51
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Nan YX, Hu XL, Larsen-Olsen TT, Andreasen B, Tromholt T, Andreasen JW, Tanenbaum DM, Chen HZ, Krebs FC. Generation of native polythiophene/PCBM composite nanoparticles via the combination of ultrasonic micronization of droplets and thermocleaving from aqueous dispersion. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:475301. [PMID: 22049152 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/47/475301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the preparation of native polythiophene (n-PT)/[6, 6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) composite nanoparticles from a poly[3-(2-methylhex-2-yl)oxy-carbonyldithiophene] (P3MHOCT)/PCBM aqueous dispersion prepared from an ultrasonically generated emulsion. The subsequent steps involve both ultrasonic generation of microdroplets in argon as a carrier gas and drying followed by thermocleaving of the P3MHOCT component in the gas phase. The chemical transition from P3MHOCT to n-PT was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The morphology and size of n-PT/PCBM nanoparticles were determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM), small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and grazing incidence SAXS (GISAXS), giving an average size of ∼ 140 nm. The GISAXS results reveal that n-PT/PCBM nanoparticles pack in an ordered structure as opposed to the P3MHOCT/PCBM nanoparticles. The successful vapour-phase preparation of phase-separated n-PT/PCBM nanoparticles provides a new route to all-aqueous processing of conjugated materials relevant to efficient polymer solar cells with long operational stability. The use of ultrasound was involved in both liquid and gas phases demonstrating it as a low-cost processing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xiong Nan
- Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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52
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Vandenbergh J, Dergent J, Conings B, Gopala Krishna T, Maes W, Cleij TJ, Lutsen L, Manca J, Vanderzande DJ. Synthesis and characterization of water-soluble poly(p-phenylene vinylene) derivatives via the dithiocarbamate precursor route. Eur Polym J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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53
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Burke KB, Stapleton AJ, Vaughan B, Zhou X, Kilcoyne ALD, Belcher WJ, Dastoor PC. Scanning transmission x-ray microscopy of polymer nanoparticles: probing morphology on sub-10 nm length scales. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:265710. [PMID: 21586810 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/26/265710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Water-processable nanoparticle dispersions of semiconducting polymers offer an attractive approach to the fabrication of organic electronic devices since they offer: (1) control of nanoscale morphology and (2) environmentally friendly fabrication. Although the nature of phase segregation in these polymer nanoparticles is critical to device performance, to date there have been no techniques available to directly determine their intra-particle structure, which consequently has been poorly understood. Here, we present scanning transmission x-ray microscopy (STXM) compositional maps for nanoparticles fabricated from poly(9,9-dioctyl-fluorene-2,7-diyl-co-bis-N, N'-(4-butylphenyl)-bis-N, N'-phenyl-1,4-phenylenedi-amine) (PFB) and poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diyl-co-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) 1:1 blend mixtures. The images show distinct phase segregation within the nanoparticles. The compositional data reveals that, within these nanoparticles, PFB and F8BT segregate into a core-shell morphology, with an F8BT-rich core and a PFB-rich shell. Structural modelling demonstrates that the STXM technique is capable of quantifying morphological features on a sub-10 nm length scale; below the spot size of the incident focused x-ray beam. These results have important implications for the development of water-based 'solar paints' fabricated from microemulsions of semiconducting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry B Burke
- Centre for Organic Electronics, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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54
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Andersen TR, Larsen-Olsen TT, Andreasen B, Böttiger APL, Carlé JE, Helgesen M, Bundgaard E, Norrman K, Andreasen JW, Jørgensen M, Krebs FC. Aqueous processing of low-band-gap polymer solar cells using roll-to-roll methods. ACS NANO 2011; 5:4188-96. [PMID: 21513333 DOI: 10.1021/nn200933r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous nanoparticle dispersions of a series of three low-band-gap polymers poly[4,8-bis(2-ethylhexyloxy)benzo(1,2-b:4,5-b')dithiophene-alt-5,6-bis(octyloxy)-4,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)-5,5'-diyl] (P1), poly[(4,4'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]silole)-2,6-diyl-alt-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)-4,7-diyl] (P2), and poly[2,3-bis-(3-octyloxyphenyl)quinoxaline-5,8-diyl-alt-thiophene-2,5-diyl] (P3) were prepared using ultrasonic treatment of a chloroform solution of the polymer and [6,6]-phenyl-C(61)-butyric acid methyl ester ([60]PCBM) mixed with an aqueous solution of sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS). The size of the nanoparticles was established using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) of the aqueous dispersions and by both atomic force microscopy (AFM) and using both grazing incidence SAXS (GISAXS) and grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) in the solid state as coated films. The aqueous dispersions were dialyzed to remove excess detergent and concentrated to a solid content of approximately 60 mg mL(-1). The formation of films for solar cells using the aqueous dispersion required the addition of the nonionic detergent FSO-100 at a concentration of 5 mg mL(-1). This enabled slot-die coating of high quality films with a dry thickness of 126 ± 19, 500 ± 25, and 612 ± 22 nm P1, P2, and P3, respectively for polymer solar cells. Large area inverted polymer solar cells were thus prepared based on the aqueous inks. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) reached for each of the materials was 0.07, 0.55, and 0.15% for P1, P2, and P3, respectively. The devices were prepared using coating and printing of all layers including the metal back electrodes. All steps were carried out using roll-to-roll (R2R) slot-die and screen printing methods on flexible substrates. All five layers were processed using environmentally friendly methods and solvents. Two of the layers were processed entirely from water (the electron transport layer and the active layer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Andersen
- Solar Energy Programme, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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55
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Park EJ, Erdem T, Ibrahimova V, Nizamoglu S, Demir HV, Tuncel D. White-emitting conjugated polymer nanoparticles with cross-linked shell for mechanical stability and controllable photometric properties in color-conversion LED applications. ACS NANO 2011; 5:2483-92. [PMID: 21443258 DOI: 10.1021/nn103598q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis and characterization of water-dispersible, mechanically stable conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) in shelled architecture with tunable emission and controllable photometric properties via cross-linking. Using a reprecipitation method, white-emitting polymer nanoparticles are prepared in different sizes by varying the concentration of polymer; the emission kinetics are tuned by controlling the shell formation. For this purpose, polyfluorene derivatives containing azide groups are selected that can be decomposed under UV light to generate very reactive species, which opportunely facilitate the inter- and intra-cross-linking of polymer chains to form shells. Nanoparticles before and after UV treatment are characterized by various techniques. Their size and morphologies are determined by using dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements and imaging techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). For optical characterization, UV-vis and steady-state and time-resolved fluorescent spectroscopies are performed. Solid-state behaviors of these CPNs are also investigated by forming films through drop-casting. Moreover, the photometric calculations are also performed for films and dispersions to determine the color quality. A device has been constructed to show proof-of-principle white light generation from these nanoparticles. Additionally, mechanical stability studies are performed and demonstrated that these nanoparticles are indeed mechanically stable by removing the solvent after cross-linking using a freeze-dryer and redispersing in water and THF. Optical and imaging data confirm that the redispersed particles preserve their shapes and sizes after cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Park
- Department of Chemistry, UNAM, National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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56
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Abstract
Rylene dyes functionalized with varying numbers of phenyl trifluorovinylether (TFVE) moieties were subjected to a thermal emulsion polymerization to yield shape-persistent, water-soluble chromophore nanoparticles. Perylene and terrylene diimide derivatives containing either two or four phenyl TFVE functional groups were synthesized and subjected to thermal emulsion polymerization in tetraglyme. Dynamic light scattering measurements indicated that particles with sizes ranging from 70 - 100 nm were obtained in tetraglyme, depending on monomer concentration. The photophysical properties of individual monomers were preserved in the nanoemulsions and emission colors could be tuned between yellow, orange, red, and deep red. The nanoparticles were found to retain their shape upon dissolution into water and the resulting water suspensions displayed moderate to high fluorescence quantum yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha L Andrew
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
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57
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Pecher
- Chemical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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58
