51
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Zavras A, Khairallah GN, Connell TU, White JM, Edwards AJ, Donnelly PS, O'Hair RAJ. Synthesis, Structure and Gas-Phase Reactivity of a Silver Hydride Complex [Ag3{(PPh2)2CH2}3(μ3-H)(μ3-Cl)]BF4. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8391-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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52
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Zavras A, Khairallah GN, Connell TU, White JM, Edwards AJ, Donnelly PS, O'Hair RAJ. Synthesis, Structure and Gas-Phase Reactivity of a Silver Hydride Complex [Ag3{(PPh2)2CH2}3(μ3-H)(μ3-Cl)]BF4. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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53
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Yu Y, Luo Z, Yu Y, Lee JY, Xie J. Observation of cluster size growth in CO-directed synthesis of Au25(SR)18 nanoclusters. ACS NANO 2012; 6:7920-7927. [PMID: 22913667 DOI: 10.1021/nn3023206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The design of an efficient synthesis for large-scale production of atomically precise nanoclusters (NCs) is pivotal in realizing the size-dependent properties of the NCs. A simple and versatile method for producing atomically precise thiolated gold NCs (Au(25)(SR)(18) NCs) in large quantities (~200 mg) is demonstrated in this study. It uses a gaseous reducing agent, carbon monoxide (CO), to support a slow and size-controlled growth of Au(25)(SR)(18) NCs. Absorption measurements of the reaction solution, which underwent distinct color changes (colorless → yellow → orange → brown → red-brown), allowed the formation of thiolated Au(25) NCs to be reconstructed from several key intermediates. The unique reaction environment provided by gaseous CO presents a new synthetic route to fabricate atomically precise metal NCs in quantities large enough for application explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore , 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260
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54
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Pettibone JM, Reardon NR. Nucleation products of ligated nanoclusters unaffected by temperature and reducing agent. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:5593-5596. [PMID: 22878460 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr31661g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Atomically uniform nucleation products of ligated metal nanoclusters are observed irrespective of reduction conditions for metal-bidentate ligand systems. Monodentate ligands are not reported to wield similar control, indicating steric contributions of complexing ligands may be as important as their electronic structure for synthesizing small nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Pettibone
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Material Measurement Laboratory, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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55
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Wan XK, Lin ZW, Wang QM. Au20 Nanocluster Protected by Hemilabile Phosphines. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:14750-2. [DOI: 10.1021/ja307256b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Kai Wan
- State Key
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid
Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen,
Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Wei Lin
- State Key
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid
Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen,
Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Quan-Ming Wang
- State Key
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid
Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen,
Fujian 361005, P. R. China
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56
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Maity P, Xie S, Yamauchi M, Tsukuda T. Stabilized gold clusters: from isolation toward controlled synthesis. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:4027-37. [PMID: 22717451 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30900a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bare metal clusters with fewer than ∼100 atoms exhibit intrinsically unique and size-specific properties, making them promising functional units or building blocks for novel materials. To utilize such clusters in functional materials, they need to be stabilized against coalescence by employing organic ligands, polymers, and solid materials. To realize rational development of cluster-based materials, it is essential to clarify how the stability and nature of clusters are modified by interactions with stabilizers by characterizing isolated clusters. The next stage is to design on-demand function by intentionally controlling the structural parameters of cluster-based materials; such parameters include the size, composition, and atomic arrangement of clusters and the interfacial structure between clusters and stabilizers. This review summarizes the current state of the art of isolation of gold clusters stabilized in various environments and surveys ongoing efforts to precisely control the structural parameters with atomic level accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Maity
- Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University, Nishi 10, Kita 21, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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57
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Shichibu Y, Suzuki K, Konishi K. Facile synthesis and optical properties of magic-number Au13 clusters. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:4125-9. [PMID: 22643883 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr30675a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of molecular gold clusters through a post-synthetic scheme involving HCl-promoted nuclearity convergence was examined with various phosphine ligands. Systematic studies with a series of bis(diphenylphosphino) ligands (Ph(2)P-(CH(2))(m)-PPh(2)) using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and electronic absorption spectroscopy demonstrated that the use of dppp (m = 3), dppb (m = 4) and dpppe (m = 5) as the ligands resulted in the formation of [Au(13)P(8)Cl(4)](+) type clusters, whereas the [Au(13)P(10)Cl(2)](3+) type cluster was formed with dppe (m = 2). The cluster species did not survive the HCl treatment step when monophosphines PPh(3), PMe(2)Ph, and POct(3) were employed, but [Au(13)(POct(3))(8)Cl(4)](+) was isolated as a minor product in the NaBH(4) reduction of Au(POct(3))Cl in aqueous THF. Electronic absorption and photoluminescence studies of a series of Au(13) clusters revealed that their optical properties are highly dependent on the phosphine/chloride composition ratio, but are far less so on the phosphine structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukatsu Shichibu
