51
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Wang Y, Guo X, Tang M, Wei D. Theoretical Investigations toward the Asymmetric Insertion Reaction of Diazoester with Aldehyde Catalyzed by N-Protonated Chiral Oxazaborolidine: Mechanisms and Stereoselectivity. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:8422-31. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b04793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- The College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Center of Computational Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xiaokang Guo
- The College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Center of Computational Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, P. R. China
| | - Mingsheng Tang
- The College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Center of Computational Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- The College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Center of Computational Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, P. R. China
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52
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Zhang M, Wei D, Wang Y, Li S, Liu J, Zhu Y, Tang M. DFT study on the reaction mechanisms and stereoselectivities of NHC-catalyzed [2 + 2] cycloaddition between arylalkylketenes and electron-deficient benzaldehydes. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 12:6374-83. [PMID: 24940721 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00606b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, two possible mechanisms (mechanisms A and B) on the stereoselective [2 + 2] cycloaddition of aryl(alkyl)ketenes and electron-deficient benzaldehydes catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have been investigated using density functional theory (DFT). Our calculated results indicate that the favorable mechanism (mechanism A) includes three processes: the first step is the nucleophilic attack on the arylalkylketene by the NHC catalyst to form an intermediate, the second step is the [2 + 2] cycloaddition of the intermediate and benzaldehyde for the formation of a β-lactone, and the last step is the dissociation of the NHC catalyst and the β-lactone. Notably, the [2 + 2] cycloaddition, in which two chiral centers associated with four configurations (SS, RR, SR and RS) are formed, is demonstrated to be both the rate- and stereoselectivity-determining step. Moreover, the reaction pathway associated with the SR configuration is the most favorable pathway and leads to the main product, which is in good agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore, the analysis of global and local reactivity indexes has been performed to explain the role of the NHC catalyst in the [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. Therefore, this study will be of great use for the rational design of more efficient catalysts for this kind of cycloaddition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Center of Computational Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, P.R. China.
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53
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Qiu Y. Substituent effects in the Diels-Alder reactions of butadienes, cyclopentadienes, furans and pyroles with maleic anhydride. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongge Qiu
- Department of Chemistry; Hanshan Normal University; Guangdong Province Chaozhou City 521041 China
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54
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Wang Y, Guo X, Wu B, Wei D, Tang M. Mechanistic and stereoselectivity study for the reaction of trifluoropyruvates with arylpropenes catalyzed by a cationic Lewis acid rhodium complex. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra21074g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism and stereoselectivity of a Lewis acid catalyzed carbonyl–ene reaction of trifluoropyruvates with arylpropenes have been investigated using a DFT method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Center of Computational Chemistry
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaokang Guo
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Center of Computational Chemistry
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Bohua Wu
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Center of Computational Chemistry
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Center of Computational Chemistry
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Mingsheng Tang
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Center of Computational Chemistry
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
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55
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López L, Ruiz P, Castro M, Quijano J, Duque-Noreña M, Pérez P, Chamorro E. Understanding the thermal dehydrochlorination reaction of 1-chlorohexane. Revealing the driving bonding pattern at the planar catalytic reaction center. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10152b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The gas-phase thermal decomposition of 1-chlorohexane is rationalized in terms of a two stage one step reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina López
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Medellín
- Colombia
| | - Pablo Ruiz
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Medellín
- Colombia
| | - Manuela Castro
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Medellín
- Colombia
| | - Jairo Quijano
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Medellín
- Colombia
| | - Mario Duque-Noreña
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas
- Millennium Nucleus Chemical Processes and Catalysis
- 8370146 Santiago
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas
- Millennium Nucleus Chemical Processes and Catalysis
- 8370146 Santiago
| | - Eduardo Chamorro
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas
- Millennium Nucleus Chemical Processes and Catalysis
- 8370146 Santiago
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56
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Teixeira F, D. S. Cordeiro MN. Simple descriptors for assessing the outcome of aza-Diels–Alder reactions. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08307a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Taft’s constants are important descriptors for predicting the outcome of aza-Diels–Alder reactions, correctly reproducing the results from DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Teixeira
- REQUIMTE
- Faculty of Sciencies of the University of Porto
- 4169-007 Porto
- Portugal
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57
