compounds were scrutinized by CoMFA and CoMSIA techniques of 3D quantitative structure-activity relationship. Good predictive r pred (2) values for CoMFA and CoMSIA models reflected the robustness of the predictive ability. This was validated by designing five new analogues (46-50), which were potently microbicidal (3-10 and 10-20 times against MTZ-susceptible and -resistant TV, respectively) and spermicidal. This in vitro study may have significant clinical relevance, which could become evident in due course.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Swatantra K. Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi-110062, India
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74
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Massarotti A, Coluccia A, Sorba G, Silvestri R, Brancale A. De novo computer-aided design of novel antiviral agents. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2012; 9:e175-e226. [PMID: 24064311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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75
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Fjell CD, Hiss JA, Hancock REW, Schneider G. Designing antimicrobial peptides: form follows function. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011; 11:37-51. [PMID: 22173434 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1357] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant bacteria are a severe threat to public health. Conventional antibiotics are becoming increasingly ineffective as a result of resistance, and it is imperative to find new antibacterial strategies. Natural antimicrobials, known as host defence peptides or antimicrobial peptides, defend host organisms against microbes but most have modest direct antibiotic activity. Enhanced variants have been developed using straightforward design and optimization strategies and are being tested clinically. Here, we describe advanced computer-assisted design strategies that address the difficult problem of relating primary sequence to peptide structure, and are delivering more potent, cost-effective, broad-spectrum peptides as potential next-generation antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Fjell
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, 2259 Lower Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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76
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Schneider G. Designing the molecular future. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2011; 26:115-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-011-9485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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77
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Bollini M, Domaoal RA, Thakur VV, Gallardo-Macias R, Spasov KA, Anderson KS, Jorgensen WL. Computationally-guided optimization of a docking hit to yield catechol diethers as potent anti-HIV agents. J Med Chem 2011; 54:8582-91. [PMID: 22081993 DOI: 10.1021/jm201134m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A 5-μM docking hit has been optimized to an extraordinarily potent (55 pM) non-nucleoside inhibitor of HIV reverse transcriptase. Use of free energy perturbation (FEP) calculations to predict relative free energies of binding aided the optimizations by identifying optimal substitution patterns for phenyl rings and a linker. The most potent resultant catechol diethers feature terminal uracil and cyanovinylphenyl groups. A halogen bond with Pro95 likely contributes to the extreme potency of compound 42. In addition, several examples are provided illustrating failures of attempted grafting of a substructure from a very active compound onto a seemingly related scaffold to improve its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Bollini
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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78
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Lippert T, Schulz-Gasch T, Roche O, Guba W, Rarey M. De novo design by pharmacophore-based searches in fragment spaces. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2011; 25:931-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-011-9473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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79
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Finzel BC, Akavaram R, Ragipindi A, Van Voorst JR, Cahn M, Davis ME, Pokross ME, Sheriff S, Baldwin ET. Conserved Core Substructures in the Overlay of Protein–Ligand Complexes. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:1931-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ci100475y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry C. Finzel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ramprasad Akavaram
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Aravind Ragipindi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Van Voorst
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Matthew Cahn
- BioPharma Information Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Malcolm E. Davis
- Research & Development, Chemical and Protein Technologies, Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Matt E. Pokross
- Research & Development, Chemical and Protein Technologies, Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Steven Sheriff
- Research & Development, Chemical and Protein Technologies, Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Eric T. Baldwin
- Research & Development, Chemical and Protein Technologies, Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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80
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Abstract
‘Fragments’ refer to particularly small molecular starting points in medicinal chemistry. The small size of fragments requires adapted techniques for their screening and subsequent elaboration. The detection of the weak binding affinity of fragments for their target, and associated screening issues, have been debated at length. Since it is now clear that fragments can be developed into clinical candidates, the discussion is shifting to the design of good-quality lead compounds from fragment hits. The increasing ability to control and tailor this construction process highlights the potential benefits of fragment-based drug discovery.