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science and Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 5, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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58
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Lu Y, Chen W. Sub-nanometre sized metal clusters: from synthetic challenges to the unique property discoveries. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:3594-623. [PMID: 22441327 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs15325d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 709] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sub-nanometre sized metal clusters, with dimensions between metal atoms and nanoparticles, have attracted more and more attention due to their unique electronic structures and the subsequent unusual physical and chemical properties. However, the tiny size of the metal clusters brings the difficulty of their synthesis compared to the easier preparation of large nanoparticles. Up to now various synthetic techniques and routes have been successfully applied to the preparation of sub-nanometre clusters. Among the metals, gold clusters, especially the alkanethiolate monolayer protected clusters (MPCs), have been extensively investigated during the past decades. In recent years, silver and copper nanoclusters have also attracted enormous interest mainly due to their excellent photoluminescent properties. Meanwhile, more structural characteristics, particular optical, catalytic, electronic and magnetic properties and the related technical applications of the metal nanoclusters have been discovered in recent years. In this critical review, recent advances in sub-nanometre sized metal clusters (Au, Ag, Cu, etc.) including the synthetic techniques, structural characterizations, novel physical, chemical and optical properties and their potential applications are discussed in detail. We finally give a brief outlook on the future development of metal nanoclusters from the viewpoint of controlled synthesis and their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
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59
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Pettibone JM, Hudgens JW. Predictive gold nanocluster formation controlled by metal-ligand complexes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:715-725. [PMID: 22228703 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201101777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The formation of ligand-protected gold nanoclusters during size-selective syntheses is seemingly driven by the inherent properties of the protecting ligands, but a general description of the product formation has not been presented. This study uses diphosphine-protected Au clusters as a model system to examine i) control of metal-ligand complex distributions in methanol-chloroform solutions, ii) role of solution perturbations, e.g., oxidation, and iii) nanocluster formation through reduction of characterized complex distributions. By selectively reducing complexes and monitoring cluster formation with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and UV-vis, data show the distribution of complexes can be controlled through ligand exchange, and the reduction of specific complexes produce characteristic ligated gold clusters based on ligand class. Specifically, 1,n-bis(diphenylphosphino)n-alkane ligands, L(n), where n = 1 through 6, are classified into two distinct sets. The classes represent ligands that either form mainly [AuL(n)(2)](+) (Class I, n = 1-3) or bridged [Au(2)L(n)(2)](2+) (Class II, n = 4-6) complexes after complete ligand exchange with AuClPPh(3). Selectively reducing gold-phosphine ligand complexes allows mapping of product formation, resulting collectively in a predictive tool for ligated gold cluster production by simply monitoring the initial complex distribution prior to reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Pettibone
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
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60
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Spano F, Massaro A, Blasi L, Malerba M, Cingolani R, Athanassiou A. In situ formation and size control of gold nanoparticles into chitosan for nanocomposite surfaces with tailored wettability. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:3911-3917. [PMID: 22288829 DOI: 10.1021/la203893h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The in situ formation of gold nanoparticles into the natural polymer chitosan is described upon pulsed laser irradiation. In particular, hydrogel-type films of chitosan get loaded with the gold precursor, chloroauric acid salt (HAuCl(4)), by immersion in its aqueous solution. After the irradiation of this system with increasing number of ultraviolet laser pulses, we observe the formation of gold nanoparticles with increasing density and decreasing size. Analytical studies using absorption measurements, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the nanocomposite samples throughout the irradiation procedure reveal that under the specific irradiation conditions there are two competing mechanisms responsible for the nanoparticles production: the photoreduction of the precursor responsible for the rising growth of gold particles with increasing size and the subsequent photofragmentation of these particles into smaller ones. The described method allows the localized formation of gold nanoparticles into specific areas of the polymeric films, expanding its potential applications due to its patterning capability. The size and density control of the gold nanoparticles, obtained by the accurate increase of the laser irradiation time, is accompanied by the simultaneously controlled increase of the wettability of the obtained gold nanocomposite surfaces. The capability of tailoring the hydrophilicity of nanocomposite materials based on natural polymer and biocompatible gold nanoparticles provides new potentialities in microfluidics or lab on chip devices for blood analysis or drugs transport, as well as in scaffold development for preferential cells growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Spano
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies @UNILE, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Barsanti, 73010 Arnesano, Lecce, Italy.
