51
|
Pasquale LR, Aschard H, Kang JH, Bailey JNC, Lindström S, Chasman DI, Christen WG, Allingham RR, Ashley-Koch A, Lee RK, Moroi SE, Brilliant MH, Wollstein G, Schuman JS, Fingert J, Budenz DL, Realini T, Gaasterland T, Gaasterland D, Scott WK, Singh K, Sit AJ, Igo RP, Song YE, Hark L, Ritch R, Rhee DJ, Gulati V, Havens S, Vollrath D, Zack DJ, Medeiros F, Weinreb RN, Pericak-Vance MA, Liu Y, Kraft P, Richards JE, Rosner BA, Hauser MA, Haines JL, Wiggs JL. Age at natural menopause genetic risk score in relation to age at natural menopause and primary open-angle glaucoma in a US-based sample. Menopause 2017; 24:150-156. [PMID: 27760082 PMCID: PMC5266624 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several attributes of female reproductive history, including age at natural menopause (ANM), have been related to primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). We assembled 18 previously reported common genetic variants that predict ANM to determine their association with ANM or POAG. METHODS Using data from the Nurses' Health Study (7,143 women), we validated the ANM weighted genetic risk score in relation to self-reported ANM. Subsequently, to assess the relation with POAG, we used data from 2,160 female POAG cases and 29,110 controls in the National Eye Institute Glaucoma Human Genetics Collaboration Heritable Overall Operational Database (NEIGHBORHOOD), which consists of 8 datasets with imputed genotypes to 5.6+ million markers. Associations with POAG were assessed in each dataset, and site-specific results were meta-analyzed using the inverse weighted variance method. RESULTS The genetic risk score was associated with self-reported ANM (P = 2.2 × 10) and predicted 4.8% of the variance in ANM. The ANM genetic risk score was not associated with POAG (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.002; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.998, 1.007; P = 0.28). No single genetic variant in the panel achieved nominal association with POAG (P ≥0.20). Compared to the middle 80 percent, there was also no association with the lowest 10 percentile or highest 90 percentile of genetic risk score with POAG (OR = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.47, 1.21; P = 0.23 and OR = 1.10; 95% CI: 0.72, 1.69; P = 0.65, respectively). CONCLUSIONS A genetic risk score predicting 4.8% of ANM variation was not related to POAG; thus, genetic determinants of ANM are unlikely to explain the previously reported association between the two phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis R. Pasquale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital
| | - Hugues Aschard
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jae H. Kang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital
| | - Jessica N. Cooke Bailey
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
- Institute of Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sara Lindström
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - William G. Christen
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Allison Ashley-Koch
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Richard K. Lee
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Sayoko E. Moroi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Murray H. Brilliant
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Joel S. Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC Eye Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - John Fingert
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy/Cell Biology, University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City, IO
| | - Donald L. Budenz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Tony Realini
- Department of Ophthalmology, WVU Eye Institute, Morgantown, WV
| | - Terry Gaasterland
- Scripps Genome Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | | | - William K. Scott
- Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Kuldev Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Arthur J. Sit
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | - Lisa Hark
- Wills Eye Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Robert Ritch
- Einhorn Clinical Research Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Douglas J. Rhee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Vikas Gulati
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Shane Havens
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | | | - Donald J. Zack
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Felipe Medeiros
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Center; University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Robert N. Weinreb
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Center; University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Julia E. Richards
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Bernard A. Rosner
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michael A. Hauser
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
- Institute of Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Janey L. Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Lopez Sanchez M, Crowston J, Mackey D, Trounce I. Emerging Mitochondrial Therapeutic Targets in Optic Neuropathies. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 165:132-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
53
|
