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Larregieu CA, Benet LZ. Distinguishing between the permeability relationships with absorption and metabolism to improve BCS and BDDCS predictions in early drug discovery. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1335-44. [PMID: 24628254 PMCID: PMC3983369 DOI: 10.1021/mp4007858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
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The biopharmaceutics classification
system (BCS) and biopharmaceutics
drug distribution classification system (BDDCS) are complementary
classification systems that can improve, simplify, and accelerate
drug discovery, development, and regulatory processes. Drug permeability
has been widely accepted as a screening tool for determining intestinal
absorption via the BCS during the drug development and regulatory
approval processes. Currently, predicting clinically significant drug
interactions during drug development is a known challenge for industry
and regulatory agencies. The BDDCS, a modification of BCS that utilizes
drug metabolism instead of intestinal permeability, predicts drug
disposition and potential drug–drug interactions in the intestine,
the liver, and most recently the brain. Although correlations between
BCS and BDDCS have been observed with drug permeability rates, discrepancies
have been noted in drug classifications between the two systems utilizing
different permeability models, which are accepted as surrogate models
for demonstrating human intestinal permeability by the FDA. Here,
we recommend the most applicable permeability models for improving
the prediction of BCS and BDDCS classifications. We demonstrate that
the passive transcellular permeability rate, characterized by means
of permeability models that are deficient in transporter expression
and paracellular junctions (e.g., PAMPA and Caco-2), will most accurately
predict BDDCS metabolism. These systems will inaccurately predict
BCS classifications for drugs that particularly are substrates of
highly expressed intestinal transporters. Moreover, in this latter
case, a system more representative of complete human intestinal permeability
is needed to accurately predict BCS absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Larregieu
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California-San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94143-0912, United States
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The dipeptide monoester prodrugs of floxuridine and gemcitabine-feasibility of orally administrable nucleoside analogs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2014; 7:169-91. [PMID: 24473270 PMCID: PMC3942691 DOI: 10.3390/ph7020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptide monoester prodrugs of floxuridine and gemcitabine were synthesized. Their chemical stability in buffers, enzymatic stability in cell homogenates, permeability in mouse intestinal membrane along with drug concentration in mouse plasma, and anti-proliferative activity in cancer cells were determined and compared to their parent drugs. Floxuridine prodrug was more enzymatically stable than floxuridine and the degradation from prodrug to parent drug works as the rate-limiting step. On the other hand, gemcitabine prodrug was less enzymatically stable than gemcitabine. Those dipeptide monoester prodrugs exhibited 2.4- to 48.7-fold higher uptake than their parent drugs in Caco-2, Panc-1, and AsPC-1 cells. Floxuridine and gemcitabine prodrugs showed superior permeability in mouse jejunum to their parent drugs and exhibited the higher drug concentration in plasma after in situ mouse perfusion. Cell proliferation assays in ductal pancreatic cancer cells, AsPC-1 and Panc-1, indicated that dipeptide prodrugs of floxuridine and gemcitabine were more potent than their parent drugs. The enhanced potency of nucleoside analogs was attributed to their improved membrane permeability. The prodrug forms of 5′-l-phenylalanyl-l-tyrosyl-floxuridine and 5′-l-phenylalanyl-l-tyrosyl-gemcitabine appeared in mouse plasma after the permeation of intestinal membrane and the first-pass effect, suggesting their potential for the development of oral dosage form for anti-cancer agents.
