Solution properties of xanthan. 1. Dynamic and static light scattering from native and modified xanthans in dilute solutions

Characterisation of the polysaccharide produced by Acetobacter xylinum strain CR1/4 by light scattering and atomic force microscopy

The molecular weight of the extracellular polysaccharide (CR1/4) produced by Acetobacter xylinum strain CR1/4 has been shown to be dependent upon growth conditions. Under normal growth conditions a high molecular weight polysaccharide ( > 1 x 10(6) Da) is produced. Maintaining the pH at 5 results in an order of magnitude increase in the total yield of polysaccharide, but also an order of magnitude decrease in molecular weight. Analysis of the CR1/4 polysaccharides by the techniques of atomic force microscopy and static light scattering suggests that they are double helices. In solution the molecules behave as stiff coils with a Kuhn statistical segment length of 325 nm.

Conformations and flexibility of native and re-natured xanthan in aqueous solutions

The conformation and flexibility of sonicated 'native' and 're-natured' xanthan have been investigated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with coupled multi-angle light scattering and viscosity detectors. 'Native' xanthan (NX) refers to xanthan dissolved in moderate ionic strength aqueous solution, which has not been exposed either to high temperature or very low ionic strength, and 're-natured' xanthan (RX) here refers to xanthan which has been heated above the conformational melting temperature and then recooled. The mass distributions of the NX and RX are virtually identical, implying that the RX does not involve aggregates of, or disassociated fragments of, NX. The flexibilities and conformations between NX and RX, however, are strikingly different; RX is far stiffer than NX, the persistence lengths being roughly 1000 A and 300 A, respectively, and the mass per unit length M/L of the RX is roughly double that of NX. With estimated M/L of 200 Da/A and 98 Da/A, respectively, the results strengthen the notion that RX is double stranded, whereas as NX appears single stranded. The nature and mechanism of formation of the double-stranded form is still unclear, and a few speculative scenarios are suggested. Finally, preliminary results on the kinetics of xanthan self-association in HCI are presented which illustrate the complexity of such processes in xanthan.

Imaging polysaccharides by atomic force microscopy

Techniques have been developed for the routine reliable imaging of polysaccharides by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The polysaccharides are deposited from aqueous solution onto the surface of freshly cleaved mica, air dried, and then imaged under alcohols. The rationale behind the development of the methodology is described and data is presented for the bacterial polysaccharides xanthan, acetan, and the plant polysaccharides l-carrageenan and pectin. Studies on uncoated polysaccharides have demonstrated the improved resolution achievable when compared to more traditional metal-coated samples or replicas. For acetan the present methodology has permitted imaging of the helical structure. Finally, in addition to data obtained on individual polysaccharides, AFM images have also been obtained of the network structures formed by kappa-carrageenan and gellan gum.

Physicochemical characterization of an acetan variant secreted by Acetobacter xylinum strain CR1/4

Chemical mutagenesis has been used to produce mutants of Acetobacter xylinum NRRL B42 that are cellulose-negative and that produce variants of the acetan structure deficient in the side-chain sugar residues. The product of A. xylinum strain CR1/4 has been shown to possess a tetrasaccharide repeat unit with the side chain terminating in glucuronic acid. X-ray diffraction studies of oriented fibres suggest that the polysaccharide CR1/4 forms a fivefold helix with a pitch of 4.8 nm. Light-scattering studies on CR1/4 solutions suggest a molecular weight of 1.2 x 10(6) with radii of gyration values of 86 nm (aqueous solution) and 67 nm (0.1 M NaCl solution). The magnitude of the measured radii of gyration and the shape of the Holtzer plots suggest that CR1/4 can be described as a stiff coil. Preliminary differential scanning calorimetry data show melting behaviour consistent with order-disorder transitions of a charged helical structure. Rheological studies have revealed new synergistic interactions of CR1/4 with locust bean gum. Comparative studies of acetan and CR1/4 show that decreasing the length of the side chain enhances the solution viscosity.

