51
|
Chu JH, Wu CC, Chang DH, Lee YM, Wu MJ. Direct Ortho Arylation of 9-(Pyridin-2-yl)-9H-carbazoles Bearing a Removable Directing Group via Palladium(II)-Catalyzed C–H Bond Activation. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om301071m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Ho Chu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung
80424, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chiu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung
80424, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung
80424, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ming Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung
80424, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jung Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung
80424, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Blanco-Aparicio C, Carnero A. Pim kinases in cancer: diagnostic, prognostic and treatment opportunities. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 85:629-643. [PMID: 23041228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PIM proteins belong to a family of ser/thr kinases composed of 3 members, PIM1, PIM2 and PIM3, with greatly overlapping functions. PIM kinases are mainly responsible for cell cycle regulation, antiapoptotic activity and the homing and migration of receptor tyrosine kinases mediated via the JAK/STAT pathway. PIM kinases have been found to be upregulated in many hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Although these kinases have been described as weak oncogenes, they are heavily targeted for anticancer drug discovery. The present review summarizes the discoveries made to date regarding PIM kinases as driving oncogenes in the process of tumorigenesis and their validation as drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Blanco-Aparicio
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), HUVR/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Ogawa N, Yuki H, Tanaka A. Insights from Pim1 structure for anti-cancer drug design. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:1177-92. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.727394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
54
|
Giraud F, Akué-Gédu R, Nauton L, Candelon N, Debiton E, Théry V, Anizon F, Moreau P. Synthesis and biological activities of 4-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-a]carbazole Pim kinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 56:225-36. [PMID: 22982527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolo[2,3-a]carbazole-3-carbaldehydes are potent Pim kinase inhibitors with in vitro antiproliferative activities. In the present study, we report the synthesis and biological activities (Pim kinase inhibition and in vitro antiproliferative potency) of new 4-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-a]carbazoles. The results demonstrated that the Pim kinase inhibitory potency (especially Pim-3) can be conserved for pyrrolo[2,3-a]carbazoles bearing a methoxycarbonyl group at the 4-position without a formyl at the 3-position. Moreover, compound 27 that was found to be active against Pim-1 and Pim-3 kinases showed antiproliferative activities in the micromolar range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Giraud
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Nakano H, Saito N, Parker L, Tada Y, Abe M, Tsuganezawa K, Yokoyama S, Tanaka A, Kojima H, Okabe T, Nagano T. Rational Evolution of a Novel Type of Potent and Selective Proviral Integration Site in Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Kinase 1 (PIM1) Inhibitor from a Screening-Hit Compound. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5151-64. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3001289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Nakano
- Open Innovation Center for Drug
Discovery, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-0033, Japan
| | - Nae Saito
- Open Innovation Center for Drug
Discovery, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-0033, Japan
| | - Lorien Parker
- RIKEN Systems
and Structural
Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yukio Tada
- Open Innovation Center for Drug
Discovery, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanao Abe
- Open Innovation Center for Drug
Discovery, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-0033, Japan
| | - Keiko Tsuganezawa
- RIKEN Systems
and Structural
Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yokoyama
- RIKEN Systems
and Structural
Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Akiko Tanaka
- Open Innovation Center for Drug
Discovery, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-0033, Japan
- RIKEN Systems
and Structural
Biology Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hirotatsu Kojima
- Open Innovation Center for Drug
Discovery, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-0033, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Okabe
- Open Innovation Center for Drug
Discovery, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-0033, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nagano
- Open Innovation Center for Drug
Discovery, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-0033, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033,
Japan