Mead B, Tomarev S. Evaluating retinal ganglion cell loss and dysfunction. Exp Eye Res 2016; 151:96-106. [PMID: 27523467 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGC) bear the sole responsibility of propagating visual stimuli to the brain. Their axons, which make up the optic nerve, project from the retina to the brain through the lamina cribrosa and in rodents, decussate almost entirely at the optic chiasm before synapsing at the superior colliculus. For many traumatic and degenerative ocular conditions, the dysfunction and/or loss of RGC is the primary determinant of visual loss and are the measurable endpoints in current research into experimental therapies. To actually measure these endpoints in rodent models, techniques must ascertain both the quantity of surviving RGC and their functional capacity. Quantification techniques include phenotypic markers of RGC, retrogradely transported fluorophores and morphological measurements of retinal thickness whereas functional assessments include electroretinography (flash and pattern) and visual evoked potential. The importance of the accuracy and reliability of these techniques cannot be understated, nor can the relationship between RGC death and dysfunction. The existence of up to 30 types of RGC complicates the measuring process, particularly as these may respond differently to disease and treatment. Since the above techniques may selectively identify and ignore particular subpopulations, their appropriateness as measures of RGC survival and function may be further limited. This review discusses the above techniques in the context of their subtype specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Mead
- Section of Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Stanislav Tomarev
- Section of Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Prokai-Tatrai K, Nguyen V, Prokai L. Non-Feminizing Estrogens Do Not Exhibit Antidepressant-like Activity. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS AND DRUG RESEARCH 2016; 1:1-6. [PMID: 28239683 PMCID: PMC5321232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this exploratory study, we performed an evaluation of non-feminizing estrogens as lead compounds for the safe treatment of menopausal symptoms. Despite confirming an enhancement of antioxidant potency as a consequence of increased lipophilicity of the prototype structures, our analyses have revealed serious shortcomings regarding pharmaceutically important properties and drug-likeness. In addition, our assessment in an animal model of estrogen deprivation has confirmed that genomic mechanisms are required for the alleviation of menopause-associated depression. Therefore, non-feminizing estrogens are not suitable to fulfill their implicated premise to address unmet needs to treat neurological and psychiatric conditions associated with estrogen deprivation of the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Prokai-Tatrai
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Vien Nguyen
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Laszlo Prokai
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Wang YE, Kakigi C, Barbosa D, Porco T, Chen R, Wang S, Li Y, Singh K, Pasquale LR, Lin SC. Oral Contraceptive Use and Prevalence of Self-Reported Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension in the United States. Ophthalmology 2016; 123:729-36. [PMID: 26948305 PMCID: PMC4857187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and glaucoma prevalence in the United States. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 3406 female participants, aged 40 years or older, from the 2005 to 2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, who reported a presence or absence of glaucoma or ocular hypertension completed both the vision and the reproductive health questionnaires and underwent eye examinations. METHODS Multivariate regression analysis was used to assess the correlation between OC use and self-reported glaucoma or ocular hypertension (n = 231 cases), controlling for potential confounders, including age, ethnicity, systemic comorbidities such as hypertension and stroke, ocular diseases such as cataract and diabetic retinopathy, and reproductive health factors, including age at menopause, age at menarche, history of hormone replacement therapy, and gynecological surgical history. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The outcome variable was self-reported glaucoma or ocular hypertension. RESULTS After adjusting for confounders, those with ≥3 years of OC use had greater odds (odds ratio, 1.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-3.07) of self-reported glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Other factors associated with higher glaucoma or ocular hypertension prevalence included older age, African American race, and later age at menarche. CONCLUSIONS Oral contraceptive use may be associated with increased risk of self-reported glaucoma or ocular hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Elaine Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Department of Ophthalmology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Caitlin Kakigi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Diego Barbosa
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Travis Porco
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Rebecca Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sophia Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Kellogg Eye Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yingjie Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Third Hospital of Nanchang University Medical School, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China P.R
| | - Kuldev Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Louis R Pasquale