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Kuehne AJC, Weitz DA. Highly monodisperse conjugated polymer particles synthesized with drop-based microfluidics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:12379-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc14251h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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59
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60
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Xu X, He C, Li L, Ma N, Li Y. Surface modification and shape adjustment of polymer semiconductor nanowires. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm04296j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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61
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Oh HS, Liu S, Jee H, Baev A, Swihart MT, Prasad PN. Chiral Poly(fluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole) (PFBT) and Nanocomposites with Gold Nanoparticles: Plasmonically and Structurally Enhanced Chirality. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:17346-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja107064a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heong Sub Oh
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Sha Liu
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - HongSub Jee
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Alexander Baev
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Mark T. Swihart
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Paras N. Prasad
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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62
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Zheng C, Xu X, He F, Li L, Wu B, Yu G, Liu Y. Preparation of high-quality organic semiconductor nanoparticle films by solvent-evaporation-induced self-assembly. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:16730-16736. [PMID: 20942425 DOI: 10.1021/la103449q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductor nanoparticles are expected to be used in organic optical and electronic devices due to their unique optical and electrical properties. However, no method has been reported for the preparation of high-quality organic nanoparticle films without remaining additives and being capable of dealing with binary nanoparticle blends. We developed a simple approach to fabricate high-quality organic semiconductor nanoparticle films from their aqueous solutions by solvent-evaporation-induced self-assembly. Only volatile solvents are employed in the nanoparticle solutions, so the self-assembled nanoparticle films are free of additives. Moreover, this method is also suitable for fabricating thin films containing binary nanoparticles. Therefore, it paves the way for potential applications of organic semiconductor nanoparticles in nanoscale optical and electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metal and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
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63
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Zhuang D, Hogen-Esch TE. Controlled Emission through Fluorescent Polymer Nanopigments. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100525k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Zhuang
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661
| | - Thieo E. Hogen-Esch
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661
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64
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Abstract
The field of organic electronics has progressed rapidly in recent years. However, understanding the direct structure-function relationships between the morphology in electrically active layers and the performance of devices composed of these materials has proven difficult. The morphology of active layers in organic electronics is inherently complex, with heterogeneities existing across multiple length scales, from subnanometer to micron and millimeter range. A major challenge still facing the organic electronics community is understanding how the morphology across all of the length scales in active layers collectively determines the device performance of organic electronics. In this review we highlight experiments that have contributed to the elucidation of structure-function relationships in organic electronics and also point to areas in which knowledge of such relationships is still lacking. Such knowledge will lead to the ability to select active materials on the basis of their inherent properties for the fabrication of devices with prespecified characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S. Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - Yueh-Lin Loo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
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65
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Abstract
Conjugated polymer nanoparticles are highly versatile nano-structured materials that can potentially find applications in various areas such as optoelectronics, photonics, bio-imaging, bio-sensing and nanomedicine. Their straightforward synthesis in desired sizes and properties, biocompatibility and non-toxicity make these materials highly attractive for the aforementioned applications. This feature article reviews the recent developments in the synthesis, characterization, properties and application of these exciting nanostructured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dönüs Tuncel
- Deparment of Chemistry, Bilkent University, Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey 06800.