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Mahasenan KV, Li C. Novel inhibitor discovery through virtual screening against multiple protein conformations generated via ligand-directed modeling: a maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase example. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:1345-55. [PMID: 22540736 DOI: 10.1021/ci300040c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Kinase targets have been demonstrated to undergo major conformational reorganization upon ligand binding. Such protein conformational plasticity remains a significant challenge in structure-based virtual screening methodology and may be approximated by screening against an ensemble of diverse protein conformations. Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK), a member of serine-threonine kinase family, has been recently found to be involved in the tumerogenic state of glioblastoma, breast, ovarian, and colon cancers. We therefore modeled several conformers of MELK utilizing the available chemogenomic and crystallographic data of homologous kinases. We carried out docking pose prediction and virtual screening enrichment studies with these conformers. The performances of the ensembles were evaluated by their ability to reproduce known inhibitor bioactive conformations and to efficiently recover known active compounds early in the virtual screen when seeded with decoy sets. A few of the individual MELK conformers performed satisfactorily in reproducing the native protein-ligand pharmacophoric interactions up to 50% of the cases. By selecting an ensemble of a few representative conformational states, most of the known inhibitor binding poses could be rationalized. For example, a four conformer ensemble is able to recover 95% of the studied actives, especially with imperfect scoring function(s). The virtual screening enrichment varied considerably among different MELK conformers. Enrichment appears to improve by selection of a proper protein conformation. For example, several holo and unliganded active conformations are better to accommodate diverse chemotypes than ATP-bound conformer. These results prove that using an ensemble of diverse conformations could give a better performance. Applying this approach, we were able to screen a commercially available library of half a million compounds against three conformers to discover three novel inhibitors of MELK, one from each template. Among the three compounds validated via experimental enzyme inhibition assays, one is relatively potent (15; K(d) = 0.37 μM), one moderately active (12; K(d) = 3.2 μM), and one weak but very selective (9; K(d) = 18 μM). These novel hits may be utilized to assist in the development of small molecule therapeutic agents useful in diseases caused by deregulated MELK, and perhaps more importantly, the approach demonstrates the advantages of choosing an appropriate ensemble of a few conformers in pursuing compound potency, selectivity, and novel chemotypes over using single target conformation for structure-based drug design in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran V Mahasenan
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Akué-Gédu R, Letribot B, Saugues E, Debiton E, Anizon F, Moreau P. Kinase inhibitory potencies and in vitro antiproliferative activities of N-10 substituted pyrrolo[2,3-a]carbazole derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3807-9. [PMID: 22543026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Development of potent and selective Pim kinase inhibitors has recently emerged as an important field for the design of new anti-cancer drugs. We report the synthesis of new N-10-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-a]carbazole derivatives and their evaluation as Pim kinase inhibitors. Moreover, in vitro antiproliferative activity of these compounds was evaluated toward a human fibroblast primary culture and three human solid cancer cell lines (PA1, PC3 and DU145). Compounds 3, 7 and 10 showed inhibitory potencies toward Pim-1 and Pim-3 in the nanomolar range. Additionally, dimethylamino analog 10 also demonstrated interesting sub-micromolar antiproliferative activities toward the cell lines tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rufine Akué-Gédu
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Sarek G, Ma L, Enbäck J, Järviluoma A, Moreau P, Haas J, Gessain A, Koskinen PJ, Laakkonen P, Ojala PM. Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus lytic replication compromises apoptotic response to p53 reactivation in virus-induced lymphomas. Oncogene 2012; 32:1091-8. [PMID: 22469985 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphomas (PELs) are aggressive Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV)-induced malignancies with median survival time <6 months post-diagnosis. Mutations in the TP53 gene seldom occur in PELs, suggesting that genetic alterations in the TP53 are not selected during PEL progression. We have reported that p53 reactivation by an inhibitor of the p53-MDM2 interaction, Nutlin-3, induces selective and massive apoptosis in PEL cells leading to efficient anti-tumor activity in a subcutaneous xenograft model for PEL. Here, we show compelling anti-tumor activity of Nutlin-3 in the majority of intraperitoneal PEL xenografts in vivo. Interestingly, our results demonstrate that spontaneous induction of viral lytic replication in tumors could drastically attenuate the p53-dependent apoptotic response to Nutlin-3. Moreover, viral reactivation compromised p53-dependent apoptosis in PEL cells treated with genotoxic anti-cancer agents doxorubicin and etoposide. We have recently demonstrated that the Ser/Thr kinases Pim 1 and 3 are required to trigger induction of the lytic replication cascade of KSHV. We have now assessed the ability of a novel Pim kinase inhibitor to restore the Nutlin-3-induced cytotoxicity in lytic PEL cells. PEL cells induced to lytic replication by phorbol esters showed 50% inhibition of active viral replication following treatment with the Pim kinase inhibitor. Importantly, co-treatment of these cells with the kinase inhibitor and Nutlin-3 resulted in a robust restoration of the Nutlin-3-induced cell death. These results highlight the potential impact of activation of viral lytic replication on disease progression and response to treatment in KSHV-induced lymphomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Sarek