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Bakalova SM, Gil Santos A. Diels-Alder reactions of chiral isoimidium salts: a computational study. J Org Chem 2014; 79:8202-11. [PMID: 25090582 DOI: 10.1021/jo501407z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently, important efforts have been devoted to asymmetric Diels-Alder (DA) cycloadditions. Several chiral auxiliaries and catalysts were tested, originating a multitude of selectivities. Here, we study the ability of the isoimidium group as a dienophile activator in DA reactions, as well as its behavior in the induction of selectivity, when incorporated in chiral auxiliary units. We study dienophiles attached to isoimidium auxiliaries derived from (2R,5R)-2,5-diphenylpyrrolidine and from (R)-bis((R)-1-phenylethyl)amine, and show that they lead to low activation energies in DA additions to different dienes. Reported experimental regio- and endo/exo selectitivites are also fully rationalized. While diastereoselectivities originated by (2R,5R)-2,5-diphenylpyrrolidine based dienophiles can easily be rationalized by a C2 symmetric transition state, several transition states have to be simultaneously accounted for the rationalization of the selectivity obtained with dienophiles based on (R)-bis((R)-1-phenylethyl)amine. In this case, the C2 symmetric structure leads to opposite selectivities to those experimentally observed. Thus, while the structures of the dienophiles derived from these two amines seem similar, their behavior in the induction of stereoselectivity in DA reactions is quite different. Our models, which substantially differ from those previously proposed in the literature, can also be adapted to other reactions in which this type of chiral auxiliaries is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snezhana M Bakalova
- REQUIMTE, CQFB, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova Lisboa , 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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58
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Wang Y, Wei D, Li Z, Zhu Y, Tang M. DFT study on the mechanisms and diastereoselectivities of Lewis acid-promoted ketene-alkene [2 + 2] cycloadditions: what is the role of Lewis acid in the ketene and C = X (X = O, CH₂, and NH) [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions? J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:4288-300. [PMID: 24874716 DOI: 10.1021/jp500358m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The detailed mechanisms and diastereoselectivities of Lewis acid-promoted ketene-alkene [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions have been studied by density functional theory (DFT). Four possible reaction channels, including two noncatalyzed diastereomeric reaction channels (channels A and B) and two Lewis acid (LA) ethylaluminum dichloride (EtAlCl2) catalyzed diastereomeric reaction channels (channels C and D), have been investigated in this work. The calculated results indicate that channel A (associated with product R-configurational cycloputanone) is more energy favorable than channel B (associated with the other product S-configurational cyclobutanone) under noncatalyzed condition, but channel D leading to S-configurational cyclobutanone is more energy-favorable than channel C, leading to R-configurational cycloputanone under a LA-promoted condition, which is consistent with the experimental results. And Lewis acid can make the energy barrier of ketene-alkene [2 + 2] cycloaddition much lower. In order to explore the role of LA in ketene and C = X (X = O, CH2, and NH) [2 + 2] cycloadditions, we have tracked and compared the interaction modes of frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) along the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) under the two different conditions. Besides by reducing the energy gap between the FMOs of the reactants, our computational results demonstrate that Lewis acid lowers the energy barrier of the ketene and C = X [2 + 2] cycloadditions by changing the overlap modes of the FMOs, which is remarkably different from the traditional FMO theory. Furthermore, analysis of global reactivity indexes has also been performed to explain the role of LA catalyst in the ketene-alkene [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Center of Computational Chemistry, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, P.R. China
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59
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Li Z, Wei D, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Tang M. DFT Study on the Mechanisms and Stereoselectivities of the [4 + 2] Cycloadditions of Enals and Chalcones Catalyzed by N-Heterocyclic Carbene. J Org Chem 2014; 79:3069-78. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500194d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Li
- The College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Center of Computational Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, P.R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- The College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Center of Computational Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- The College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Center of Computational Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Zhu
- The College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Center of Computational Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, P.R. China
| | - Mingsheng Tang
- The College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Center of Computational Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, P.R. China
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60
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Li Y, Fang DC. DFT calculations on kinetic data for some [4+2] reactions in solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:15224-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02068e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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61
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Bakalova SM, Santos AG. Can Diels-Alder Reactions Lead to trans-Fused Products? A Computational Study of the Competitive [4+2] and [2+4] Cycloaddition of Dienes to α-Aryl-Substituted Cyclohexenones. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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62
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Teixeira F, Melo A, Cordeiro MND. Aza-Diels–Alder addition of cyclopentadiene to propynyliminoglyoxylates. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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63
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Zhang W, Zhu Y, Wei D, Li Y, Tang M. Theoretical investigations toward the [4 + 2] cycloaddition of ketenes with N-benzoyldiazenes catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbenes: mechanism and enantioselectivity. J Org Chem 2012; 77:10729-37. [PMID: 23153290 DOI: 10.1021/jo302044n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to provide the first detailed computational study on the mechanism and enantioselectivity for the [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of ketenes with N-benzoyldiazenes catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). Two possible mechanisms have been studied: first is the "ketene-first" mechanism (mechanism A), and second is the novel "diazene-first" mechanism (mechanism B). The calculated results reveal that mechanism B is more favorable than mechanism A because it is not only of lower energy barrier but also more consistent with the provided general experimental procedure (Huang, X.-L.; He, L.; Shao, P.-L.; Ye, S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.2009, 48, 192-195). The enantioselectivity-determining step is demonstrated to present during the first process of cycloaddition, and the main product configuration is verified to agree with the experimental ee values very well. This study should be of some worth on forecasting how different substituent groups of catalysts and/or reactants affect the enantioselectivity of products. The obtained novel mechanistic insights should be valuable for not only rational design of more efficient NHC catalysts but also understanding the general reaction mechanism of [4 + 2] cycloaddition of ketenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhang