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61
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Robinson PSD, Khairallah GN, da Silva G, Lioe H, O'Hair RAJ. Gold-Mediated CI Bond Activation of Iodobenzene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201108502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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62
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Robinson PSD, Khairallah GN, da Silva G, Lioe H, O'Hair RAJ. Gold-Mediated CI Bond Activation of Iodobenzene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:3812-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201108502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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63
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Tsukuda T. Toward an Atomic-Level Understanding of Size-Specific Properties of Protected and Stabilized Gold Clusters. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2012. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20110227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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64
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Johnson GE, Priest T, Laskin J. Charge retention by gold clusters on surfaces prepared using soft landing of mass selected ions. ACS NANO 2012; 6:573-582. [PMID: 22136556 DOI: 10.1021/nn2039565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Monodisperse gold clusters have been prepared on surfaces in different charge states through soft landing of mass-selected ions. Ligand-stabilized gold clusters were prepared in methanol solution by reduction of chloro(triphenylphosphine)gold(I) with borane tert-butylamine complex in the presence of 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane. Electrospray ionization was used to introduce the clusters into the gas phase, and mass selection was employed to isolate a single ionic cluster species (Au(11)L(5)(3+), L = 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane), which was delivered to surfaces at well-controlled kinetic energies. Using in situ time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), it is demonstrated that the Au(11)L(5)(3+) cluster retains its 3+ charge state when soft landed onto the surface of a 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecanethiol self-assembled monolayer (FSAM) on gold. In contrast, when deposited onto 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (COOH-SAM) and 1-dodecanethiol (HSAM) surfaces on gold, the clusters exhibit larger relative abundances of the 2+ and 1+ charge states, respectively. The kinetics of charge reduction on the FSAM and HSAM surfaces are investigated using in situ Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) SIMS. It is shown that an extremely slow interfacial charge reduction occurs on the FSAM surface while an almost instantaneous neutralization takes place on the surface of the HSAM. Our results demonstrate that the size and charge state of small gold clusters on surfaces, both of which exert a dramatic influence on their chemical and physical properties, may be tuned through soft landing of mass-selected ions onto carefully selected substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant E Johnson
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
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65
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Shichibu Y, Kamei Y, Konishi K. Unique [core+two] structure and optical property of a dodeca-ligated undecagold cluster: critical contribution of the exo gold atoms to the electronic structure. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:7559-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc30251a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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66
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Pettibone JM, Hudgens JW. Reaction network governing diphosphine-protected gold nanocluster formation from nascent cationic platforms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:4142-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp22865c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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67
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Donald WA, O'Hair RAJ. Shapeshifting: Ligation by 1,4-cyclohexadiene induces a structural change in Ag5+. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:3185-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt11876a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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68
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Köth A, Tiersch B, Appelhans D, Gradzielski M, Cölfen H, Koetz J. Synthesis of Core-Shell Gold Nanoparticles with Maltose-Modified Poly(Ethyleneimine). J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2010.530084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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69
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Johnson GE, Wang C, Priest T, Laskin J. Monodisperse Au11 Clusters Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass Selected Ions. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8069-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202520p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Grant E. Johnson
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Chongmin Wang
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Thomas Priest
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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70