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81
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Li Y, Zhao Y, Liu Z, Wang R. Automatic Tailoring and Transplanting: A Practical Method that Makes Virtual Screening More Useful. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:1474-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ci200036m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Renxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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82
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Huang D, Caflisch A. Fragment-Based Approaches in Virtual Screening. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527633326.ch17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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83
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Hartenfeller M, Schneider G. Enabling future drug discovery by
de novo
design. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hartenfeller
- Computer‐Assisted Drug Design, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gisbert Schneider
- Computer‐Assisted Drug Design, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland
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84
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Abstract
Computer-assisted molecular design supports drug discovery by suggesting novel chemotypes and compound modifications for lead structure optimization. While the aspect of synthetic feasibility of the automatically designed compounds has been neglected for a long time, we are currently witnessing an increased interest in this topic. Here, we review state-of-the-art software for de novo drug design with a special emphasis on fragment-based techniques that generate druglike, synthetically accessible compounds. The importance of scoring functions that can be used to predict compound reactivity and potency is highlighted, and several promising solutions are discussed. Recent practical validation studies are presented that have already demonstrated that rule-based fragment assembly can result in novel synthesizable compounds with druglike properties and a desired biological activity.
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85
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Teodoro M, Muegge I. BIBuilder: Exhaustive Searching for De Novo Ligands. Mol Inform 2011; 30:63-75. [DOI: 10.1002/minf.201000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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86
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Abstract
Fragment-based design has significantly modified drug discovery strategies and paradigms in the last decade. Besides technological advances and novel therapeutic avenues, one of the most significant changes brought by this new discipline has occurred in the minds of drug designers. Fragment-based approaches have markedly impacted rational computer-aided design both in method development and in applications. The present review illustrates the importance of molecular fragments in many aspects of rational ligand design, and discusses how thinking in "fragment space" has boosted computational biology and chemistry.
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87
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Moriaud F, Adcock SA, Vorotyntsev A, Doppelt-Azeroual O, Richard SB, Delfaud F. A Computational Fragment Approach by Mining the Protein Data Bank: Library Design and Bioisosterism. LIBRARY DESIGN, SEARCH METHODS, AND APPLICATIONS OF FRAGMENT-BASED DRUG DESIGN 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2011-1076.ch005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Moriaud
- Felix Concordia SARL, 400 av Roumanille Bât. 7, BP 309 06906 Sophia-Antipolis, France
- MEDIT SA, 2 rue du Belvedere, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - S. A. Adcock
- Felix Concordia SARL, 400 av Roumanille Bât. 7, BP 309 06906 Sophia-Antipolis, France
- MEDIT SA, 2 rue du Belvedere, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - A. Vorotyntsev
- Felix Concordia SARL, 400 av Roumanille Bât. 7, BP 309 06906 Sophia-Antipolis, France
- MEDIT SA, 2 rue du Belvedere, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - O. Doppelt-Azeroual
- Felix Concordia SARL, 400 av Roumanille Bât. 7, BP 309 06906 Sophia-Antipolis, France
- MEDIT SA, 2 rue du Belvedere, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - S. B. Richard
- Felix Concordia SARL, 400 av Roumanille Bât. 7, BP 309 06906 Sophia-Antipolis, France
- MEDIT SA, 2 rue du Belvedere, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - F. Delfaud
- Felix Concordia SARL, 400 av Roumanille Bât. 7, BP 309 06906 Sophia-Antipolis, France
- MEDIT SA, 2 rue du Belvedere, 91120 Palaiseau, France
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88
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Bienstock RJ. Overview: Fragment-Based Drug Design. LIBRARY DESIGN, SEARCH METHODS, AND APPLICATIONS OF FRAGMENT-BASED DRUG DESIGN 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2011-1076.ch001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle J. Bienstock
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, MD F0-011, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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89
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Abstract
A frequently employed strategy in drug discovery efforts is to replace aromatic rings in known active compounds with alternative aromatic moieties to create novel compounds with improved potency and/or adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity properties. Here we introduce MORPH, which is a simple software tool for systematically modifying aromatic rings in three-dimensional models of molecules without altering the coordinates of the nonhydrogen atoms in the rings. MORPH works on individual rings as well as fused ring systems and additionally provides the ability to filter out modified compounds which do not contain hydrogen-bond donors or acceptors at specific positions on the rings or contain more or less than the desired number of heteroatoms. The MORPH program and its application to two ligands extracted from cocrystal structures with cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2)/cyclin A and CDK2 are discussed below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R Beno
- Computer-Assisted Drug Design Department, Applied Biotechnology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA.
