51
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Wu L, Zang J, Lee LA, Niu Z, Horvatha GC, Braxtona V, Wibowo AC, Bruckman MA, Ghoshroy S, zur Loye HC, Li X, Wang Q. Electrospinning fabrication, structural and mechanical characterization of rod-like virus-based composite nanofibers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm00078k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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52
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Wang Y, Tran HD, Kaner RB. Applications of Oligomers for Nanostructured Conducting Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010; 32:35-49. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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53
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Soto CM, Ratna BR. Virus hybrids as nanomaterials for biotechnology. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2010; 21:426-38. [PMID: 20688511 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The current review describes advances in the field of bionanotechnology in which viruses are used to fabricate nanomaterials. Viruses are introduced as protein cages, scaffolds, and templates for the production of biohybrid nanostructured materials where organic and inorganic molecules are incorporated in a precise and a controlled fashion. Genetic engineering enables the insertion or replacement of selected amino acids on virus capsids for uses from bioconjugation to crystal growth. The variety of nanomaterials generated in rod-like and spherical viruses is highlighted for tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), M13 bacteriophage, cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), and cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV). Functional biohybrid nanomaterials find applications in biosensing, memory devices, nanocircuits, light-harvesting systems, and nanobatteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa M Soto
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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54
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Kaur G, Wang C, Sun J, Wang Q. The synergistic effects of multivalent ligand display and nanotopography on osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow stem cells. Biomaterials 2010; 31:5813-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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55
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Pan L, Qiu H, Dou C, Li Y, Pu L, Xu J, Shi Y. Conducting polymer nanostructures: template synthesis and applications in energy storage. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:2636-57. [PMID: 20717527 PMCID: PMC2920557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11072636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 05/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conducting polymer nanostructures have received increasing attention in both fundamental research and various application fields in recent decades. Compared with bulk conducting polymers, conducting polymer nanostructures are expected to display improved performance in energy storage because of the unique properties arising from their nanoscaled size: high electrical conductivity, large surface area, short path lengths for the transport of ions, and high electrochemical activity. Template methods are emerging for a sort of facile, efficient, and highly controllable synthesis of conducting polymer nanostructures. This paper reviews template synthesis routes for conducting polymer nanostructures, including soft and hard template methods, as well as its mechanisms. The application of conducting polymer mesostructures in energy storage devices, such as supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Pan
- National Laboratory of Microstructures (Nanjing), Key Laboratory of Advanced Photonic and Electronic Materials of Jiangsu Province, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- National Laboratory of Microstructures (Nanjing), Key Laboratory of Advanced Photonic and Electronic Materials of Jiangsu Province, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chunmeng Dou
- National Laboratory of Microstructures (Nanjing), Key Laboratory of Advanced Photonic and Electronic Materials of Jiangsu Province, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Li
- National Laboratory of Microstructures (Nanjing), Key Laboratory of Advanced Photonic and Electronic Materials of Jiangsu Province, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lin Pu
- National Laboratory of Microstructures (Nanjing), Key Laboratory of Advanced Photonic and Electronic Materials of Jiangsu Province, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianbin Xu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hongkong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Shi
- National Laboratory of Microstructures (Nanjing), Key Laboratory of Advanced Photonic and Electronic Materials of Jiangsu Province, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu Province, China
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56
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Manocchi AK, Seifert S, Lee B, Yi H. On the thermal stability of surface-assembled viral-metal nanoparticle complexes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:7516-7522. [PMID: 20155984 DOI: 10.1021/la904324h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biological supramolecules offer attractive templates for nanoparticle synthesis and nanodevice fabrication because of their precise size and shape. Viruses in particular have gained significant attention in nanodevice fabrication for applications such as nanoelectronics, batteries, catalysis, and sensing. However, the performance range of these viral-nanoparticle complexes is not well known because of the lack of fundamental studies on their properties. In this work, we employ in situ grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) to examine the thermal stability of viral-nanoparticle complexes composed of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and palladium nanoparticles. Specifically, we show that the stability of the Pd nanoparticles on TMV is significantly enhanced as compared to that of particles on the solid substrate surface. Furthermore, we show that the agglomeration of Pd nanoparticles and the degradation of the TMV templates are coupled and occur simultaneously. These results demonstrate a potent methodology toward the in situ analysis of subtle changes in viral-nanoparticle complexes in dynamic environments. We envision that the results and methodology demonstrated in this study could be applied to better understand the properties and dynamic behaviors of organic-inorganic hybrid materials and nanodevices in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Manocchi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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57