Physicochemical properties of aqueous xanthan solutions: static light scattering

The secondary structure of xanthan in solutions of relatively low salt concentration and at room temperature has been investigated using static light scattering experiments. Additional evidence has been found for a dimeric structure at 25 degrees C in 0.01 M NaCl. From the experimental z-average mean square (ms) radius of gyration, a value for the persistence length p has been estimated, taking explicitly into account the polydispersity of the three samples used, which has been established by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) measurements. The experimental particle scattering functions of the three samples are consistent with theoretical estimates for polydisperse systems with the same value of p = 65 +/- 10 nm and the molar mass per unit length for a dimeric structure. This secondary structure remains unaffected by the ionic strength in the 0.005-0.01 M range. Partial aggregation seems to occur at higher NaCl concentrations. Light scattering and GPC data show that heating the xanthan 0.01 M NaCl solutions to about 70 degrees C considerably reduces the Mw of the low molar mass sample (2.3 x 10(5) g.mol-1), contrary to what is observed for the high molar mass sample (1.8 x 10(6) g.mol-1). These experimental findings can be accounted for by a partial temperature-induced dissociation of the xanthan dimers according to an all-or-none mechanism.

Conformation, order-disorder conformational transitions and gelation of non-crystalline polysaccharides studied using electron microscopy

Direct imaging of polysaccharides using transmission electron microscopy (EM) is an important alternative to physical characterization of non-crystalline polysaccharides in solution. The polymer nature of stiff-chain polysaccharides is quite apparent from direct visualization of the electron micrographs, despite the fact that commonly employed preparation techniques reduce the resolution limit to about 1-2 nm. Electron microscopy has recently been used to study polysaccharides with emphasis both on quantitative properties like contour length, end-to-end distance and chain stiffness, and on qualitative structural features such as cyclization at the macromolecular level. The structural richness observed for polysaccharides of the beta-D0glucan family after a denaturation-renaturation treatment of the specimen, in particular, illustrates the unique potential of EM as a tool for obtaining conformational information about carbohydrate macromolecules. Examples of the latter also include the recent discoveries of cyclic beta-D-glucan and l-carrageenan structures. The EM technique provides information that is not only complementary to what can be obtained using other physical techniques, but also offers important insight otherwise masked by the averaging implicit in most physical techniques used to study aqueous polysaccharide solutions.

Investigations of the architecture of tamarind seed polysaccharide in aqueous solution by different scattering techniques

The architecture of tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP) has been investigated by light scattering (LS), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and synchrotron radiation scattering (SRSAXS). The experimental data show that TSP in aqueous solution consists of multi stranded aggregates, with a high degree of particle stiffness. The angular dependence of the scattered intensity is typical for wormlike chains. Data evaluation on the basis of this model yields a statistical Kuhn segment length lK = 150 nm. The cross sectional radius of gyration is estimated as Rgcs = 6.0 +/- 0.5 A, which is more than twice the value, published for single stranded polysaccharides. Correspondingly, the experimental value of the linear mass density, measured by LS, is about five times higher than the theoretical value calculated from the primary structure.

Structure and solution properties of tamarind-seed polysaccharide

The major polysaccharide in tamarind seed is a galactoxyloglucan for which the ratios galactose:xylose:glucose are 1:2:25:2.8. A minor polysaccharide (2-3%) contains branched (1----5)-alpha-L-arabinofuranan and unbranched (1----4)-beta-D-galactopyranan features. Small-angle X-ray scattering experiments gave values for the cross-sectional radius of the polymer in aqueous solution that were typical of single-stranded molecules. Marked stiffness of the chain (C infinity 110) was deduced from static light-scattering studies and is ascribed partially to the restriction of the motion of the (1----4)-beta-D-glucan backbone by its extensive (approximately 80%) glycosylation. The rigidity of the polymer caused significant draining effects which heavily influenced the hydrodynamic behaviour. The dependence of "zero-shear" viscosity on concentration was used to characterise "dilute" and "semi-dilute" concentration regimes. The marked dependence on concentration in the "semi-dilute" region was similar to that for other stiff neutral polysaccharide systems, ascribed to "hyper-entanglements", and it is suggested that these may have arisen through a tenuous alignment of stiffened chains.

Direct measurement of forces between linear polysaccharides xanthan and schizophyllan

Direct osmotic stress measurements have been made of forces between helices of xanthan, an industrially important charged polysaccharide. Exponentially decaying hydration forces, much like those already measured between lipid bilayer membranes or DNA double helices, dominate the interactions at close separation. Interactions between uncharged schizophyllans also show the same kind of hydration force seen between xanthans. In addition to the practical possibilities for modifying solution and suspension properties through recognition and control of molecular forces, there is now finally the opportunity for theorists to relate macroscopic properties of a polymer solution to the microscopic properties that underlie them.