- Institute of Biotechnology & Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale-Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inhibition of protein kinases has become a standard of modern clinical oncology. PIM1 belongs to a novel class of serine/threonine kinases with distinct molecular and biochemical features regulating various oncogenic pathways, for example hypoxia response, cell cycle progression and apoptosis resistance. PIM1 is overexpressed in human cancer diseases and has been associated with metastasis and overall treatment response; in experimental models, inhibition of PIM1 suppressed cell proliferation and migration, induced apoptotic cell death and synergized with other chemotherapeutic agents. AREAS COVERED A PubMed literature search was performed to review the currently available data on PIM1 expression, regulation and targets; its implication in different types of cancer and its impact on prognosis are described. We present ATP-competitive PIM1 inhibitors and the state of the art of PIM1 inhibitor design. Finally, we highlight the development of the unusual class of highly selective and potent organometallic PIM1 inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION As PIM1 possesses oncogenic functions and is overexpressed in various kinds of cancer diseases, its inhibition provides a new option in cancer therapy. Based on the ability of highly selective organometallic PIM1 inhibitors, promising in vivo applicability is expected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lena Merkel
- Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Surgical Research, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg, 35033, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Viji M, Nagarajan R. RuCl3/SnCl2 mediated synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3-c]carbazoles and consequent preparation of indolo[2,3-c]carbazoles. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
61
|
Letribot B, Akué-Gédu R, Santio NM, El-Ghozzi M, Avignant D, Cisnetti F, Koskinen PJ, Gautier A, Anizon F, Moreau P. Use of copper(I) catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) for the preparation of conjugated pyrrolo[2,3-a]carbazole Pim kinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 50:304-10. [PMID: 22386260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that pyrrolo[2,3-a]carbazole-3-carbaldehydes are potent Pim kinase inhibitors with in vitro antiproliferative activities. In the present study, we report the synthesis of new pyrrolocarbazoles substituted at the N-10 position. When their ability to inhibit Pim kinase activities were evaluated in in vitro assays, we observed that this nitrogen atom can be substituted without loss of Pim-1 and Pim-3 inhibitory potencies. Moreover, when we added a fluorescent dansyl group (compound 13), we were able to show that 13 penetrates the plasma membrane and enters the cytoplasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Letribot
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, BP 10448, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Huber K, Brault L, Fedorov O, Gasser C, Filippakopoulos P, Bullock AN, Fabbro D, Trappe J, Schwaller J, Knapp S, Bracher F. 7,8-dichloro-1-oxo-β-carbolines as a versatile scaffold for the development of potent and selective kinase inhibitors with unusual binding modes. J Med Chem 2012; 55:403-13. [PMID: 22136433 PMCID: PMC3257585 DOI: 10.1021/jm201286z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Development of both potent and selective kinase inhibitors is a challenging task in modern drug discovery. The innate promiscuity of kinase inhibitors largely results from ATP-mimetic binding to the kinase hinge region. We present a novel class of substituted 7,8-dichloro-1-oxo-β-carbolines based on the distinct structural features of the alkaloid bauerine C whose kinase inhibitory activity does not rely on canonical ATP-mimetic hinge interactions. Intriguingly, cocrystal structures revealed an unexpected inverted binding mode and the presence of halogen bonds with kinase backbone residues. The compounds exhibit excellent selectivity over a comprehensive panel of human protein kinases while inhibiting selected kinases such as the oncogenic PIM1 at low nanomolar concentrations. Together, our biochemical and structural data suggest that this scaffold may serve as a valuable template for the design and development of specific inhibitors of various kinases including the PIM family of kinases, CLKs, DAPK3 (ZIPK), BMP2K (BIKE), and others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Huber
- Department of Pharmacy, Center
for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Laurent Brault
- Department of Biomedicine, University
Hospital of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031
Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oleg Fedorov
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical
Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University
of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt
Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Christelle Gasser
- Department of Biomedicine, University
Hospital of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031
Basel, Switzerland
| | - Panagis Filippakopoulos
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical
Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University
of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt
Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Alex N. Bullock
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical
Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University
of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt
Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Doriano Fabbro