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Hudgens JW, Pettibone JM, Senftle TP, Bratton RN. Reaction mechanism governing formation of 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane-protected gold nanoclusters. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:10178-89. [PMID: 21928777 DOI: 10.1021/ic2018506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This report outlines the determination of a reaction mechanism that can be manipulated to develop directed syntheses of gold monolayer-protected clusters (MPCs) prepared by reduction of solutions containing 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (L(3)) ligand and Au(PPh(3))Cl. Nanocluster synthesis was initiated by reduction of two-coordinate phosphine-ligated [Au(I)LL'](+) complexes (L, L' = PPh(3), L(3)), resulting in free radical complexes. The [Au(0)LL'](•) free radicals nucleated, forming a broad size distribution of ligated clusters. Timed UV-vis spectroscopy and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry monitored the ligated Au(x), 6 ≤ x ≤ 13, clusters, which comprise reaction intermediates and final products. By employing different solvents and reducing agents, reaction conditions were varied to highlight the largest portion of the reaction mechanism. We identified several solution-phase reaction classes, including dissolution of the gold precursor, reduction, continuous nucleation/core growth, ligand exchange, ion-molecule reactions, and etching of colloids and larger clusters. Simple theories can account for the reaction intermediates and final products. The initial distribution of the nucleation products contains mainly neutral clusters. However, the rate of reduction controls the amount of reaction overlap occurring in the system, allowing a clear distinction between reduction/nucleation and subsequent solution-phase processing. During solution-phase processing, the complexes undergo core etching and core growth reactions, including reactions that convert neutral clusters to cations, in a cyclic process that promotes formation of stable clusters of specific metal nuclearity. These processes comprise "size-selective" processing that can narrow a broad distribution into specific nuclearities, enabling development of tunable syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Hudgens
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA.
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71
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Kamei Y, Shichibu Y, Konishi K. Generation of Small Gold Clusters with Unique Geometries through Cluster-to-Cluster Transformations: Octanuclear Clusters with Edge-sharing Gold Tetrahedron Motifs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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72
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Kamei Y, Shichibu Y, Konishi K. Generation of Small Gold Clusters with Unique Geometries through Cluster-to-Cluster Transformations: Octanuclear Clusters with Edge-sharing Gold Tetrahedron Motifs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:7442-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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73
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74
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Cai X, Chen HH, Wang CL, Chen ST, Lai SF, Chien CC, Chen YY, Kempson IM, Hwu Y, Yang CS, Margaritondo G. Imaging the cellular uptake of tiopronin-modified gold nanoparticles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:809-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4986-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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75
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Pettibone JM, Hudgens JW. Gold cluster formation with phosphine ligands: etching as a size-selective synthetic pathway for small clusters? ACS NANO 2011; 5:2989-3002. [PMID: 21381761 DOI: 10.1021/nn200053b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Triphenylphosphine (PPh(3)) is commonly used during syntheses of stable, closed-shell monolayer protected clusters (MPCs). Models of transition metal (TM) cluster and nanoparticle syntheses commonly assign PPh(3) a passive role as a chemical placeholder, electron balancing species, or surfactant. This study provides the first direct evidence that PPh(3) is a proactive etching agent that promotes the formation of specific closed-shell cluster sizes. To observe this effect, we developed a colorimetric tool that simultaneously monitors size distribution and population of PPh(3)-protected clusters as a function of time. The distribution of the clusters is assigned to different bin sizes by chemical conversion with L(3) (L(3) = 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane): (i) total conversion of PPh(3)-protected Au(8) and Au(9) clusters into [Au(6)L(3)(4)](2+) and (ii) ligand exchange with [Au(x)(PPh(3))(y)](z+) (10 ≤ x ≤ 13) clusters to form L(3)-protected Au(10) and Au(11) clusters. Evolution of the nascent cluster distribution in ethanol and methanol solvent systems was monitored by the colorimetric assay, which revealed a cyclic process of growth and etching reactions around the most stable cluster species to form nearly monodisperse product distributions. We formally define the population growth of specific clusters through cyclic processing of the Au MPCs as "size selective" processing. The current study highlights the need for incorporating bidirectional processing, including relative rate information, into TM kinetic models for ligands with growth and etching efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Pettibone
- Chemical and Biochemical Reference Data Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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76
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Jiang HL, Lin QP, Akita T, Liu B, Ohashi H, Oji H, Honma T, Takei T, Haruta M, Xu Q. Ultrafine Gold Clusters Incorporated into a Metal-Organic Framework. Chemistry 2010; 17:78-81. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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77
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Santiago González B, Rodríguez MJ, Blanco C, Rivas J, López-Quintela MA, Gaspar Martinho JM. One step synthesis of the smallest photoluminescent and paramagnetic PVP-protected gold atomic clusters. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:4217-21. [PMID: 20836542 DOI: 10.1021/nl1026716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Gold atomic clusters of only two and three atoms were prepared by a simple electrochemical technique based on the anodic dissolution of a gold electrode in the presence of PVP, and subsequent electroreduction of the Au-PVP complexes. These clusters show stable photoluminescent and magnetic properties, which make them the smallest and most elemental gold (0) building blocks in nature (after atoms) bringing new possibilities to construct novel nano/microstructures with large potential interest in biomedicine, catalysis, and so forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Santiago González