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53
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Yang Z, Chen M, Yang M, Chen J, Fang W, Xu P. Evaluating the potential of cubosomal nanoparticles for oral delivery of amphotericin B in treating fungal infection. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:327-36. [PMID: 24421641 PMCID: PMC3888350 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s54967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral administration of amphotericin B (AmB) has a major drawback of poor bioavailability. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of glyceryl monoolein (GMO) cubosomes as lipid nanocarriers to improve the oral efficacy of AmB. Antifungal efficacy was determined in vivo in rats after oral administration, to investigate its therapeutic use. The human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2) was used in vitro to evaluate transport across a model of the intestinal barrier. In vivo antifungal results showed that AmB, loaded in GMO cubosomes, could significantly enhance oral efficacy, compared against Fungizone®, and that during a 2 day course of dosage 10 mg/kg the drug reached effective therapeutic concentrations in renal tissue for treating fungal infections. In the Caco-2 transport studies, GMO cubosomes resulted in a significantly larger amount of AmB being transported into Caco-2 cells, via both clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis, but not macropinocytosis. These results suggest that GMO cubosomes, as lipid nanovectors, could facilitate the oral delivery of AmB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated The First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; Shanghai Songjiang Hospital Affiliated Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhua Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated The First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated The First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijun Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated The First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated The First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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54
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Tsume Y, Incecayir T, Song X, Hilfinger JM, Amidon GL. The development of orally administrable gemcitabine prodrugs with D-enantiomer amino acids: enhanced membrane permeability and enzymatic stability. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 86:514-23. [PMID: 24361461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine prodrugs with D- and L-configuration amino acids were synthesized and their chemical stability in buffers, resistance to glycosidic bond metabolism, enzymatic activation, permeability in Caco-2 cells and mouse intestinal membrane, anti-proliferation activity in cancer cell were determined and compared to that of parent drug, gemcitabine. Prodrugs containing D-configuration amino acids were enzymatically more stable than ones with L-configuration amino acids. The activation of all gemcitabine prodrugs was 1.3-17.6-fold faster in cancer cell homogenate than their hydrolysis in buffer, suggesting enzymatic action. The enzymatic activation of amino acid monoester prodrugs containing D-configuration amino acids in cell homogenates was 2.2-10.9-fold slower than one of amino acid monoester prodrugs with L-configuration amino acids. All prodrugs exhibited enhanced resistance to glycosidic bond metabolism by thymidine phosphorylase compared to parent gemcitabine. Gemcitabine prodrugs showed superior the effective permeability in mouse jejunum to gemcitabine. More importantly, the high plasma concentration of d-amino acid gemcitabine prodrugs was observed more than one of L-amino acid gemcitabine prodrugs. In general, the 5'-mono-amino acid monoester gemcitabine prodrugs exhibited higher permeability and uptake than their parent drug, gemcitabine. Cell proliferation assays in AsPC-1 pancreatic ductal cell line indicated that gemcitabine prodrugs were more potent than their parent drug, gemcitabine. The transport and enzymatic profiles of 5'-D-valyl-gemcitabine and 5'-D-phenylalanyl-gemcitabine suggest their potential for increased oral uptake and delayed enzymatic bioconversion as well as enhanced uptake and cytotoxic activity in cancer cells, would facilitate the development of oral dosage form for anti-cancer agents and, hence, improve the quality of life for the cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tsume
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tuba Incecayir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gazi University, Etiler-Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | - Gordon L Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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55
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Chen C, Ma MG, Fullenwider CL, Chen WG, Sadeque AJM. Biopharmaceutics Permeability Classification of Lorcaserin, a Selective 5-Hydroxytryptamine 2C Agonist: Method Suitability and Permeability Class Membership. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:4739-45. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400468c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Chen
- Department of Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 6154 Nancy Ridge
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michael G. Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 6154 Nancy Ridge
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Cody L. Fullenwider
- Department of Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 6154 Nancy Ridge
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Weichao G. Chen
- Department of Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 6154 Nancy Ridge
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Abu J. M. Sadeque
- Department of Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 6154 Nancy Ridge
Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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56
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Lennernäs H. Regional intestinal drug permeation: biopharmaceutics and drug development. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 57:333-41. [PMID: 23988845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 25 years, profound changes have been seen in both the development and regulation of pharmaceutical dosage forms, due primarily to the extensive use of the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) in both academia and industry. The BCS and the FDA scale-up and post-approval change guidelines were both developed during the 1990s and both are currently widely used to claim biowaivers. The development of the BCS and its wide acceptance were important steps in pharmaceutical science that contributed to the more rational development of oral dosage forms. The effective permeation (Peff) of drugs through the intestine often depends on the combined outcomes of passive diffusion and multiple parallel transport processes. Site-specific jejunal Peff cannot reflect the permeability of the whole intestinal tract, since this varies along the length of the intestine, but is a useful approximation of the fraction of the oral dose that is absorbed. It appears that drugs with a jejunal Peff>1.5×10(-4)cm/s will be completely absorbed no matter which transport mechanisms are utilized. In this paper, historical clinical data originating from earlier open, single-pass perfusion studies have been used to calculate the Peff of different substances from sites in the jejunum and ileum. More exploratory in vivo studies are required in order to obtain reliable data on regional intestinal drug absorption. The development of experimental and theoretical methods of assessing drug absorption from both small intestine and various sites in the colon is encouraged. Some of the existing human in vivo data are discussed in relation to commonly used cell culture models. It is crucial to accurately determine the input parameters, such as the regional intestinal Peff, as these will form the basis for the expected increase in modeling and simulation of all the processes involved in GI drug absorption, thus facilitating successful pharmaceutical development in the future. It is suggested that it would be feasible to use open, single-pass perfusion studies for the in vivo estimation of regional intestinal Peff, but that care should be taken in the study design to optimize the absorption conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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