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Datta S, Bhattacharya S. Multifarious facets of sugar-derived molecular gels: molecular features, mechanisms of self-assembly and emerging applications. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:5596-637. [PMID: 26023922 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00093a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable capability of nature to design and create excellent self-assembled nano-structures, especially in the biological world, has motivated chemists to mimic such systems with synthetic molecular and supramolecular systems. The hierarchically organized self-assembly of low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs) based on non-covalent interactions has been proven to be a useful tool in the development of well-defined nanostructures. Among these, the self-assembly of sugar-derived LMWGs has received immense attention because of their propensity to furnish biocompatible, hierarchical, supramolecular architectures that are macroscopically expressed in gel formation. This review sheds light on various aspects of sugar-derived LMWGs, uncovering their mechanisms of gelation, structural analysis, and tailorable properties, and their diverse applications such as stimuli-responsiveness, sensing, self-healing, environmental problems, and nano and biomaterials synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sougata Datta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
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52
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Sivaramakrishna D, Swamy MJ. Self-Assembly, Supramolecular Organization, and Phase Behavior of L-Alanine Alkyl Esters (n = 9-18) and Characterization of Equimolar L-Alanine Lauryl Ester/Lauryl Sulfate Catanionic Complex. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:9546-9556. [PMID: 26291838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A homologous series of l-alanine alkyl ester hydrochlorides (AEs) bearing 9-18 C atoms in the alkyl chain have been synthesized and characterized with respect to self-assembly, supramolecular structure, and phase transitions. The CMCs of AEs bearing 11-18 C atoms were found to range between 0.1 and 10 mM. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) studies showed that the transition temperatures (Tt), enthalpies (ΔHt) and entropies (ΔSt) of AEs in the dry state exhibit odd-even alternation, with the odd-chain-length compounds having higher Tt values, but the even-chain-length homologues showing higher values of ΔHt and ΔSt. In DSC measurements on hydrated samples, carried out at pH 5.0 and pH 10.0 (where they exist in cationic and neutral forms, respectively), compounds with 13-18 C atoms in the alkyl chain showed sharp gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transitions, and odd-even alternation was not seen in the thermodynamic parameters. The molecular structure, packing properties, and intermolecular interactions of AEs with 9 and 10 C atoms in the alkyl chain were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction, which showed that the alkyl chains are packed in a tilted interdigitated bilayer format. d-Spacings obtained from powder X-ray diffraction studies exhibited a linear dependence on the alkyl chain length, suggesting that the other AEs also adopt an interdigitated bilayer structure. Turbidimetric, fluorescence spectroscopic, and isothermal titration calorimetric (ITC) studies established that in aqueous dispersions l-alanine lauryl ester hydrochloride (ALE·HCl) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) form an equimolar complex. Transmission electron microscopic and DSC studies indicate that the complex exists as unilamellar liposomes, which exhibit a sharp phase transition at ∼39 °C. The aggregates were disrupted at high pH, suggesting that the catanionic complex would be useful to develop a base-labile drug delivery system. ITC studies indicated that ALE·HCl forms a strong complex with DNA, suggesting that the AEs may find use in DNA therapeutics as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sivaramakrishna
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad-500 046, India
| | - Musti J Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad-500 046, India
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53
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Zhong DC, Liao LQ, Wang KJ, Liu HJ, Luo XZ. Heat-set gels formed from easily accessible gelators of a succinamic acid derivative (SAD) and a primary alkyl amine (R-NH2). SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:6386-6392. [PMID: 26118365 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01305d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the design and construction of an intelligent stimuli-responsive gel system is still a significant challenge. We present here a new gel system from which the formation of heat-set gels, conventional gels and irreversible heat-set gels can be achieved in aromatic solvents. This gel system is based on two-component gelators containing a succinamic acid derivative (SAD) and a primary alkyl amine (R-NH2). With the increase of temperature to 85 °C, a rarely reported reversible heat-set gel (gel formation with the increase of temperature) is afforded. Upon addition of fatty acids into two-component gelators, a conventional gel (gel formation with the decrease of temperature) is formed. When the fatty acid is replaced with dicarboxylic acid, a new heat-set gel is generated, which is irreversible and thermally super-stable. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the formation of a reversible heat-set gel relies on electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions. These two-component gelators show a perfect gel system for the formation of diverse gels including heat-set gels, conventional gels and irreversible heat-set gels. The tunable strategy demonstrated in this letter may provide a new way for creation of more functional gels in gel science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-Chang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
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54
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Soumya S, Seth S, Paul S, Samanta A. Contrasting Response of Two Dipolar Fluorescence Probes in a Leucine-Based Organogel and Its Implications. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:2440-6. [PMID: 26073751 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironments of a leucine-based organogel are probed by monitoring the fluorescence behavior of coumarin 153 (C153) and 4-aminophthalimide (AP). The steady-state data reveals distinctly different locations of the two molecules in the gel. Whereas AP resides close to the hydroxyl moieties of the gelator and engages in hydrogen-bonding interactions, C153 is found in bulk-toluene-like regions. In contrast to C153, AP exhibits excitation-wavelength-dependent emission, indicating that the environments of the hydrogen-bonded AP molecules are not all identical. A two-component fluorescence decay of AP in gel, unlike C153, supports this model. A time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy study of the rotational motion of the molecules also reveals the strong association of only AP with the gelator. That AP influences the critical gelation concentration implies its direct involvement in the gel-formation process. The results highlight the importance of guest-gelator interactions in gels containing guest molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivalingam Soumya
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046 (India)
| | - Sudipta Seth
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046 (India)
| | - Sneha Paul
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046 (India)
| | - Anunay Samanta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046 (India).