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66
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Zhang B, Chen X, Ma S, Chen Y, Yang J, Zhang M. The enhancement of photoresponse of an ordered inorganic-organic hybrid architecture by increasing interfacial contacts. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:065304. [PMID: 20057029 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/6/065304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A modified ZnO quantum dot/polythiophene (ZnO/PTh) inorganic-organic hybrid architecture was fabricated by using ordered mesoporous silica (SBA-15) as the retaining template. First, a two-step strategy was developed to synthesize an ordered organic conducting polymer composite (PTh/SBA-15). Then, ZnO quantum dots were in situ formed on the pore walls of the ordered PTh/SBA-15 composite. Photoresponse of the inorganic-organic hybrid was studied with respect to its incident photon to collected electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) and morphology. The presence of SBA-15 proved to be critical for controlling the interfacial morphology and hence enlarging the interfacial area of the inorganic-organic heterojunction. The proposed approach may act as a key method to open up potential applications in photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Polymer Composite and Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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67
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Ozel IO, Ozel T, Demir HV, Tuncel D. Non-radiative resonance energy transfer in bi-polymer nanoparticles of fluorescent conjugated polymers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:670-84. [PMID: 20173887 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.000670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the comparative studies of non-radiative resonance energy transfer in bi-polymer nanoparticles based on fluorescent conjugated polymers. For this purpose, poly[(9,9-dihexylfluorene) (PF) as a donor (D) and poly[2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) as an acceptor (A) have been utilized, from which four different bi-polymer nanoparticle systems are designed and synthesized. Both, steady-state fluorescence spectra and time-resolved fluorescence measurements indicate varying energy transfer efficiencies from the host polymer PF to the acceptor polymer MEH-PPV depending on the D-A distances and structural properties of the nanoparticles. The first approach involves the preparation of PF and MEH-PPV nanoparticles separately and mixing them at a certain ratio. In the second approach, first PF and MEH-PPV solutions are mixed prior to nanoparticle formation and then nanoparticles are prepared from the mixture. Third and fourth approaches involve the sequential nanoparticle preparation. In the former, nanoparticles are prepared to have PF as a core and MEH-PPV as a shell. The latter is the reverse of the third in which the core is MEH-PPV and the shell is PF. The highest energy transfer efficiency recorded to be 35% is obtained from the last system, in which a PF layer is sequentially formed on MEH-PPV NPs.
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68
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Kelly TL, Yano K, Wolf MO. Nanoscale control over phase separation in conjugated polymer blends using mesoporous silica spheres. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:421-431. [PMID: 19624138 DOI: 10.1021/la9020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A method of preparing blended conjugated polymer microparticles using mesoporous silica spheres is described. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was blended with poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA) by a sequential infiltration-polymerization approach. The materials were evaluated by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy and are shown to retain the overall spherical structure of the silica template. The filling of the mesopores and the polymer distribution within individual particles were determined by a combination of energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption. The results suggest that when PEDOT is added to the silica host, followed by PFA, the phase separation of the two immiscible polymers is constrained by the dimensions of the silica mesopores, ensuring nanoscale contact between the two phases. The silica template can be removed by etching with 25% hydrofluoric acid, leaving behind a blended polymer microparticle. The etched microparticles exhibit macroporous morphologies different from that of pure PEDOT particles prepared by a similar route. The blended microparticles also appear to undergo limited phase separation; no evidence for distinct polymer domains was observed. Conductivity measurements indicate that the blended particles are above the percolation threshold and support the conclusion that the phase domains are extremely small. Importantly, when PFA is added to the host first, followed by PEDOT, there is a striking difference to the final composition and morphology of the particles. This reversal of the blending order results in a more amorphous, phase-separated material. These results demonstrate the preparation of conjugated polymer blends with engineered nanoscale phase separation and may allow for future improvements in organic device architecture and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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69
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Mangalum A, Morgan BP, Hanley JM, Jecen KM, McGill CJ, Robertson GA, Smith RC. Interchromophore orientation scaffolding by m-terphenyl oxacyclophanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:5136-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc00247j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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70
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Landfester K. Miniemulsion polymerization and the structure of polymer and hybrid nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:4488-507. [PMID: 19455531 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200900723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The miniemulsion process allows the formation of complex structured polymeric nanoparticles and the encapsulation of a solid or liquid, an inorganic or organic, or a hydrophobic or hydrophilic material into a polymer shell. Many different materials, ranging from organic and inorganic pigments, magnetite, or other solid nanoparticles, to hydrophobic and hydrophilic liquids, such as fragrances, drugs, or photoinitators, can be encapsulated. Functionalization of the nanoparticles can also be easily obtained. Compared to polymerization processes in organic solvents, polymerization to obtain polymeric nanoparticles can be performed in environmentally friendly solvents, usually water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Landfester
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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71