- Novartis Pharma
AG, Klybeckstrasse 141, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Trappe
- Novartis Pharma
AG, Klybeckstrasse 141, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Schwaller
- Department of Biomedicine, University
Hospital of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031
Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical
Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University
of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt
Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy, Center
for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany,Phone: +49-89-2180 77301. Fax: +49-89-2180 77802. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Wang YY, Taniguchi T, Baba T, Li YY, Ishibashi H, Mukaida N. Identification of a phenanthrene derivative as a potent anticancer drug with Pim kinase inhibitory activity. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:107-15. [PMID: 21981263 PMCID: PMC11164172 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pim-3, a proto-oncogene with serine/threonine kinase activity, is aberrantly expressed in malignant lesions, but not in normal tissues, of endoderm-derived organs, including the pancreas, liver, colon, and stomach. Furthermore, the development of hepatocellular carcinoma is accelerated in mice expressing Pim-3 transgene selectively in the liver when these mice are treated with a hepatocarcinogen. These observations suggest that a chemical targeting Pim-3 kinase may be a novel type of anticancer drug. In the present study, we screened low molecular weight chemicals and observed that the phenanthrene derivative T26 potently inhibited Pim-3 and Pim-1, but only weakly inhibited Pim-2. Moreover, T26 markedly inhibited the in vitro growth of human pancreatic cancer cell lines by inducing apoptosis and G(2) /M arrest. The growth inhibitory effects of T26 were reversed by overexpression of Pim-3 cDNA in human pancreatic cancer cells, indicating that T26 acts primarily on Pim-3. Furthermore, T26 inhibited the growth of a human pancreatic cancer cell line in nude mice without causing apparent adverse effects when it was administered after tumor formation was evident. These observations imply that the chemical and its related compounds may be effective for the treatment of cancers in which there is aberrant Pim-3 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Wang
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Viji M, Nagarajan R. Zinc triflate catalyzed regioselective synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3-c]carbazoles via heteroannulation. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21735j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
|
65
|
Abstract
Abstract
PIM serine/threonine kinases are overexpressed, translocated, or amplified in multiple B-cell lymphoma types. We have explored the frequency and relevance of PIM expression in different B-cell lymphoma types and investigated whether PIM inhibition could be a rational therapeutic approach. Increased expression of PIM2 was detected in subsets of mantle cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBLC), follicular lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma-mucosa–associated lymphoid tissue type, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and nodal marginal zone lymphoma cases. Increased PIM2 protein expression was associated with an aggressive clinical course in activated B-like-DLBCL patients. Pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of PIM2 revealed p4E-BP1(Thr37/46) and p4E-BP1(Ser65) as molecular biomarkers characteristic of PIM2 activity and indicated the involvement of PIM2 kinase in regulating mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1. The simultaneous genetic inhibition of all 3 PIM kinases induced changes in apoptosis and cell cycle. In conclusion, we show that PIM2 kinase inhibition is a rational approach in DLBCL treatment, identify appropriate biomarkers for pharmacodynamic studies, and provide a new marker for patient stratification.
Collapse
|
66
|
Ren JX, Li LL, Zheng RL, Xie HZ, Cao ZX, Feng S, Pan YL, Chen X, Wei YQ, Yang SY. Discovery of novel Pim-1 kinase inhibitors by a hierarchical multistage virtual screening approach based on SVM model, pharmacophore, and molecular docking. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:1364-75. [PMID: 21618971 DOI: 10.1021/ci100464b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, we describe the discovery of novel potent Pim-1 inhibitors by employing a proposed hierarchical multistage virtual screening (VS) approach, which is based on support vector machine-based (SVM-based VS or SB-VS), pharmacophore-based VS (PB-VS), and docking-based VS (DB-VS) methods. In this approach, the three VS methods are applied in an increasing order of complexity so that the first filter (SB-VS) is fast and simple, while successive ones (PB-VS and DB-VS) are more time-consuming but are applied only to a small subset of the entire database. Evaluation of this approach indicates that it can be used to screen a large chemical library rapidly with a high hit rate and a high enrichment factor. This approach was then applied to screen several large chemical libraries, including PubChem, Specs, and Enamine as well as an in-house database. From the final hits, 47 compounds were selected for further in vitro Pim-1 inhibitory assay, and 15 compounds show nanomolar level or low micromolar inhibition potency against Pim-1. In particular, four of them were found to have new scaffolds which have potential for the chemical development of Pim-1 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Xia Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Abstract