- Laboratorio de Magnetismo y Nanotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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78
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Pescatori L, Boccia A, Ciesa F, Rossi F, Grillo V, Arduini A, Pochini A, Zanoni R, Secchi A. The Effect of Ligand Denticity in Size-Selective Synthesis of Calix[n]arene-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles: A Multitechnique Approach. Chemistry 2010; 16:11089-99. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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79
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Gruber F, Jansen M. Salt-like Structures of Oligomeric Gold Complexes and Polyoxometalates. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201000237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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80
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Shichibu Y, Konishi K. HCl-induced nuclearity convergence in diphosphine-protected ultrasmall gold clusters: a novel synthetic route to "magic-number" Au13 clusters. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:1216-20. [PMID: 20486140 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200902398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukatsu Shichibu
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science Hokkaido University North 10 West 5, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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81
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Andreiadis ES, Vitale MR, Mézailles N, Le Goff X, Le Floch P, Toullec PY, Michelet V. Chiral undecagold clusters: synthesis, characterization and investigation in catalysis. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:10608-16. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00399a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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82
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Zhao J, Sallard S, Smarsly BM, Gross S, Bertino M, Boissière C, Chen H, Shi J. Photocatalytic performances of mesoporous TiO2 films doped with gold clusters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b919536j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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83
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Dement’eva OV, Skryleva EA, Zaitseva AV, Rudoy VM. Nucleation and growth of gold nanoparticles on adsorption layers and in ultrathin films of poly(2-vinylpyridine). COLLOID JOURNAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x09060040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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84
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Fields-Zinna CA, Sampson JS, Crowe MC, Tracy JB, Parker JF, deNey AM, Muddiman DC, Murray RW. Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Thiolate-Protected Au Nanoparticles NaxAu25(SC2H4Ph)18−y(S(C2H4O)5CH3)y. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:13844-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ja905787y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina A. Fields-Zinna
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, and W. M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Jason S. Sampson
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, and W. M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Matthew C. Crowe
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, and W. M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Joseph B. Tracy
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, and W. M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Joseph F. Parker
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, and W. M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Alexander M. deNey
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, and W. M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - David C. Muddiman
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, and W. M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Royce W. Murray
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, and W. M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
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85
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Wang Z, Cai W, Sui J. Blue Luminescence Emitted from Monodisperse Thiolate-Capped Au11Clusters. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:2012-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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86
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Johnson GE, Mitrić R, Bonačić-Koutecký V, Castleman A. Clusters as model systems for investigating nanoscale oxidation catalysis. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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87
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Pietsch T, Appelhans D, Gindy N, Voit B, Fahmi A. Oligosaccharide-modified dendrimers for templating gold nanoparticles: Tailoring the particle size as a function of dendrimer generation and -molecular structure. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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88
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Zhou R, Shi M, Chen X, Wang M, Chen H. Atomically Monodispersed and Fluorescent Sub-Nanometer Gold Clusters Created by Biomolecule-Assisted Etching of Nanometer-Sized Gold Particles and Rods. Chemistry 2009; 15:4944-51. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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89
