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Abstract
The absorption of a photon by a hydroxy-aromatic photoacid triggers a cascade of events contributing to the overall phenomenon of intermolecular excited-state proton transfer. The fundamental steps involved were studied over the last 20 years using a combination of theoretical and experimental techniques. They are surveyed in this sequel in sequential order, from fast to slow. The excitation triggers an intramolecular charge transfer to the ring system, which is more prominent for the anionic base than the acid. The charge redistribution, in turn, triggers changes in hydrogen-bond strengths that set the stage for the proton-transfer step itself. This step is strongly influenced by the solvent, resulting in unusual dependence of the dissociation rate coefficient on water content, temperature, and isotopic substitution. The photolyzed proton can diffuse in the aqueous solution in a mechanism that involves collective changes in hydrogen-bonding. On longer times, it may recombine adiabatically with the excited base or quench it. The theory for these diffusion-influenced geminate reactions has been developed, showing nice agreement with experiment. Finally, the effect of inert salts, bases, and acids on these reactions is analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Agmon
- Department of Physical Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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53
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Kiefer PM, Hynes JT. Kinetic Isotope Effects for Nonadiabatic Proton Transfer Reactions in a Polar Environment. 2. Comparison with an Electronically Diabatic Description. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp040498h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Kiefer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, and Département de Chimie, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24, rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris, France
| | - James T. Hynes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, and Département de Chimie, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24, rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris, France
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54
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Kiefer PM, Hynes JT. Kinetic Isotope Effects for Nonadiabatic Proton Transfer Reactions in a Polar Environment. 1. Interpretation of Tunneling Kinetic Isotopic Effects. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp040497p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Kiefer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, and Département de Chimie, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24, rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris, France
| | - James T. Hynes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, and Département de Chimie, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24, rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris, France
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55
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Kiefer PM, Hynes JT. Temperature-Dependent Solvent Polarity Effects on Adiabatic Proton Transfer Rate Constants and Kinetic Isotope Effects. Isr J Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1560/k3bh-d2k9-pdu9-na80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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56
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Pak MV, Swalina C, Webb SP, Hammes-Schiffer S. Application of the nuclear–electronic orbital method to hydrogen transfer systems: multiple centers and multiconfigurational wavefunctions. Chem Phys 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2004.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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57
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Chou PT, Yu WS, Cheng YM, Pu SC, Yu YC, Lin YC, Huang, Chen CT. Solvent-Polarity Tuning Excited-State Charge Coupled Proton-Transfer Reaction in p-N,N-Ditolylaminosalicylaldehydes. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp048415k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Shan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ming Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Chieh Pu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yueh-Chi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Chung Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chao-Tsen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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58
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de Vivie-Riedle R, De Waele V, Kurtz L, Riedle E. Ultrafast Excited-State Proton Transfer of 2-(2‘-Hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole: Theoretical Analysis of the Skeletal Deformations and the Active Vibrational Modes. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp035204r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina de Vivie-Riedle
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandt-Str. 11, D-81377 München, Germany, Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany, and Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare Optik, Sektion Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Oettingenstr. 67, D-80538 München, Germany
| | - Vincent De Waele
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandt-Str. 11, D-81377 München, Germany, Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany, and Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare Optik, Sektion Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Oettingenstr. 67, D-80538 München, Germany
| | - Lukas Kurtz
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandt-Str. 11, D-81377 München, Germany, Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany, and Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare Optik, Sektion Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Oettingenstr. 67, D-80538 München, Germany
| | - Eberhard Riedle
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandt-Str. 11, D-81377 München, Germany, Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany, and Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare Optik, Sektion Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Oettingenstr. 67, D-80538 München, Germany
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59
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Kiefer PM, Hynes JT. Kinetic Isotope Effects for Adiabatic Proton Transfer Reactions in a Polar Environment. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp030893s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Kiefer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, and Département de Chimie, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24, rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris, France
| | - James T. Hynes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, and Département de Chimie, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24, rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris, France
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60
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Iordanov T, Hammes-Schiffer S. Vibrational analysis for the nuclear–electronic orbital method. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1569913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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61
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Gamby J, Hapiot P, Savéant JM. Dynamics of proton transfer at nonactivated carbons from laser flash electron photoinjection experiments. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:8798-9. [PMID: 12137524 DOI: 10.1021/ja026804r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of proton exchange dynamics at carbon atoms has been so far limited to molecules activated by an electron-withdrawing substituent or by the removal of one electron yielding the corresponding cation radical. A method is proposed to overcome this limitation and extend the gathering of data to nonactivated carbon acids, RH. It consists of using photoinjected electrons to generate the radical R. from a rapidly or concertedly cleaving substrate, RX. The variations of the radical "polarogram" (in which R. is converted into R-) upon addition of an acid are then exploited to derive the protonation rate constant of R-. The method is demonstrated with the example of the diphenylmethyl carbanion. The Brönsted plot thus obtained indicates that proton transfer to this carbanion is intrinsically slow, with a barrier on the order of 1 eV. An inverted region behavior seems to appear at large driving forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Gamby
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université de Paris 7 - Denis Diderot, Case Courrier 7107, 2 place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cedex 05, France
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62
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Cui Q, Karplus M. Promoting Modes and Demoting Modes in Enzyme-Catalyzed Proton Transfer Reactions: A Study of Models and Realistic Systems. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0205057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, Department of Chemistry and Theoretical Chemistry Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Laboratoire de Chimie Biophysique, ISIS Universitè Loius Pasteur, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Martin Karplus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, Department of Chemistry and Theoretical Chemistry Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and Laboratoire de Chimie Biophysique, ISIS Universitè Loius Pasteur, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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63
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Kiefer PM, Hynes JT. Nonlinear Free Energy Relations for Adiabatic Proton Transfer Reactions in a Polar Environment. I. Fixed Proton Donor−Acceptor Separation. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0134244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Kiefer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215 and Département de Chimie, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24, rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris, France
| | - James T. Hynes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215 and Département de Chimie, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24, rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris, France
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