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55
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Novel approach in determination of ionic conductivity and phase transition temperatures in gel electrolytes based on Low Molecular Weight Gelators. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.06.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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56
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Maršavelski A, Smrečki V, Vianello R, Žinić M, Moguš-Milanković A, Šantić A. Supramolecular Ionic-Liquid Gels with High Ionic Conductivity. Chemistry 2015; 21:12121-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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57
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Bielejewski M, Puszkarska A, Tritt-Goc J. Thermal Properties, Conductivity, and Spin-lattice Relaxation of Gel Electrolyte Based on Low Molecular Weight Gelator and Solution of High Temperature Ionic Liquid. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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58
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Wang D, Niu J, Wang Z, Jin J. Monoglyceride-based organogelator for broad-range oil uptake with high capacity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:1670-1674. [PMID: 25604733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oil/water separation has been a worldwide subject because of increasing release of oil-containing wastewater as well as several marine oil spills. The phase-selective organogelators (PSOGs) are thought to offer a potential and effective implement for addressing this issue. An ideal PSOG for oil adsorption must fulfill some requirements involving effective gelation, easy synthesis, low cost, and recyclable for reuse. However, beyond those, the ability of gelation for a broad-range oil phase without selectivity is also important. However, most of the reported PSOGs have limitation in this respect thus far. In this paper, a new class of saturated 1-monoglyceride-derived organogelators can efficiently uptake almost all of the common fuel oils from water and gelate organic solvents with extremely low minimum gelation concentration (MGC). In addition, the oils in the gel and gelator molecules can be recovered quantitatively through simple vacuum distillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Nano-Bionics Division and i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People's Republic of China
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Tanaka A, Fukuoka Y, Morimoto Y, Honjo T, Koda D, Goto M, Maruyama T. Cancer cell death induced by the intracellular self-assembly of an enzyme-responsive supramolecular gelator. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:770-5. [PMID: 25521540 DOI: 10.1021/ja510156v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report cancer cell death initiated by the intracellular molecular self-assembly of a peptide lipid, which was derived from a gelator precursor. The gelator precursor was designed to form nanofibers via molecular self-assembly, after cleavage by a cancer-related enzyme (matrix metalloproteinase-7, MMP-7), leading to hydrogelation. The gelator precursor exhibited remarkable cytotoxicity to five different cancer cell lines, while the precursor exhibited low cytotoxicity to normal cells. Cancer cells secrete excessive amounts of MMP-7, which converted the precursor into a supramolecular gelator prior to its uptake by the cells. Once inside the cells, the supramolecular gelator formed a gel via molecular self-assembly, exerting vital stress on the cancer cells. The present study thus describes a new drug where molecular self-assembly acts as the mechanism of cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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60
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Yu Q, Fan M, Li D, Song Z, Cai M, Zhou F, Liu W. Thermoreversible gel lubricants through universal supramolecular assembly of a nonionic surfactant in a variety of base lubricating liquids. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:15783-15794. [PMID: 25111146 DOI: 10.1021/am502832z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present paper investigates a new type of thermoreversible gel lubricant obtained by supramolecular assembly of low-molecular-weight organic gelator (LMWG) in different base oils. The LMWG is a nonionic surfactant with polar headgroup and hydrophobic tail that can self-assemble through collective noncovalent intermolecular interactions (H-bonding, hydrophobic interaction) to form fibrous structures and trap base oils (mineral oils, synthetic oils, and water) in the as-formed cavities. The gel lubricants are fully thermoreversible upon heating-up and cooling down and exhibit thixotropic characteristics. This makes them semisolid lubricants, but they behave like oils. The tribological test results disclosed that the LMWG could also effectively reduce friction and wear of sliding pairs compared with base oils without gelator. It is expected that when being used in oil-lubricated components, such as gear, rolling bearing, and so on, gel lubricant may effectively avoid base oil leak and evaporation loss and so is a benefit to operation and lubrication failure for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangliang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
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61