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90
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Nicholls A, McGaughey GB, Sheridan RP, Good AC, Warren G, Mathieu M, Muchmore SW, Brown SP, Grant JA, Haigh JA, Nevins N, Jain AN, Kelley B. Molecular shape and medicinal chemistry: a perspective. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3862-86. [PMID: 20158188 PMCID: PMC2874267 DOI: 10.1021/jm900818s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The eight contributions here provide ample evidence that shape as a volume or as a surface is a vibrant and useful concept when applied to drug discovery. It provides a reliable scaffold for "decoration" with chemical intuition (or bias) for virtual screening and lead optimization but also has its unadorned uses, as in library design, ligand fitting, pose prediction, or active site description. Computing power has facilitated this evolution by allowing shape to be handled precisely without the need to reduce down to point descriptors or approximate metrics, and the diversity of resultant applications argues for this being an important step forward. Certainly, it is encouraging that as computation has enabled our intuition, molecular shape has consistently surprised us in its usefulness and adaptability. The first Aurelius question, "What is the essence of a thing?", seems well answered, however, the third, "What do molecules do?", only partly so. Are the topics covered here exhaustive, or is there more to come? To date, there has been little published on the use of the volumetric definition of shape described here as a QSAR variable, for instance, in the prediction or classification of activity, although other shape definitions have been successful applied, for instance, as embodied in the Compass program described above in "Shape from Surfaces". Crystal packing is a phenomenon much desired to be understood. Although powerful models have been applied to the problem, to what degree is this dominated purely by the shape of a molecule? The shape comparison described here is typically of a global nature, and yet some importance must surely be placed on partial shape matching, just as the substructure matching of chemical graphs has proved useful. The approach of using surfaces, as described here, offers some flavor of this, as does the use of metrics that penalize volume mismatch less than the Tanimoto, e.g., Tversky measures. As yet, there is little to go on as to how useful a paradigm this will be because there is less software and fewer concrete results.Finally, the distance between molecular shapes, or between any shapes defined as volumes or surfaces, is a metric property in the mathematical sense of the word. As yet, there has been little, if any, application of this observation. We cannot know what new application to the design and discovery of pharmaceuticals may yet arise from the simple concept of molecular shape, but it is fair to say that the progress so far is impressive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Nicholls
- OpenEye Scientific Software, Inc., Santa Fe, New Mexico 87508, USA.
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91
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Structure-guided expansion of kinase fragment libraries driven by support vector machine models. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1804:642-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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92
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Huang Q, Li LL, Yang SY. PhDD: a new pharmacophore-based de novo design method of drug-like molecules combined with assessment of synthetic accessibility. J Mol Graph Model 2010; 28:775-87. [PMID: 20206562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This account describes a new pharmacophore-based de novo design method of drug-like molecules (PhDD). The method PhDD first generates a set of new molecules that completely conform to the requirements of a given pharmacophore model, followed by a series of assessments to the generated molecules, including assessments of drug-likeness, bioactivity, and synthetic accessibility. PhDD is tested on three typical examples, namely, pharmacophore hypotheses of histone deacetylase (HDAC), cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors. The test results demonstrate that PhDD is able to generate molecules with novel structures but having similar biological functions with existing inhibitors. The validity of PhDD together with its ability of assessing synthetic accessibility makes it a useful tool in rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, #1 Keyuan Road 4, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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93
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Reymond JL, van Deursen R, Blum LC, Ruddigkeit L. Chemical space as a source for new drugs. MEDCHEMCOMM 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0md00020e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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94
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Orita M, Warizaya M, Amano Y, Ohno K, Niimi T. Advances in fragment-based drug discovery platforms. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:1125-44. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440903317580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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95