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Glaucoma Service, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shan C Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Genipin Derivatives Protect RGC-5 from Sodium Nitroprusside-Induced Nitrosative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010117. [PMID: 26797604 PMCID: PMC4730358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CHR20 and CHR21 are a pair of stable diastereoisomers derived from genipin. These stereoisomers are activators of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). In the rat retinal ganglion (RGC-5) cell model these compounds are non-toxic. Treatment of RGC-5 with 750 μM of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) produces nitrosative stress. Both genipin derivatives, however, protect these cells against SNP-induced apoptic cell death, although CHR21 is significantly more potent than CHR20 in this regard. With Western blotting we showed that the observed neuroprotection is primarily due to the activation of protein kinase B (Akt)/eNOS and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) signaling pathways. Therefore, LY294002 (a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor) or PD98059 (a MAPK-activating enzyme inhibitor) abrogated the protective effects of CHR20 and CHR21. Altogether, our results show that in our experimental setup neuroprotection by the diasteromeric pair is mediated through the PI3K/Akt/eNOS and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Further studies are needed to establish the potential of these compounds to prevent ntric oxide (NO)-induced toxicity commonly seen in many neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
57
|
Abstract
This article's objective is to provide an overview of the association between estrogen and glaucoma. A literature synthesis was conducted of articles published in peer-reviewed journals screened through May 5, 2015, using the PubMed database. Keywords used were "estrogen and glaucoma," "reproductive factors and glaucoma," and "estrogen, nitric oxide and eye." Forty-three journal articles were included. Results indicated that markers for lifetime estrogen exposure have been measured by several studies and show that the age of menarche onset, oral contraceptive (OC) use, bilateral oophorectomy, age of menopause onset and duration between menarche to menopause are associated with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) risk. The Blue Mountain Eye Study found a significantly increased POAG risk with later (>13 years) compared with earlier (≤12 years) age of menarche. Nurses' Health Study (NHS) investigators found that OC use of greater than 5 years was associated with a 25% increased risk of POAG. The Mayo Clinic Cohort Study of Oophorectomy and Aging found that women who underwent bilateral oophorectomy before age 43 years had an increased risk of glaucoma. The Rotterdam Study found that women who went through menopause before reaching the age of 45 years had a higher risk of open-angle glaucoma (2.6-fold increased risk), while the NHS showed a reduced risk of POAG among women older than 65 who entered menopause after age ≥ 54 years. Increased estrogen states may confer a reduced risk of glaucoma or glaucoma-related traits such as reduced intraocular pressure (IOP). Pregnancy, a hyperestrogenemic state, is associated with decreased IOP during the third trimester. Though the role of postmenopausal hormone (PMH) use in the reduction of IOP is not fully conclusive, PMH use may reduce the risk of POAG. From a genetic epidemiologic perspective, estrogen metabolic pathway single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with POAG in women and polymorphisms in endothelial nitric oxide synthase, a gene receptive to estrogen regulation, are associated with glaucoma. The study concluded that increasing evidence suggests that lifetime exposure to estrogen may alter the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Estrogen exposure may have a neuroprotective effect on the progression of POAG but further studies need to confirm this finding. The role of sex-specific preventive and therapeutic treatment may be on the horizon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Dewundara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA 02114
| | - Janey Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA 02114
| | - David A. Sullivan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA 02114
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA USA 02114
| | - Louis R. Pasquale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA 02114
- Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Roberti G, Tanga L, Michelessi M, Quaranta L, Parisi V, Manni G, Oddone F. Cytidine 5'-Diphosphocholine (Citicoline) in Glaucoma: Rationale of Its Use, Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28401-17. [PMID: 26633368 PMCID: PMC4691046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine or citicoline is an endogenous compound that acts in the biosynthetic pathway of phospholipids of cell membranes, particularly phosphatidylcholine, and it is able to increase neurotrasmitters levels in the central nervous system. Citicoline has shown positive effects in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, as well as in amblyopia. Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease currently considered a disease involving ocular and visual brain structures. Neuroprotection has been proposed as a valid therapeutic option for those patients progressing despite a well-controlled intraocular pressure, the main risk factor for the progression of the disease. The aim of this review is to critically summarize the current evidence about the effect of citicoline in glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Roberti
- IRCCS-Fondazione GB Bietti, Via Livenza, 3, 00198 Rome, Italy.