Influence of acetyl and pyruvate substituents on the solution properties of xanthan polysaccharide

Xanthan, an exocellular polysaccharide produced by the plant pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris has been the subject of considerable interest in recent years because of its unusual rheological properties in solution ('weak gel') and consequent range of applications. The polymer consists of a cellulosic backbone with trisaccharide side chains linked to alternate backbone residues; acetyl and pyruvate substituents are carried in variable amounts on these side chains. In this study a series of xanthans differing in the percentage of substituent groups and in molecular weight range have been prepared by culturing a variety of different strains of X. campestris. All of the xanthans have been characterized by a range of physicochemical techniques. In particular, the intrinsic viscosities at low shear rates, and at a range of ionic strengths, have been determined and the geometric persistence lengths evaluated by the Smidsrød-Haug method. Intensity light scattering measurements have been made using the procedure of Coviello and co-workers to promote molecular dispersion. Despite significant differences in the acetyl and pyruvate contents, the molecular weight vs mean square radius behaviour of our samples did not differ substantially from each other or from those reported for other xanthan samples in the literature. The persistence length, determined by the method of Schmidt et al. (120 +/- 8 nm) was also, within experimental error, the same for all the samples measured. These values differed considerably from those calculated from the ionic strength dependence of intrinsic viscosity (the Smidsrød-Haug method) was reported by Tinland and Rinaudo and calculated for our samples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The reliability of wormlike polysaccharide chain dimensions estimated from electron micrographs

Electron micrographs of alginate, xylinan, xanthan, and scleroglucan were prepared by vacuum-drying aqueous glycerol-containing solutions, and then heavy-metal, low-angle rotary replicated. Quantitative methods for excluding streamlining effects and deformation artifacts were developed and applied to the digitized polymer contours prior to analysis of stiffness. The apparent macromolecular dimensionalities were not obtainable on the basis of the change in the scaling coefficient alpha relating the rms end-to-end distance and the contour length, mean value of r2(1/2) approximately L alpha, for chains subject to the excluded volume effect in two and three dimensions. Using a two-dimensional model, the persistence length of these molecules was estimated to be (9 +/- 1) nm (alginate), (25 +/- 4) nm (xylinan), (30 +/- 4) nm (single-stranded xanthan), (68 +/- 7) nm (double-stranded xanthan), and (80 +/- 10) nm (scleroglucan). Monte Carlo calculations for wormlike chains close to an interacting surface or confined to the region between two surfaces showed that (1) strongly adsorbed molecules are essentially two-dimensional and (2) molecules restricted to the space between two surfaces separated by a distance less than 20% of the persistence length are two-dimensional in their directional correlation. The somewhat low estimates of the persistence lengths obtained from the electron micrographs compared with those reported from solution measurements can be accounted for by the adoption of a strictly two-dimensional model in the analysis, whereas the absorbed polymers are most likely intermediate between the two-and three-dimensional cases. The model calculations and the analysis of the electron micrographs suggest that stiffness parameters are obtainable from the electron micrographs when the proper theoretical description are used in the analysis.

Influence of charged groups on the conformational stability of succinoglycan in dilute aqueous solution

Viscosity, optical activity, and differential scanning calorimetry data clearly point out that partial and/or total removal of charged substituent groups, i.e. succinate and pyruvyl residues, from succinoglycan lead to water soluble derivatives exhibiting a higher stability order----disorder conformational changes with respect to the native polysaccharide. The new succinoglycan derivatives also exhibit very little, if any, hysteresis upon 'renaturation' (cooling) as opposed to the case of the parent polymer. The absence of ionized groups is thus beneficial, thermodynamically and kinetically, to the attainment in dilute aqueous solution of an ordered conformation by the uncharged succinoglycan backbone, as allowed by the regular enchainment of its constituent sugar residues.

Long-term storage of xanthan in seawater at elevated temperature: physical dimensions and chemical composition of degradation products

Commercial xanthan and xanthan from Xanthomonas strain 646 produced in the laboratory have been subjected to heat treatment for various periods of time in oxygen depleted, high salinity, aqueous solutions. Both the viscosity and the carbohydrate content decreased with increasing incubation time at a specified temperature. The losses increased with increasing temperature. Data from electron micrographs and dialysable sugar content indicate that random cleavage of the double-stranded xanthan chain is the main mechanism responsible for the decreasing viscosity. Removal of pyruvate and acetate substituents on the side chains was apparently not related to the change in physical dimensions. The mannose/glucose ratio in the non-diffusible fraction decreased with incubation time, apparently not related to change in physical dimensions. Electron micrographs showed that one of the samples appeared as highly aggregated in the native condition. After 1 month at 80 degrees C, we observed that the aggregates had dissolved and that the viscosity had increased fivefold. This suggests that heat treatment can be used to avoid microgels and to obtain higher viscosifying power of the native xanthan.