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, P. R. China
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64
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Chattaraj PK, Duley S, Domingo LR. Understanding local electrophilicity/nucleophilicity activation through a single reactivity difference index. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:2855-61. [PMID: 22388637 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob06943a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A local reactivity difference index R(k) is shown to be able to predict the local electrophilic and/or nucleophilic activation within an organic molecule. Together with the electrophilic and/or nucleophilic behavior of the center k given by the sign, the magnitude of the R(k) index accounts for the extent of the electronic activation, a behavior that allows for the use of the R(k) index as a measure of the molecular reactivity especially in polar processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratim K Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
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65
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Terrier F, Dust JM, Buncel E. Dual super-electrophilic and Diels–Alder reactivity of neutral 10π heteroaromatic substrates. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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66
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Zhang W, Zhu Y, Wei D, Tang M. Mechanisms of the cascade synthesis of substituted 4-amino-1,2,4-triazol-3-one from huisgen zwitterion and aldehyde hydrazone: A DFT study. J Comput Chem 2012; 33:715-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.22906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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67
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Das TK, Salampuria S, Banerjee M. DFT study of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine imines with electron deficient dipolarophiles acrylonitrile, methylpropenoate, and dimethylmaleate. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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68
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Ramasami P, A. Joule J, Rhyman L, Jhaumeer-Laulloo S, R. Domingo L. Computational Assessment of 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Nitrile Oxides with Ethene and [60]Fullerene. HETEROCYCLES 2012. [DOI: 10.3987/com-11-s(p)46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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69
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Abstract
The nucleophilicity N index (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 4615), the inverse of the electrophilicity, 1/ω, and the recently proposed inverse of the electrodonating power, 1/ω⁻, (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 4957) have been checked toward (i) a series of single 5-substituted indoles for which rate constants are available, (ii) a series of para-substituted phenols, and for (iii) a series of 2,5-disubstituted bicyclic[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-dienes which display concurrently electrophilic and nucleophilic behaviors. While all considered indices account well for the nucleophilic behavior of organic molecules having a single substitution, the nucleophilicity N index works better for more complex molecules. Unlike, the inverse of the electrophilicity, 1/ω, (R(2) = 0.71), and the inverse of the electrodonating power, 1/ω⁻ (R(2) = 0.83), a very good correlation of the nucleophilicity N index of twelve 2-substituted-6-methoxy-bicyclic[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-dienes versus the activation energy associated with the nucleophilic attack on 1,1-dicyanoethylene is found (R(2) = 0.99). This comparative study allows to assert that the nucleophilicity N index is a measure of the nucleophilicity of complex organic molecules displaying concurrently electrophilic and nucleophilic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Domingo
- Universidad de Valencia, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Dr Moliner 50, E-46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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70
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
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71
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72
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Benchouk W, Mekelleche SM, Silvi B, Aurell MJ, Domingo LR. Understanding the kinetic solvent effects on the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of benzonitrile N-oxide: a DFT study. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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73
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Wei D, Zhu Y, Zhang C, Sun D, Zhang W, Tang M. A DFT study on enantioselective synthesis of aza-β-lactams via NHC-catalyzed [2+2] cycloaddition of ketenes with diazenedicarboxylates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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74
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Computational DFT study of the 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of 1-phenylethyl-trans-2-methyl nitrone to styrene and 1-phenylethyl nitrone to allyl alcohol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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75
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Bentabed-Ababsa G, Derdour A, Roisnel T, Sáez JA, Pérez P, Chamorro E, Domingo LR, Mongin F. A combined experimental and theoretical study of the polar [3 + 2] cycloaddition of electrophilically activated carbonyl ylides with aldehydes and imines. J Org Chem 2010; 74:2120-33. [PMID: 19199802 DOI: 10.1021/jo8027104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerous 2,5-diaryl-1,3-dioxolane-4,4-dicarbonitriles and 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazolidine-5,5-dicarbonitriles have been synthesized by [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions between carbonyl ylides generated from epoxides and aldehydes or imines. In contrast to the use of aldehydes (3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde, piperonal, 1-naphthaldehyde, indole-3-carboxaldehyde, furan-2-carboxaldehyde, and thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde), the reactions performed with imines (N-(phenylmethylene)methanamine, N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethylene)propylamine, N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethylene)butylamine, and N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethylene)benzylamine) proceed diastereoselectively. The effect of microwave irradiation on the outcome of the reaction was studied. The mechanism of these [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions has been theoretically investigated using DFT methods. These cycloadditions, which have one-step mechanisms, consist of the nucleophilic attack of the aldehyde oxygen or imine nitrogen on the carbonyl ylide. For the reaction with aldehydes, a back-donation effect is responsible for the unexpected reverse charge transfer found at the transition structure. The analysis of the reactivity indexes indicates that the large electrophilic character of the carbonyl ylides induces them to act as strong electrophiles in these polar [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghenia Bentabed-Ababsa