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Li T, Niu Z, Suthiwangcharoen N, Li R, Prevelige PE, Wang Q. Polymer-virus core-shell structures prepared via co-assembly and template synthesis methods. Sci China Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-0013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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58
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Ishihara Y, Kimura S. Nanofiber formation of amphiphilic cyclic tri-β-peptide. J Pept Sci 2010; 16:110-4. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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59
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Bruckman MA, Liu J, Koley G, Li Y, Benicewicz B, Niu Z, Wang Q. Tobacco mosaic virus based thin film sensor for detection of volatile organic compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm00634c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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60
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Dedeo MT, Duderstadt KE, Berger JM, Francis MB. Nanoscale protein assemblies from a circular permutant of the tobacco mosaic virus. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:181-186. [PMID: 19924865 DOI: 10.1021/nl9032395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The protein coat of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has been explored extensively for the construction of nanoscale architectures. In previous work, we have reported efficient TMV-based light harvesting systems bearing chromophores in a hollow channel of the assembled protein. We have also reported an N-terminal transamination/oximation method that could be used to attach electrodes and catalytic groups to the exterior surface of the rods. To complement these techniques, we report herein a new circular permutant of the TMV capsid protein that repositions the N- and C-termini to the center of the assemblies. This protein can be produced in very high yield through E. coli expression and self-assembles into light harvesting rods that are much like those assembled from the wild-type protein. However, the disks formed from the permutant structure are stable over a significantly wider pH range, greatly improving the practicality of this assembled form for materials applications. The new position of the N-terminus allows functional groups to be installed in the inner pore of the disks, affording geometries reminiscent of natural photosynthetic systems. The permutant also shows the ability to coassemble with regular monomers, allowing the future generation of multicomponent rod structures that are modified on the exterior and interior surfaces, as well as in the internal RNA channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel T Dedeo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
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61
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Kaur G, Valarmathi MT, Potts JD, Jabbari E, Sabo-Attwood T, Wang Q. Regulation of osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow stromal cells on 2D nanorod substrates. Biomaterials 2009; 31:1732-41. [PMID: 20022632 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) possess multi-lineage differentiation potential and can be induced to undergo differentiation into various cell types with the correct combination of chemical and environmental factors. Although, they have shown great prospects in therapeutic and medical applications, less is known about their behavior on nanosurfaces mimicking the extra cellular matrix (ECM). In this report we have employed 2D substrates coated with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) nanorods to study the differentiation process of BMSCs into osteoblast like cells. TMV is a rod-shaped plant virus with an average length of 300 nm and diameter of 18 nm. The osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs on TMV was studied over time points of 7, 14 and 21 days. We examined the temporal gene expression changes during these time points by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis. As expected, osteo-specific genes (osteocalcin, osteopontin and osteonectin) were upregulated and showed a maximum change in expression on TMV at 14 days which was 7 days earlier than on tissue culture plastic (TCP). Based on the genes expression profile generated by RT-qPCR experiments, we proposed that the early interaction of cells with TMV triggers on signaling pathways which regulate speedy expression of osteocalcin in turn, resulting in early mineralization of the cells. To further investigate these regulating factors we studied global changes in gene expression (DNA microarray analyses) during osteogenic differentiation on the nanosubstrate. Multitudes of genes were affected by culturing cells on nanorod substrate, which corroborated our initial PCR findings. Microarray analysis further revealed additional targets influenced by the presence of nanorods on the surface, of which, the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) was of particular interests. Further investigation into the temporal change of BMP2, revealed that it acts as a major promoter in signaling the early regulation of osteocalcin on TMV coated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Nanocenter, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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62