| | - Lucia Tanga
- IRCCS-Fondazione GB Bietti, Via Livenza, 3, 00198 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Luciano Quaranta
- DSMC, Università degli studi di Brescia, USVD "Centro per lo studio del Glaucoma" P.le Spedali Civili, 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Parisi
- IRCCS-Fondazione GB Bietti, Via Livenza, 3, 00198 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Manni
- DSCMT, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Cascio C, Deidda I, Russo D, Guarneri P. The estrogenic retina: The potential contribution to healthy aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases of the retina. Steroids 2015; 103:31-41. [PMID: 26265586 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
These last two decades have seen an explosion of clinical and epidemiological research, and basic research devoted to envisage the influence of gender and hormonal fluctuations in the retina/ocular diseases. Particular attention has been paid to age-related disorders because of the overlap of endocrine and neuronal dysfunction with aging. Hormonal withdrawal has been considered among risk factors for diseases such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular disease (AMD), as well as, for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, or other neurodegenerative disorders. Sex hormones and aging have been also suggested to drive the incidence of ocular surface diseases such as dry eye and cataract. Hormone therapy has been approached in several clinical trials. The discovery that the retina is another CNS tissue synthesizing neurosteroids, among which neuroactive steroids, has favored these studies. However, the puzzling data emerged from clinical, epidemiological and experimental studies have added several dimensions of complexity; the current landscape is inherently limited to the weak information on the influence and interdependence of endocrine, paracrine and autocrine regulation in the retina, but also in the brain. Focusing on the estrogenic retina, we here review our knowledge on local 17β-oestradiol (E2) synthesis from cholesterol-based neurosteroidogenic path and testosterone aromatization, and presence of estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ). The first cholesterol-limiting step and the final aromatase-limiting step are discussed as possible check-points of retinal functional/dysfunctional E2. Possible E2 neuroprotection is commented as a group of experimental evidence on excitotoxic and oxidative retinal paradigms, and models of retinal neurodegenerative diseases, such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and AMD. These findings may provide a framework to support clinical studies, although further basic research is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Cascio
- CNR Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Neuroscience Unit, Palermo, Italy
| | - Irene Deidda
- CNR Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Neuroscience Unit, Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenica Russo
- CNR Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Neuroscience Unit, Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrizia Guarneri
- CNR Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Neuroscience Unit, Palermo, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Pisano A, Preziuso C, Iommarini L, Perli E, Grazioli P, Campese AF, Maresca A, Montopoli M, Masuelli L, Sadun AA, d'Amati G, Carelli V, Ghelli A, Giordano C. Targeting estrogen receptor β as preventive therapeutic strategy for Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:6921-31. [PMID: 26410888 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a maternally inherited blinding disease characterized by degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and consequent optic nerve atrophy. Peculiar features of LHON are incomplete penetrance and gender bias, with a marked male prevalence. Based on the different hormonal metabolism between genders, we proposed that estrogens play a protective role in females and showed that these hormones ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction in LHON through the estrogen receptors (ERs). We also showed that ERβ localize to the mitochondria of RGCs. Thus, targeting ERβ may become a therapeutic strategy for LHON specifically aimed at avoiding or delaying the onset of disease in mutation carriers. Here, we tested the effects of ERβ targeting on LHON mitochondrial defective metabolism by treating LHON cybrid cells carrying the m.11778G>A mutation with a combination of natural estrogen-like compounds that bind ERβ with high selectivity. We demonstrated that these molecules improve cell viability by reducing apoptosis, inducing mitochondrial biogenesis and strongly reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species in LHON cells. These effects were abolished in cells with ERβ knockdown by silencing receptor expression or by using specific receptor antagonists. Our observations support the hypothesis that estrogen-like molecules may be useful in LHON prophylactic therapy. This is particularly important for lifelong disease prevention in unaffected LHON mutation carriers. Current strategies attempting to combat degeneration of RGCs during the acute phase of LHON have not been very effective. Implementing a different and preemptive approach with a low risk profile may be very helpful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalinda Pisano
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences
| | - Carmela Preziuso
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences
| | | | - Elena Perli
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences
| | | | | | - Alessandra Maresca
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, IRCCS Institute of Neurologic Science of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Montopoli
- Department of Pharmacology and Anesthesiology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy and
| | - Laura Masuelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo A Sadun
- Doheny Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Giulia d'Amati
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences
| | - Valerio Carelli
- Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, IRCCS Institute of Neurologic Science of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Ghelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT),
| | - Carla Giordano
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences,
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Mata D, Linn DM, Linn CL. Retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection induced by activation of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Neuropharmacology 2015; 99:337-46. [PMID: 26239818 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The α7nAChR agonist, PNU-282987, has previously been shown to have a neuroprotective effect against loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in an in vivo glaucoma model when the agent was injected into the vitreous chamber of adult Long Evans rat eyes. Here, we characterized the neuroprotective effect of PNU-282987 at the nerve fiber and retinal ganglion cell layer, determined that neuroprotection occurred when the agonist was applied as eye drops and verified detection of the agonist in the retina, using LC/MS/MS. To induce glaucoma-like conditions in adult Long Evans rats, hypertonic saline was injected into the episcleral veins to induce scar tissue and increase intraocular pressure. Within one month, this procedure produced significant loss of RGCs compared to untreated conditions. RGCs were quantified after immunostaining with an antibody against Thy 1.1 and imaged using a confocal microscope. In dose-response studies, concentrations of PNU-282987 were applied to the animal's right eye two times each day, while the left eye acted as an internal control. Eye drops of PNU-282987 resulted in neuroprotection against RGC loss in a dose-dependent manner using concentrations between 100 μM and 2 mM PNU-282987. LC/MS/MS results demonstrated that PNU-282987 was detected in the retina when applied as eye drops, relatively small amounts of PNU-282987 were measured in blood plasma and no PNU-282987 was detected in cardiac tissue. These results support the hypothesis that eye drop application of PNU-282987 can prevent loss of RGCs associated with glaucoma, which can lead to neuroprotective treatments for diseases that involve α7nAChRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Mata
- Western Michigan University, Department of Biological Sciences, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA.
