Density Functional Calculations of NMR Chemical Shifts with the Inclusion of Spin−Orbit Coupling in Tungsten and Lead Compounds

NMR shielding calculations across the periodic table: diamagnetic uranium compounds. 2. Ligand and metal NMR

In this and a previous article (J. Phys. Chem. A 2000, 104, 8244), the range of application for relativistic density functional theory (DFT) is extended to the calculation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) shieldings and chemical shifts in diamagnetic actinide compounds. Two relativistic DFT methods are used, ZORA ("zeroth-order regular approximation") and the quasirelativistic (QR) method. In the given second paper, NMR shieldings and chemical shifts are calculated and discussed for a wide range of compounds. The molecules studied comprise uranyl complexes, [UO(2)L(n)](+/-)(q); UF(6); inorganic UF(6) derivatives, UF(6-n)Cl(n), n = 0-6; and organometallic UF(6) derivatives, UF(6-n)(OCH(3))(n), n = 0-5. Uranyl complexes include [UO(2)F(4)](2-), [UO(2)Cl(4)](2-), [UO(2)(OH)(4)](2-), [UO(2)(CO(3))(3)](4-), and [UO(2)(H(2)O)(5)](2+). For the ligand NMR, moderate (e.g., (19)F NMR chemical shifts in UF(6-n)Cl(n)) to excellent agreement [e.g., (19)F chemical shift tensor in UF(6) or (1)H NMR in UF(6-n)(OCH(3))(n)] has been found between theory and experiment. The methods have been used to calculate the experimentally unknown (235)U NMR chemical shifts. A large chemical shift range of at least 21,000 ppm has been predicted for the (235)U nucleus. ZORA spin-orbit appears to be the most accurate method for predicting actinide metal chemical shifts. Trends in the (235)U NMR chemical shifts of UF(6-n)L(n) molecules are analyzed and explained in terms of the calculated electronic structure. It is argued that the energy separation and interaction between occupied and virtual orbitals with f-character are the determining factors.

Ab initio molecular dynamics-based assignment of the protonation state of pepstatin A/HIV-1 protease cleavage site

A recent 13C NMR experiment (Smith et al. Nature Struct. Biol. 1996, 3, 946-950) on the Asp 25-Asp25' dyad in pepstatin A/HIV-1 protease measured two separate resonance lines, which were interpreted as being a singly protonated dyad. We address this issue by performing ab initio molecular dynamics calculations on models for this site accompanied by calculations of 13C NMR chemical shifts and isotopic shifts. We find that already on the picosecond time-scale the model proposed by Smith et al. is not stable and evolves toward a different monoprotonated form whose NMR pattern differs from the experimental one. We suggest, instead, a different protonation state in which both aspartic groups are protonated. Despite the symmetric protonation state, the calculated 13C NMR properties are in good agreement with the experiment. We rationalize this result using a simple valence bond model, which explains the chemical inequality of the two C sites. The model calculations, together with our calculations on the complex, allow also the rationalization of 13C NMR properties on other HIV-1 PR/inhibitor complexes. Both putative binding of the substrate to the free enzyme, which has the dyad singly protonated (Piana, S.; Carloni, P. Proteins: Struct., Funct., Genet. 2000, 39, 26-36), and pepstatin A binding to the diprotonated form are consistent with the inverse solvent isotope effect on the onset of inhibition of pepsin by pepstatin and the kinetic iso-mechanism proposed for aspartic proteases (Cho, T.-K.; Rebholz, K.; Northrop, D.B. Biochemistry 1994, 33, 9637-9642).