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Layer-by-layer self-assembly of conducting multilayer film from poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) and polyaniline. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 337:155-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 04/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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63
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Li T, Wu L, Suthiwangcharoen N, Bruckman MA, Cash D, Hudson JS, Ghoshroy S, Wang Q. Controlled assembly of rodlike viruses with polymers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:2869-71. [PMID: 19436893 DOI: 10.1039/b901995b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A practical method to assemble rodlike tobacco mosaic virus and bateriophage M13 with polymers was developed, which afforded a 3D core-shell composite with morphological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Nanocenter, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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64
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He J, Niu Z, Tangirala R, Wang JY, Wei X, Kaur G, Wang Q, Jutz G, Böker A, Lee B, Pingali SV, Thiyagarajan P, Emrick T, Russell TP. Self-assembly of tobacco mosaic virus at oil/water interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:4979-4987. [PMID: 19397351 DOI: 10.1021/la803533n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The oil/water interfacial assembly of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has been studied in situ by tensiometry and small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS and SANS). TMV showed different orientations at the perfluorodecalin/water interface, depending on the initial TMV concentration in the aqueous phase. At low TMV concentration, the rods oriented parallel to the interface, mediating the interfacial interactions at the greatest extent per particle. At high TMV concentrations, the rods were oriented normal to the interface, mediating the interfacial interactions and also neutralizing inter-rod electrostatic repulsion. We found that the inter-rod repulsive forces between TMVs dominated the in-plane packing, which was strongly affected by the ionic strength and the bulk solution but not by the pH in the range of pH = 6-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo He
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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65
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Rong J, Oberbeck F, Wang X, Li X, Oxsher J, Niu Z, Wang Q. Tobacco mosaic virus templated synthesis of one dimensional inorganic–polymer hybrid fibres. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b901130g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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66
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Tan WS, Lewis CL, Horelik NE, Pregibon DC, Doyle PS, Yi H. Hierarchical assembly of viral nanotemplates with encoded microparticles via nucleic acid hybridization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:12483-12488. [PMID: 18834199 DOI: 10.1021/la802089q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate hierarchical assembly of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-based nanotemplates with hydrogel-based encoded microparticles via nucleic acid hybridization. TMV nanotemplates possess a highly defined structure and a genetically engineered high density thiol functionality. The encoded microparticles are produced in a high throughput microfluidic device via stop-flow lithography (SFL) and consist of spatially discrete regions containing encoded identity information, an internal control, and capture DNAs. For the hybridization-based assembly, partially disassembled TMVs were programmed with linker DNAs that contain sequences complementary to both the virus 5' end and a selected capture DNA. Fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and confocal microscopy results clearly indicate facile assembly of TMV nanotemplates onto microparticles with high spatial and sequence selectivity. We anticipate that our hybridization-based assembly strategy could be employed to create multifunctional viral-synthetic hybrid materials in a rapid and high-throughput manner. Additionally, we believe that these viral-synthetic hybrid microparticles may find broad applications in high capacity, multiplexed target sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wui Siew Tan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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67
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Wang X, Niu Z, Li S, Wang Q, Li X. Nanomechanical characterization of polyaniline coated tobacco mosaic virus nanotubes. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 87:8-14. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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68
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Li T, Niu Z, Emrick T, Russell TP, Wang Q. Core/shell biocomposites from the hierarchical assembly of bionanoparticles and polymer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:1624-1629. [PMID: 18819135 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200800403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Nanocenter, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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69