Pim-3 is a member of the Provirus integrating site Moloney murine leukemia virus (Pim) family, which belongs to the Ca(2+) /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) group and exhibits serine/threonine kinase activity. Similar to other members of the Pim family (i.e. Pim-1 and Pim-2), Pim-3 can prevent apoptosis and promote cell survival and protein translation, thereby enhancing cell proliferation of normal and malignant cells. Pim-3 is expressed in vital organs, such as the heart, lung, and brain. However, minimal phenotypic changes in Pim-3-deficient mice suggest that Pim-3 may be physiologically dispensable. Pim-3 expression is enhanced in several cancer tissues, particularly those of endoderm-derived organs, including the liver, pancreas, colon, and stomach. The development of hepatocellular carcinoma is accelerated in mice expressing the Pim-3 gene selectively in the liver only when these mice are treated with a hepatocarcinogen, indicating that Pim-3 can act as a promoter but not as an initiator. Moreover, inhibition of Pim-3 expression can retard in vitro cell proliferation of hepatocellular, pancreatic, and colon carcinoma cell lines by promoting cell apoptosis. Furthermore, a Pim-3 kinase inhibitor has been reported to inhibit cell proliferation in an in vivo xenograft model using a human pancreatic cancer cell line without inducing any major adverse effects. Thus, Pim-3 kinase may be a candidate molecule for the development of molecular targeting drugs against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Mukaida
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Microenvironment Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Magnuson NS, Wang Z, Ding G, Reeves R. Why target PIM1 for cancer diagnosis and treatment? Future Oncol 2011; 6:1461-78. [PMID: 20919829 DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved proto-oncogenic protein PIM1 is an unusual serine or threonine kinase, in part because it is constitutively active. Overexpression of PIM1 experimentally leads to tumor formation in mice, while complete knockout of the protein has no observable phenotype. It appears to contribute to cancer development in three major ways when it is overexpressed; by inhibiting apoptosis, by promoting cell proliferation and by promoting genomic instability. Expression in normal tissues is nearly undetectable. However, in hematopoietic malignancies and in a variety of solid tumors, increased PIM1 expression has been shown to correlate with the stage of disease. This characteristic suggests it can serve as a useful biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Several specific and potent inhibitors of PIM1’s kinase activity have also been shown to induce apoptotic death of cancer cells, to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy and to synergize with other anti-tumor agents, thus making it an attractive therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy S Magnuson
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164–7520, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Abstract
The serine/threonine Pim kinases are overexpressed in solid cancers and hematologic malignancies and promote cell growth and survival. Here, we find that a novel Pim kinase inhibitor, SMI-4a, or Pim-1 siRNA blocked the rapamycin-sensitive mammalian target of rapamycin (mTORC1) activity by stimulating the phosphorylation and thus activating the mTORC1 negative regulator AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK). Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) deficient for all three Pim kinases [triple knockout (TKO) MEFs] demonstrated activated AMPK driven by elevated ratios of AMPATP relative to wild-type MEFs. Consistent with these findings, TKO MEFs were found to grow slowly in culture and have decreased rates of protein synthesis secondary to a diminished amount of 5'-cap-dependent translation. Pim-3 expression alone in TKO MEFs was sufficient to reverse AMPK activation, increase protein synthesis, and drive MEF growth similar to wild type. Pim-3 expression was found to markedly increase the protein levels of both c-Myc and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), enzymes capable of regulating glycolysis and mitochondrial biogenesis, which were diminished in TKO MEFs. Overexpression of PGC-1α in TKO MEFs elevated ATP levels and inhibited the activation of AMPK. These results demonstrate the Pim kinase-mediated control of energy metabolism and thus regulation of AMPK activity. We identify an important role for Pim-3 in modulating c-Myc and PGC-1α protein levels and cell growth.
Collapse
|
70
|
Santio NM, Vahakoski RL, Rainio EM, Sandholm JA, Virtanen SS, Prudhomme M, Anizon F, Moreau P, Koskinen PJ. Pim-selective inhibitor DHPCC-9 reveals Pim kinases as potent stimulators of cancer cell migration and invasion. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:279. [PMID: 20958956 PMCID: PMC2978147 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pim family kinases are small constitutively active serine/threonine-specific kinases, elevated levels of which have been detected in human hematopoietic malignancies as well as in solid tumours. While we and others have previously shown that the oncogenic Pim kinases stimulate survival of hematopoietic cells, we now examined their putative role in regulating motility of adherent cancer cells. For this purpose, we inhibited Pim kinase activity using a small molecule compound, 1,10-dihydropyrrolo[2,3-a]carbazole-3-carbaldehyde (DHPCC-9), which we had recently identified as a potent and selective inhibitor for all Pim family members. RESULTS We now demonstrate that the Pim kinase inhibitor DHPCC-9 is very effective also in cell-based assays. DHPCC-9 impairs the anti-apoptotic effects of Pim-1 in cytokine-deprived myeloid cells and inhibits intracellular phosphorylation of Pim substrates such as Bad. Moreover, DHPCC-9 slows down migration and invasion of cancer cells derived from either prostate cancer or squamocellular carcinoma patients. Silencing of Pim expression reduces cell motility, while Pim overexpression enhances it, strongly suggesting that the observed effects of DHPCC-9 are dependent on Pim kinase activity. Interestingly, DHPCC-9 also abrogates NFATc-dependent migration of cancer cells, implying that NFATc factors mediate at least part of the pro-migratory effects of Pim kinases. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our data indicate that DHPCC-9 is not only a powerful tool to investigate physiological effects of the oncogenic Pim family kinases, but also an attractive molecule for drug development to inhibit invasiveness of Pim-overexpressing cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niina M Santio