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Sengupta B, Ritchie C, Buckman J, Johnsen K, Goodwin P, Petty J. Base-Directed Formation of Fluorescent Silver Clusters. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2008; 112:18776-18782. [PMID: 30319723 PMCID: PMC6178949 DOI: 10.1021/jp804031v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Small silver clusters that form with short oligonucleotides are distinguished by their strong fluorescence. Previous work showed that red and blue/green emitting species form with the cytosine oligonucleotide dC12. To understand how the bases and base sequence influence cluster formation, the blue/green emitting clusters that form with the thymine-containing oligonucleotides dT12, dT4C4T4, and dC4T4C4 are discussed. With dT12 and dT4C4T4, variations in the solution pH establish that the clusters associate with the N3 of thymine. The small clusters are bound to the larger DNA template, as demonstrated by fluorescence anisotropy, circular dichroism, and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) studies. For dT4C4T4, FCS studies showed that approximately 50% of the strands are labeled with the fluorescent clusters. Absorption spectra and the gas dependence of the fluorescence show that nonfluorescent clusters also form following the reduction of the silver cation - oligonucleotide conjugates. Fluorescent cluster formation is favored by oxygen, thus indicating that the DNA-bound clusters are partially oxidized. To elaborate the sequence dependence of cluster formation, dC4T4C4 was studied. Cluster formation depends on the oligonucleotide concentration, and higher concentrations favor a red emitting species. A blue/green emissive species dominates at lower concentrations of dC4T4C4, and it has spectroscopic, physical, and chemical properties that are similar to those of the clusters that form with dT12 and dT4C4T4. These results suggest that cytosine- and thymine-containing oligonucleotides stabilize a preferred emissive silver cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613
| | - Caroline Ritchie
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613
| | - Jenna Buckman
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613
| | - Kenneth Johnsen
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613
| | - Peter Goodwin
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Mail Stop M888, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
| | - Jeffrey Petty
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613
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90
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Johnson GE, Mitrić R, Tyo EC, Bonačić-Koutecký V, Castleman AW. Stoichiometric Zirconium Oxide Cations as Potential Building Blocks for Cluster Assembled Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:13912-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ja803246n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grant E. Johnson
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, and Institut für Chemie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Mitrić
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, and Institut für Chemie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eric C. Tyo
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, and Institut für Chemie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vlasta Bonačić-Koutecký
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, and Institut für Chemie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. W. Castleman
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, and Institut für Chemie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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91
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Köth A, Koetz J, Appelhans D, Voit B. “Sweet” gold nanoparticles with oligosaccharide-modified poly(ethyleneimine). Colloid Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-008-1903-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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92
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Zhu M, Aikens CM, Hollander FJ, Schatz GC, Jin R. Correlating the Crystal Structure of A Thiol-Protected Au25Cluster and Optical Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:5883-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja801173r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1777] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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93
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Zhu M, Lanni E, Garg N, Bier ME, Jin R. Kinetically Controlled, High-Yield Synthesis of Au25Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:1138-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja0782448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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94
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Schulz-Dobrick M, Jansen M. Characterization of Gold Clusters by Crystallization with Polyoxometalates: the Intercluster Compounds [Au9(dpph)4][Mo8O26], [Au9(dpph)4][PW12O40] and [Au11(PPh3)8Cl2]2[W6O19]. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200700210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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95
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Negishi Y, Chaki NK, Shichibu Y, Whetten RL, Tsukuda T. Origin of Magic Stability of Thiolated Gold Clusters: A Case Study on Au25(SC6H13)18. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:11322-3. [PMID: 17715923 DOI: 10.1021/ja073580+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585 Japan
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96
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Bergamini G, Ceroni P, Balzani V, Gingras M, Raimundo JM, Morandi V, Merli PG. Synthesis of small gold nanoparticles: Au(I) disproportionation catalyzed by a persulfurated coronene dendrimer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:4167-9. [PMID: 17925964 DOI: 10.1039/b708115d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles with average diameter of 1.0 nm and narrow size distribution can be easily obtained by disproportionation of Au(+) ions, in the presence of a persulfurated coronene dendrimer that favors encounters between Au(+) ions and protects the resulting small nanoparticles from further aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Bergamini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
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