51
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Armentrout PB. Methane Activation by 5 d Transition Metals: Energetics, Mechanisms, and Periodic Trends. Chemistry 2016; 23:10-18. [PMID: 27466065 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although it has been known for almost three decades that several 5d transition-metal cations will activate methane at room temperature, a more detailed examination of these reactions across the periodic table has only recently been completed. In this Minireview, we compare and contrast studies of the kinetic energy dependence of these reactions as studied using guided-ion-beam tandem mass spectrometry. Thermochemistry for the various products observed (MH+ , MH2+ , MC+ , MCH+ , MCH2+ , and MCH3+ ) are collected and periodic trends evaluated and discussed. The mechanisms for the reactions as elucidated by synergistic quantum chemical calculations are also reviewed. Recent spectroscopic evidence for the structures of the MCH2+ dehydrogenation products are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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52
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Zhou S, Li J, Schlangen M, Schwarz H. Spinabhängige, thermische Aktivierung von Methan durch den geschlossenschaligen Cluster [TaO3
]+. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaodong Zhou
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Jilai Li
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Deutschland
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130023 V.R. China
| | - Maria Schlangen
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Deutschland
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53
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Zhou S, Li J, Schlangen M, Schwarz H. Spin-Selective Thermal Activation of Methane by Closed-Shell [TaO3
]+. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7257-60. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaodong Zhou
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Jilai Li
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130023 P.R. China
| | - Maria Schlangen
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
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54
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Zhou S, Li J, Schlangen M, Schwarz H. Thermal Activation of Methane by [HfO].+and [XHfO]+(X=F, Cl, Br, I) and the Origin of a Remarkable Ligand Effect. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7685-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaodong Zhou
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Jilai Li
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130023 P.R. China
| | - Maria Schlangen
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
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55
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Zhou S, Li J, Schlangen M, Schwarz H. Thermische Aktivierung von Methan durch [HfO].+und [XHfO]+(X=F, Cl, Br, I): ein außergewöhnlicher Ligandeneffekt und dessen Ursache. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaodong Zhou
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Jilai Li
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Deutschland
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130023 VR China
| | - Maria Schlangen
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Deutschland
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56
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Zhou S, Li J, Schlangen M, Schwarz H. Bond Activation by Metal-Carbene Complexes in the Gas Phase. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:494-502. [PMID: 26870872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
"Bare" metal-carbene complexes, when generated in the gas phase and exposed to thermal reactions under (near) single-collision conditions, exhibit rather unique reactivities in addition to the well-known metathesis and cyclopropanation processes. For example, at room temperature the unligated [AuCH2](+) complex brings about efficient C-C coupling with methane to produce C2Hx (x = 4, 6), and the couple [TaCH2](+)/CO2 gives rise to the generation of the acetic acid equivalent CH2═C═O. Entirely unprecedented is the thermal extrusion of a carbon atom from halobenzenes (X = F, Cl, Br, I) by [MCH2](+) (M = La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os) and its coupling with the methylene ligand to deliver C2H2 and [M(X)(C5H5)](+). Among the many noteworthy C-N bond-forming processes, the formation of CH3NH2 from [RhCH2](+)/NH3, the generation of CH2═NH2(+) from [MCH2](+)/NH3 (M = Pt, Au), and the production of [PtCH═NH2](+) from [PtCH2](+)/NH3 are of particular interest. The latter species are likely to be involved as intermediates in the platinum-mediated large-scale production of HCN from CH4/NH3 (the DEGUSSA process). In this context, a few examples are presented that point to the operation of co-operative effects even at a molecular level. For instance, in the coupling of CH4 with NH3 by the heteronuclear clusters [MPt](+) (M = coinage metal), platinum is crucial for the activation of methane, while the coinage metal M controls the branching ratio between the C-N bond-forming step and unwanted soot formation. For most of the gas-phase reactions described in this Account, detailed mechanistic insight has been derived from extensive computational work in conjunction with time-honored labeling and advanced mass-spectrometry-based experiments, and often a coherent description of the experimental findings has been achieved. As for some transition metals, in particular those from the third row, the metal-carbene complexes can be formed directly from methane, coupling of the so-generated [MCH2] species with an inert molecule such as CH4, CO2, or NH3 constitutes a route to activate and functionalize methane under ambient conditions. Clearly, while these gas-phase studies cannot be translated directly to formally related processes in solution or those that occur at a surface, they nevertheless provide a conceptual mechanistic understanding and permit researchers to probe directly the remarkable intrinsic features of these elusive molecules and, in a broader context, help to identify the active site of a catalyst, the so-called "aristocratic atoms".