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Gavara L, Saugues E, Alves G, Debiton E, Anizon F, Moreau P. Synthesis and biological activities of pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoxaline derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:5520-6. [PMID: 20864224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of new pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoxaline derivatives, as well as their Pim kinases (Pim-1, Pim-2, Pim-3) inhibitory potencies and in vitro antiproliferative activities toward a human fibroblast primary culture and three human solid cancer cell lines (PA1, PC3 and DU145) are described. The results obtained in this preliminary structure-activity relationship study have pointed out that most of the compounds in this series exhibited interesting in vitro Pim-3 kinase inhibitory potencies. Moreover, some of the tested compounds have demonstrated favorable antiproliferative potencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Gavara
- Clermont Université, SEESIB, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Akué-Gédu R, Nauton L, Théry V, Bain J, Cohen P, Anizon F, Moreau P. Synthesis, Pim kinase inhibitory potencies and in vitro antiproliferative activities of diversely substituted pyrrolo[2,3-a]carbazoles. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:6865-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
73
|
Sliman F, Blairvacq M, Durieu E, Meijer L, Rodrigo J, Desmaële D. Identification and structure–activity relationship of 8-hydroxy-quinoline-7-carboxylic acid derivatives as inhibitors of Pim-1 kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:2801-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
74
|
Wang Z, Zhang Y, Gu JJ, Davitt C, Reeves R, Magnuson NS. Pim-2 phosphorylation of p21(Cip1/WAF1) enhances its stability and inhibits cell proliferation in HCT116 cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:1030-8. [PMID: 20307683 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pim-2 kinase is one of the three highly conserved Pim family members which are known to be involved in cell survival and cell proliferation. Here we demonstrate that like Pim-1, Pim-2 also phosphorylates the cell cycle inhibitor p21(Cip1/WAF1) (p21) on Thr145 in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of Pim-2 in HCT116 cells leads to the increased stability of p21 and results in enhanced levels of both exogenous and endogenous p21 proteins. Knockdown of Pim-2 expression via siRNA results in reduced level of endogenous p21, indicating that like Pim-1, Pim-2 is another legitimate p21 kinase. However, Pim-2 has no influence on the nuclear localization of p21 in HCT116 cells. In addition, Pim-2 is able to arrest the cell cycle at G1/S phase and inhibit cell proliferation through phosphorylation of p21 in HCT116 cells. These data suggest that Pim-2 phosphorylation of p21 enhances p21's stability and inhibits cell proliferation in HCT116 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeping Wang
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7520, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Issa S, Walchshofer N, Kassab I, Termoss H, Chamat S, Geahchan A, Bouaziz Z. Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of oxazinocarbazole and N,N-bis(carbazolylmethyl)amine derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:2567-77. [PMID: 20236739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, structure elucidation and antitumoral activity of novel heterocyclic compounds containing a carbazole nucleus are reported. Oxazinocarbazoles were synthesized by application of the Mannich reaction to the corresponding hydroxylated derivatives leading to 41 new molecules. Their cytotoxic activity was evaluated against various human tumor cell lines including three leukemic cell lines: CEM and Jurkat (type T), Raji (type B); breast cancer cell line (MCF-7); colorectal cancer cell line (Caco-2). A primary screening at 100 microM allowed the selection of the 10 most active compounds, which showed an antiproliferative activity on all the cell lines. A dose-effect study between 12.5 and 100 microM sorted two compounds with a significant activity: 5t and 7e against leukemic cell lines CEM, Jurkat and Raji with IC50 values around 12 microM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samar Issa
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ISPBL, EA 4443, Lyon F-69003, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Laronze-Cochard M, Cochard F, Daras E, Lansiaux A, Brassart B, Vanquelef E, Prost E, Nuzillard JM, Baldeyrou B, Goosens JF, Lozach O, Meijer L, Riou JF, Henon E, Sapi J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new penta- and heptacyclic indolo- and quinolinocarbazole ring systems obtained via Pd0 catalysed reductive N-heteroannulation. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:4625-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00149j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|