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Landfester K. Miniemulsionspolymerisation und Struktur von Polymer- und Hybridnanopartikeln. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200900723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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72
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McNeill CR, Watts B, Thomsen L, Belcher WJ, Greenham NC, Dastoor PC, Ade H. Evolution of Laterally Phase-Separated Polyfluorene Blend Morphology Studied by X-ray Spectromicroscopy. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801816r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. McNeill
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom; Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; and Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Rd., Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Benjamin Watts
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom; Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; and Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Rd., Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Lars Thomsen
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom; Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; and Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Rd., Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Warwick J. Belcher
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom; Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; and Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Rd., Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Neil C. Greenham
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom; Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; and Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Rd., Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Paul C. Dastoor
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom; Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; and Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Rd., Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Harald Ade
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom; Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; and Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Rd., Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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73
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Li L, Lu G, Li S, Tang H, Yang X. Epitaxy-Assisted Creation of PCBM Nanocrystals and Its Application in Constructing Optimized Morphology for Bulk-Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:15651-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8081529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ligui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Guanghao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Sijun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Haowei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoniu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
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74
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Abbel R, Schenning APHJ, Meijer EW. Molecular Weight Optimum in the Mesoscopic Order of Chiral Fluorene (Co)polymer Films. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma8014855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Abbel
- Molecular Science and Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albertus P. H. J. Schenning
- Molecular Science and Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Molecular Science and Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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75
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Walther A, Matussek K, Müller AHE. Engineering nanostructured polymer blends with controlled nanoparticle location using Janus particles. ACS NANO 2008; 2:1167-1178. [PMID: 19206334 DOI: 10.1021/nn800108y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Janus particles are used on a multigram scale for the blend compatibilization of two polymers in a twin screw mini-mixer. It is shown that the Janus particles can be located exclusively at the interface of the two polymer phases despite the high temperature and shear conditions. The domain sizes of the dispersed phase decrease with increasing content of Janus particles. The decrease is yet ongoing for high contents of Janus particles. Furthermore, the biphasic particles exhibit an ordered arrangement at the interface. Thus, the approach demonstrates that a nanoscopic structuring of the interface can be achieved under macroscopic processing conditions. The structural order occurs on two levels. The first is the complete adsorption at the interface and the second is the lateral ordering at the interface. The strong adsorption at the interface is explained in terms of the increased desorption energy of Janus particles. Secondly, the compatibilization efficiency is critically compared to state-of-the-art compatibilizers. The efficiency of the Janus particles is found to be superior as compared to block copolymer-based compatibilizers. The efficiency gap between Janus particles and block copolymer compatibilizers widens for larger amounts added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Walther
- Makromolekulare Chemie II and Bayreuther Zentrum fur Kolloide und Grenzflachen, Universitat Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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76
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Li L, Lu G, Yang X. Improving performance of polymer photovoltaic devices using an annealing-free approach via construction of ordered aggregates in solution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b719945g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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77
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Raczkowska J, Montenegro R, Budkowski A, Landfester K, Bernasik A, Rysz J, Czuba P. Structure evolution in layers of polymer blend nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:7235-40. [PMID: 17511480 DOI: 10.1021/la062844n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The early stages of phase evolution, not available for nanometer polymer blend films spin-cast from solutions of incompatible mixtures, have been examined for films prepared from nanoparticles of deuterated polystyrene/ poly(methyl methacrylate) blends (1:1 mass fraction of dPS/PMMA) with PS-PMMA diblock copolymer additives. The initial phase arrangement, confined to the size of nanoparticles, has provided the homogeneity of the initial film composition. The early stages of structure formation, promoted by annealing and traced with atomic and lateral force microscopy (AFM, LFM) as well as secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), resulted in bilayers, observed commonly for as-prepared solvent-cast blends. The initiated capillary instability of the upper dPS-rich layer depended on copolymer additives, which enhanced the lateral structures pinning the dewetting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Raczkowska