- Chimie et Photonique Moléculaires, UMR 6510 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Campus Scientifique de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France
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76
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Cao X, Qin S, Su Z, Yang H, Hu C, Feng X. Theoretical Study on Hetero-Diels-Alder Reaction of Butadiene with Benzaldehyde Catalyzed by Chiral InIII Complexes. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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77
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Zhang C, Zhu Y, Wei D, Sun D, Zhang W, Tang M. Theoretical Study on the Reaction Mechanism between 6-Benzyl-6-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene and Benzoyl Isocyanate to Urea and Isourea. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:2913-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp910173d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhang
- Center of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Zhu
- Center of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- Center of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Dongzhen Sun
- Center of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Center of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Mingsheng Tang
- Center of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, P. R. China
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78
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Abstract
The concept of net electrophilicity (electroaccepting power relative to electrodonating power) is introduced. It provides expected trends in most cases. A net electrophilicity scale is presented. Various reactivity descriptors for 32 molecules are calculated at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d) level of theory. Profiles of net electrophilicity along the reaction paths of thermoneutral, exothermic, endothermic, and cycloaddition reactions are analyzed. Net electrophilicity often attains its minimum value for a stable state or a favorable reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Theoretical Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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79
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Bongini A, Panunzio M, Venturini A. Silyloxyazadienes: one intermediate and two competitive pericyclic reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:5067-73. [DOI: 10.1039/b925351c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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80
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Sharma P, Kumar A, Sahu V. Theoretical Evaluation of Global and Local Electrophilicity Patterns to Characterize Hetero-Diels−Alder Cycloaddition of Three-Membered 2H-Azirine Ring System. J Phys Chem A 2009; 114:1032-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9088222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Sharma
- School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Takshashila Campus, Indore, MP 452 001, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Takshashila Campus, Indore, MP 452 001, India
| | - Vinita Sahu
- School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Takshashila Campus, Indore, MP 452 001, India
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81
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Das TK, Banerjee M. DFT study of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides with maleimide, maleic anhydride, methylacrylate and some simple substituted alkenes. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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82
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Stereoselectivity of the aza-Diels–Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and protonated phenylethylimine derived from glyoxylates. A density functional theory study. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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83
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Chamorro E, Duque-Noreña M, Pérez P. Further relationships between theoretical and experimental models of electrophilicity and nucleophilicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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84
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Donoso-Tauda O, Aizman A, Escobar CA, Santos JC. Substituent effects in the mechanism of mono-substituted acetylene trimerization: A topological analysis of the electron localization function. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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85
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Pérez P, Domingo LR, Duque-Noreña M, Chamorro E. A condensed-to-atom nucleophilicity index. An application to the director effects on the electrophilic aromatic substitutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2008.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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86
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Chamorro E, Duque-Noreña M, Pérez P. A comparison between theoretical and experimental models of electrophilicity and nucleophilicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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87
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Domingo LR, Chamorro E, Pérez P. Understanding the reactivity of captodative ethylenes in polar cycloaddition reactions. A theoretical study. J Org Chem 2008; 73:4615-24. [PMID: 18484771 DOI: 10.1021/jo800572a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 695] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The electrophilic/nucleophilic character of a series of captodative (CD) ethylenes involved in polar cycloaddition reactions has been studied using DFT methods at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory. The transition state structures for the electrophilic/nucleophilic interactions of two CD ethylenes toward a nucleophilically activated ethylene, 2-methylene-1,3-dioxolane, and an electrophilically activated ethylene, 1,1-dicyanoethyelene, have been studied, and their electronic structures have been characterized using both NBO and ELF methods. Analysis of the reactivity indexes of the CD ethylenes explains the reactivity of these species. While the electrophilicity of the molecules accounts for the reactivity toward nucleophiles, it is shown that a simple index chosen for the nucleophilicity, Nu, based on the HOMO energy is useful explaining the reactivity of these CD ethylenes toward electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Domingo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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88
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Bentabed-Ababsa G, Derdour A, Roisnel T, Sáez JA, Domingo LR, Mongin F. Polar [3 + 2] cycloaddition of ketones with electrophilically activated carbonyl ylides. Synthesis of spirocyclic dioxolane indolinones. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:3144-57. [DOI: 10.1039/b804856h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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