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Tran HD, Wang Y, D'Arcy JM, Kaner RB. Toward an understanding of the formation of conducting polymer nanofibers. ACS NANO 2008; 2:1841-8. [PMID: 19206423 DOI: 10.1021/nn800272z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Introducing small amounts of additives into polymerization reactions to produce conducting polymers can have a profound impact on the resulting polymer morphology. When an oligomer such as aniline dimer is added to the polymerization of aniline, the nanofibers produced are longer and less entangled than those typically observed. The addition of aniline dimer can even induce nanofiber formation under synthetic conditions that generally do not favor a nanofibrillar morphology. This finding can be extended to both the synthesis of polythiophene and polypyrrole nanofibers. The traditional oxidative polymerization of thiophene or pyrrole only produces agglomerated particles. However, when minute amounts of thiophene or pyrrole oligomers are added to the reaction, the resulting polymers possess a nanofibrillar morphology. These results reveal important insights into a semirigid rod nucleation phenomenon that has hitherto been little explored. When polyaniline nucleates homogeneously, surface energy requirements necessitate the formation of ordered nuclei which leads to the directional polymerization of aniline. This ultimately leads to the one-dimensional nanofibrillar morphology observed in the final product. The synthetic procedures developed here are simple, scalable, and do not require any templates or other additives that are not inherent to the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry D Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
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70
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Wargacki SP, Pate B, Vaia RA. Fabrication of 2D ordered films of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV): processing morphology correlations for convective assembly. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:5439-5444. [PMID: 18435550 DOI: 10.1021/la7040778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Biological colloids, and in particular viruses, have demonstrated substantial potential as scaffolds for nanoparticle arrays. However, the large-area, low-cost, and rapid assembly of viruses, such as by traditional colloidal processing techniques, is not well-established. Systematic exploration of processing space (virus concentration, assembly speed, and substrate surface energy) for the convective assembly method enables the fabrication of films of rod-shaped viruses (tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) with a high degree of long-range order. Monolayer assemblies several centimeters in length are comprised of TMV aligned parallel to the direction of assembly. Increasing TMV concentration and reducing assembly speed resulted in well-ordered viral layering ( N = 2 to N = 12); however, the top virus layer exhibits varying degrees of in-plane disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Wargacki
- Air Force Research Laboratory, WPAFB, Ohio, and Universal Technology Corporation, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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71
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Bruckman MA, Kaur G, Lee LA, Xie F, Sepulveda J, Breitenkamp R, Zhang X, Joralemon M, Russell TP, Emrick T, Wang Q. Surface Modification of Tobacco Mosaic Virus with “Click” Chemistry. Chembiochem 2008; 9:519-23. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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72
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Evans DJ. The bionanoscience of plant viruses: templates and synthons for new materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b804305a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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73
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Young M, Willits D, Uchida M, Douglas T. Plant viruses as biotemplates for materials and their use in nanotechnology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2008; 46:361-84. [PMID: 18473700 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.032508.131939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, plant virus capsids, the protein shells that form the surface of a typical plant virus particle, have emerged as useful biotemplates for material synthesis. All virus capsids are assembled from virus-coded protein subunits. Many plant viruses assemble capsids with precise 3D structures providing nanoscale architectures that are highly homogeneous and can be produced in large quantities. Capsids are amenable to both genetic and chemical modifications allowing new functions to be incorporated into their structure by design. The three capsid surfaces, the interior surface, the exterior surface, or the interface between coat protein subunits, can be independently functionalized to produce multifunctional biotemplates. In this review, we examine the recent advances in using plant virus capsids as biotemplates for nanomaterials and their potential for applications in nanotechnology, especially medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Young
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University-Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA.
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74
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Koch MHJ, Bras W. Synchrotron radiation studies of non-crystalline systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b703892p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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75
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Lee B, Lo CT, Thiyagarajan P, Winans RE, Li X, Niu Z, Wang Q. Effect of interfacial interaction on the cross-sectional morphology of tobacco mosaic virus using GISAXS. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:11157-63. [PMID: 17894508 DOI: 10.1021/la7009989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of the interfacial interaction on the cross-sectional morphology of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in solution and on two types of solid substrates, SiOx (polar) on Si(100) and polystyrene film (nonpolar) on Si(100), using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS), respectively. Results reveal that the flexible chains at the outer surface of TMV either expand or contract depending on the nature of the substrate. Although the unfavorable interaction between the TMV and the PS causes a minimal effect, the stronger attractive interaction between the outer protein surface of TMV and the SiOx substrate induces pronounced deformation of its cross-sectional morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongdu Lee
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.
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