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
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78
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Rozanski LJ, Cone CW, Ostrowski DP, Vanden Bout DA. Effect of Film Morphology on the Energy Transfer to Emissive Green Defects in Dialkyl Polyfluorenes. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0706069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn J. Rozanski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Nano and Molecular Science and Technology, and Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Craig W. Cone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Nano and Molecular Science and Technology, and Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - David P. Ostrowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Nano and Molecular Science and Technology, and Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - David A. Vanden Bout
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Nano and Molecular Science and Technology, and Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
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79
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Kietzke T, Neher D, Kumke M, Ghazy O, Ziener U, Landfester K. Phase separation of binary blends in polymer nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2007; 3:1041-8. [PMID: 17480045 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200600606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polymer blends in nanoparticles have been studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The TEM studies show that blend particles formed from two immiscible polymers by the miniemulsion process exhibit biphasic morphologies. The fact that no core-shell type but Janus-like structures were found indicates that the surface free energies between both polymers and the solution-water interface (including the surfactant molecules) are similar; therefore, the blend morphology and composition of the individual phases are mainly determined by the interaction between the two polymer components. Both the TEM studies and the PL experiments provide strong evidence that phase separation in these particles strictly follows the Flory-Huggins theory. This highlights the applicability of the nanoparticle approach to fabricate blend systems with well-controllable properties and to study structure-property relationships under well-defined conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kietzke
- Institute of Physics, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
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80
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Molina R, Ramos M, Montilla F, Mateo CR, Mallavia R. A Novel l-Tyrosine Derivative of Poly[(fluoren-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(benzen-1,4-diyl)]: Strategy of Synthesis and Chiroptical and Electrochemical Characterization. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma062013o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Molina
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, Edificio Torregaitán, D-0.4, Av. del Ferrocarril, s/n, Elche 03202, Alicante, Spain, and Dpto. de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Ramos
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, Edificio Torregaitán, D-0.4, Av. del Ferrocarril, s/n, Elche 03202, Alicante, Spain, and Dpto. de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Montilla
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, Edificio Torregaitán, D-0.4, Av. del Ferrocarril, s/n, Elche 03202, Alicante, Spain, and Dpto. de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - C. R. Mateo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, Edificio Torregaitán, D-0.4, Av. del Ferrocarril, s/n, Elche 03202, Alicante, Spain, and Dpto. de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Mallavia
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, Edificio Torregaitán, D-0.4, Av. del Ferrocarril, s/n, Elche 03202, Alicante, Spain, and Dpto. de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Madrid, Spain
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81
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Monomolecular triplet decay dynamics in fluorene-based conjugated polymer films studied by transient absorption spectroscopy. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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82
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Grey JK, Kim DY, Donley CL, Miller WL, Kim JS, Silva C, Friend RH, Barbara PF. Effect of Temperature and Chain Length on the Bimodal Emission Properties of Single Polyfluorene Copolymer Molecules. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:18898-903. [PMID: 16986881 DOI: 10.1021/jp057361r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence emission spectra were recorded for isolated polymer chains of the polyfluorene copolymer, F8BT [poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole)], at 298 and 20 K for two molecular weights (chain lengths). For long-chain F8BT at 298 K, the observed distribution of single-molecule emission maxima G(Emax) is bimodal, with peaks at approximately 2.35 eV ("blue") and approximately 2.25 eV ("red"). Previously, the red forms have been assigned to polymer chains that possess intrachain contacts, which lowers the local singlet exciton energy. At approximately 20 K, G(Emax) collapses into a single broad distribution centered at approximately 2.3 eV for long-chain F8BT. However, this distribution can be further divided into a high-energy edge that is dominated by the "blue" form, while the remainder of the distribution is composed of the "red" form. Low-molecular-weight F8BT samples emit exclusively from the blue form, and no shift in peak maxima with low temperature was observed. A Franck-Condon analysis reveals a decrease in emitting state displacements between spectra measured at 298 and 20 K, suggesting that temperature-induced structural displacements are responsible for the change in the bimodal emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Grey
- Center for Nano and Molecular Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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83
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Lan Y, Wang E, Song Y, Song Y, Kang Z, Xu L, Li Z. An effective layer-by-layer adsorption and polymerization method to the fabrication of polyoxometalate-polypyrrole nanoparticle ultrathin films. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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84
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Chen P, Yang G, Liu T, Li T, Wang M, Huang W. Optimization of opto-electronic property and device efficiency of polyfluorenes by tuning structure and morphology. POLYM INT 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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