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Blum LC, Reymond JL. 970 Million Druglike Small Molecules for Virtual Screening in the Chemical Universe Database GDB-13. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:8732-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja902302h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz C. Blum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
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96
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Cheeseright TJ, Holm M, Lehmann F, Luik S, Göttert M, Melville JL, Laufer S. Novel Lead Structures for p38 MAP Kinase via FieldScreen Virtual Screening. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4200-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801399r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Cheeseright
- Cresset BioMolecular Discovery Ltd., BioPark Hertfordshire, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, U.K
| | - Melanie Holm
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Frank Lehmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Luik
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marcia Göttert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - James L. Melville
- Cresset BioMolecular Discovery Ltd., BioPark Hertfordshire, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, U.K
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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97
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Nisius B, Rester U. Fragment Shuffling: An Automated Workflow for Three-Dimensional Fragment-Based Ligand Design. J Chem Inf Model 2009; 49:1211-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ci8004572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Britta Nisius
- Bayer HealthCare AG, Global Drug Discovery, Lead Generation and Optimization, Aprather Weg 18a, D-42096 Elberfeld, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rester
- Bayer HealthCare AG, Global Drug Discovery, Lead Generation and Optimization, Aprather Weg 18a, D-42096 Elberfeld, Germany
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98
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Moriaud F, Doppelt-Azeroual O, Martin L, Oguievetskaia K, Koch K, Vorotyntsev A, Adcock SA, Delfaud F. Computational Fragment-Based Approach at PDB Scale by Protein Local Similarity. J Chem Inf Model 2009; 49:280-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ci8003094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Moriaud
- MEDIT SA, 2 rue du Belvédère, 91120 Palaiseau, France, and IBBMC, Université Paris Sud CNRS UMR-8619, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Olivia Doppelt-Azeroual
- MEDIT SA, 2 rue du Belvédère, 91120 Palaiseau, France, and IBBMC, Université Paris Sud CNRS UMR-8619, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Laetitia Martin
- MEDIT SA, 2 rue du Belvédère, 91120 Palaiseau, France, and IBBMC, Université Paris Sud CNRS UMR-8619, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Ksenia Oguievetskaia
- MEDIT SA, 2 rue du Belvédère, 91120 Palaiseau, France, and IBBMC, Université Paris Sud CNRS UMR-8619, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Kerstin Koch
- MEDIT SA, 2 rue du Belvédère, 91120 Palaiseau, France, and IBBMC, Université Paris Sud CNRS UMR-8619, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Artem Vorotyntsev
- MEDIT SA, 2 rue du Belvédère, 91120 Palaiseau, France, and IBBMC, Université Paris Sud CNRS UMR-8619, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Stewart A. Adcock
- MEDIT SA, 2 rue du Belvédère, 91120 Palaiseau, France, and IBBMC, Université Paris Sud CNRS UMR-8619, Orsay 91405, France
| | - François Delfaud
- MEDIT SA, 2 rue du Belvédère, 91120 Palaiseau, France, and IBBMC, Université Paris Sud CNRS UMR-8619, Orsay 91405, France
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99
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Zoete V, Grosdidier A, Michielin O. Docking, virtual high throughput screening and in silico fragment-based drug design. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:238-48. [PMID: 19183238 PMCID: PMC3823351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The drug discovery process has been profoundly changed recently by the adoption of computational methods helping the design of new drug candidates more rapidly and at lower costs. In silico drug design consists of a collection of tools helping to make rational decisions at the different steps of the drug discovery process, such as the identification of a biomolecular target of therapeutical interest, the selection or the design of new lead compounds and their modification to obtain better affinities, as well as pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Among the different tools available, a particular emphasis is placed in this review on molecular docking, virtual high-throughput screening and fragment-based ligand design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Zoete
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Bâtiment Génopode, Quartier Sorge, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Schneider G, Hartenfeller M, Reutlinger M, Tanrikulu Y, Proschak E, Schneider P. Voyages to the (un)known: adaptive design of bioactive compounds. Trends Biotechnol 2009; 27:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 09/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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