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Cheng N, Hu Q, Bi Y, Xu W, Gong Y, Yu L. Gels and lyotropic liquid crystals: using an imidazolium-based catanionic surfactant in binary solvents. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:9076-9084. [PMID: 25025546 DOI: 10.1021/la502024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly behavior of an imidazolium-based catanionic surfactant, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dodecylsulfate ([C4mim][C12H25SO4]), was investigated in water-ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) mixed solvents with different volume ratios. It is particular interesting that this simple surfactant could not only form lyotropic liquid crystals (LLC) with multimesophases, i.e., normal hexagonal (H1), lamellar liquid crystal (Lα), and reverse bicontinuous cubic phase (V2), in the water-rich environment but also act as an efficient low-molecular-weight gelator (LMWG) which gelated EAN-abundant binary media in a broad concentration range. The peculiar nanodisk cluster morphology of gels composed of similar bilayer units was first observed. FT-IR spectra and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that strong H bonding and electrostatic interactions between EAN and the headgroups of [C4mim][C12H25SO4] are primarily responsible for gelation. The self-assembled gels displayed excellent mechanical strength and a thermoreversible sol-gel transition. It is for the first time that a rich variety of controllable ordered aggregates could be observed only by simply modulating the concentration of a single imidazolium-based catanionic surfactant or the ratio of mixed solvents. This environmentally friendly system is expected to have broad applications in various fields, such as materials science, drug delivery systems, and supramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education , Jinan 250100, PR China
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62
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Nagasawa J, Wakahara S, Matsumoto H, Kihara H, Yoshida M. Effects of polyethylene spacer length in polymeric electrolytes on gelation of ionic liquids and ionogel properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun'ichi Nagasawa
- Nanosystem Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Sonoko Wakahara
- Nanosystem Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Hajime Matsumoto
- Research Institute for Ubiquitous Energy Devices, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Ikeda Osaka 563-8577 Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kihara
- Nanosystem Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Masaru Yoshida
- Nanosystem Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
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63
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Ishioka Y, Minakuchi N, Mizuhata M, Maruyama T. Supramolecular gelators based on benzenetricarboxamides for ionic liquids. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:965-971. [PMID: 24652194 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52363b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular gelators comprising 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acids and amino acid methyl esters (glycine, L-alanine, L-valine, L-leucine, L-methionine, and L-phenylalanine) for ionic liquids were developed. Ten types of ionic liquids were gelated using the above-mentioned gelators at relatively low concentrations. Field emission-scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy analyses revealed that these gelators self-assembled into an entangled fibrous structure in ionic liquids, leading to the gelation of the ionic liquids. Comparison studies, involving compounds analogous to the gelators, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements suggested that hydrogen bonding played a key role in the self-assembly of the gelator molecules. The ionogels displayed reversible thermal transition characteristics and viscoelastic properties typical of a gel. The gelation of the ionic liquids studied under a wide range of gelator concentrations did not affect the intrinsic conductivity of the ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Ishioka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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64
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Ono F, Watanabe H, Shinkai S. Structural optimization of super-gelators derived from naturally-occurring mannose and their morphological diversity. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03096f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannose derivatives with various alkoxy substituents are able to gelate organic solvents and protic solvents. These gelators impart transparency, stability and thixotropic behavior to the gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiyasu Ono
- Advanced Materials Research Laboratory
- Collaborative Research Division
- Art, Science and Technology Center for Cooperative Research
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hisayuki Watanabe
- Advanced Materials Research Laboratory
- Collaborative Research Division
- Art, Science and Technology Center for Cooperative Research
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Seiji Shinkai
- Institute of Systems, Information Technologies and Nanotechnologies (ISIT)
- Fukuoka, Japan
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65
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Gao L, Xu D, Zheng B. Construction of supramolecular organogels and hydrogels from crown ether based unsymmetric bolaamphiphiles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:12142-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06048b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bolaamphiphilic low-molecular-weight gelators based on crown ethers, which could form organogels and hydrogels, were prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Gao
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Donghua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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66
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Qi Z, Traulsen NL, Malo de Molina P, Schlaich C, Gradzielski M, Schalley CA. Self-recovering stimuli-responsive macrocycle-equipped supramolecular ionogels with unusual mechanical properties. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:503-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41523f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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67
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Solvent-induced molecular gel formation at room temperature and the preparation of related gel-emulsions. Sci China Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-013-4869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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68
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Mukai M, Minamikawa H, Aoyagi M, Asakawa M, Shimizu T, Kogiso M. A hydro/organo/hybrid gelator: A peptide lipid with turning aspartame head groups. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 395:154-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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