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodong Zhou
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jilai Li
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Schlangen
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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57
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Bittner DM, Zaleski DP, Tew DP, Walker NR, Legon AC. Highly Unsaturated Platinum and Palladium Carbenes PtC3 and PdC3 Isolated and Characterized in the Gas Phase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3768-71. [PMID: 26879473 PMCID: PMC4797365 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Carbenes of platinum and palladium, PtC3 and PdC3 , were generated in the gas phase through laser vaporization of a metal target in the presence of a low concentration of a hydrocarbon precursor undergoing supersonic expansion. Rotational spectroscopy and ab initio calculations confirm that both molecules are linear. The geometry of PtC3 was accurately determined by fitting to the experimental moments of inertia of twenty-six isotopologues. The results are consistent with the proposal of an autogenic isolobal relationship between O, Au(+) , and Pt atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror M Bittner
- School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Daniel P Zaleski
- School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE1 7RU, UK
- Argonne National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Bldg. 200, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - David P Tew
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Nicholas R Walker
- School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Anthony C Legon
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
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58
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Bittner DM, Zaleski DP, Tew DP, Walker NR, Legon AC. Highly Unsaturated Platinum and Palladium Carbenes PtC 3 and PdC 3 Isolated and Characterized in the Gas Phase. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 128:3832-3835. [PMID: 27478275 PMCID: PMC4950143 DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Carbenes of platinum and palladium, PtC3 and PdC3, were generated in the gas phase through laser vaporization of a metal target in the presence of a low concentration of a hydrocarbon precursor undergoing supersonic expansion. Rotational spectroscopy and ab initio calculations confirm that both molecules are linear. The geometry of PtC3 was accurately determined by fitting to the experimental moments of inertia of twenty-six isotopologues. The results are consistent with the proposal of an autogenic isolobal relationship between O, Au+, and Pt atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror M. Bittner
- School of Chemistry, Bedson BuildingNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and WearNE1 7RUUK
| | - Daniel P. Zaleski
- School of Chemistry, Bedson BuildingNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and WearNE1 7RUUK
- Argonne National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences and Engineering9700 S. Cass Ave., Bldg. 200LemontIL60439USA
| | - David P. Tew
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | - Nicholas R. Walker
- School of Chemistry, Bedson BuildingNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and WearNE1 7RUUK
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59
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Discriminating Properties of Alkali Metal Ions Towards the Constituents of Proteins and Nucleic Acids. Conclusions from Gas-Phase and Theoretical Studies. Met Ions Life Sci 2016; 16:103-31. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21756-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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60
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Zhou S, Li J, Wu XN, Schlangen M, Schwarz H. Au+
-vermittelte, effiziente Kupplung eines Carbenliganden mit Methan: Bildung von C2
H
x
(x=
4, 6) bei Raumtemperatur. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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61
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Zhou S, Li J, Wu XN, Schlangen M, Schwarz H. Efficient Room-Temperature, Au+
-Mediated Coupling of a Carbene Ligand with Methane To Generate C2
H
x
(x=
4, 6). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:441-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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62
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The C N coupling reaction of bimetallic cations [MAu(CH)] + (M = Pt, Ir, Os) with NH 3. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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63
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Li ZY, Hu L, Liu QY, Ning CG, Chen H, He SG, Yao J. CH Bond Activation by Early Transition Metal Carbide Cluster Anion MoC3−. Chemistry 2015; 21:17748-56. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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64
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Li HF, Li ZY, Liu QY, Li XN, Zhao YX, He SG. Methane Activation by Iron-Carbide Cluster Anions FeC6(-). J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:2287-2291. [PMID: 26266606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Laser-ablation-generated and mass-selected iron-carbide cluster anions FeC6(-) were reacted with CH4 in a linear ion trap reactor under thermal collision conditions. The reactions were characterized by mass spectrometry and density functional theory calculations. Adsorption product of FeC6CH4(-) was observed in the experiments. The identified large kinetic isotope effect suggests that CH4 can be activated by FeC6(-) anions with a dissociative adsorption manner, which is further supported by the reaction mechanism calculations. The large dipole moment of FeC6(-) (19.21 D) can induce a polarization of CH4 and can facilitate the cleavage of C-H bond. This study reports the CH4 activation by transition-metal carbide anions, which provides insights into mechanistic understanding of iron-carbon centers that are important for condensed-phase catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Fang Li
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- ‡University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Yu Li
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- ‡University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Yu Liu
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- ‡University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Na Li
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Xia Zhao
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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65
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66
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Schwarz H. Doping Effects in Cluster-Mediated Bond Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:10090-100. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201500649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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67
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Zhou S, Schlangen M, Li J, Wu XN, Schwarz H. Carbon-Atom Extrusion from Halobenzenes and Its Coupling with a Methylene Ligand to Form Acetylene. Chemistry 2015; 21:9629-31. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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68
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Cox RM, Armentrout PB, de Jong WA. Activation of CH4 by Th+ as Studied by Guided Ion Beam Mass Spectrometry and Quantum Chemistry. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:3584-99. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Cox
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Wibe A. de Jong
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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69
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2013. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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70
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Škríba A, Schulz J, Roithová J. Monitoring of Reaction Intermediates in the Gas Phase: Ruthenium-Catalyzed C–C Coupling. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500933w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Škríba
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Schulz
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Roithová
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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71
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Ringger DH, Kobylianskii IJ, Serra D, Chen P. Quantitative Description of Structural Effects on the Stability of Gold(I) Carbenes. Chemistry 2014; 20:14270-81. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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72
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Schwarz H. How and Why Do Cluster Size, Charge State, and Ligands Affect the Course of Metal-Mediated Gas-Phase Activation of Methane? Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201300134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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73
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Kocak A, Sallese Z, Johnston MD, Metz RB. Vibrational Spectroscopy of Co+(CH4)n and Ni+(CH4)n (n = 1–4). J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:3253-65. [DOI: 10.1021/jp500617n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkadir Kocak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Zachary Sallese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Michael D. Johnston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ricardo B. Metz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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74
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Armentrout PB, Parke L, Hinton C, Citir M. Activation of Methane by Os+: Guided-Ion-Beam and Theoretical Studies. Chempluschem 2013; 78:1157-1173. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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