| | - David M Linn
- Grand Valley State University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Allendale, MI 49401, USA.
| | - Cindy L Linn
- Western Michigan University, Department of Biological Sciences, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Kaja S, Payne AJ, Naumchuk Y, Levy D, Zaidi DH, Altman AM, Nawazish S, Ghuman JK, Gerdes BC, Moore MA, Koulen P. Plate reader-based cell viability assays for glioprotection using primary rat optic nerve head astrocytes. Exp Eye Res 2015; 138:159-66. [PMID: 26048476 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Optic nerve head astrocytes (ONHAs) are the major glia cell type in the non-myelinated optic nerve head where they contribute critically to extracellular matrix synthesis during development and throughout life. In glaucoma, and in related disorders affecting the optic nerve and the optic nerve head, pathological changes include altered astrocyte gene and protein expression resulting in their activation and extracellular matrix remodeling. ONHAs are highly sensitive to mechanical and oxidative stress resulting in the initiation of axon damage early during pathogenesis. Furthermore, ONHAs are crucial for the maintenance of retinal ganglion cell physiology and function. Therefore, glioprotective strategies with the goal to preserve and/or restore the structural and functional viability of ONHA in order to slow glaucoma and related pathologies are of high clinical relevance. Herein, we describe the development of standardized methods that will allow for the systematic advancement of such glioprotective strategies. These include isolation, purification and culture of primary adult rat ONHAs, optimized immunocytochemical protocols for cell type validation, as well as plate reader-based assays determining cellular viability, proliferation and the intracellular redox state. We validated and standardized our protocols by performing a glioprotection study using primary ONHAs. Specifically, we measured protection against exogenously-applied oxidative stress using tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBHP) as a model of disease-mediated oxidative stress in the retina and optic nerve head by the prototypic antioxidant, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox). Levels of oxidative stress were increased in the response to exogenously applied tBHP and were assessed by 6-carboxy-2', 7' dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) fluorescence. Normalized DCFDA fluorescence showed a maximal 5.1-fold increase; the half-maximal effect (EC50) for tBHP was 212 ± 25 μM. This was paralleled very effectively in the assays measuring cell death and cell viability with half-maximal effects of 241 ± 20 μM and 194 ± 5 μM for tBHP in the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) conversion assays, respectively. Pre-treatment with 100 μM Trolox decreased the sensitivity of ONHAs to tBHP. Half-maximal effects increased to 396 ± 12 μM tBHP in the LDH release assay and to 383 ± 3 μM tBHP in the MTT assay. Vehicle treatment (0.1% v/v ethanol) did not significantly affect cellular responses to tBHP. Antioxidant treatment increases ONHA viability and reduces the deleterious effects of oxidative stress. Our experiments provide important feasibility data for utilizing primary rat ONHAs in plate reader-based assays assessing novel therapeutics for glioprotection of the optic nerve and the optic nerve head in glaucoma and related disorders. Furthermore, our novel, standardized protocols have the potential to be readily adapted to high-throughput and high-content testing strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kaja
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri - Kansas City, School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Andrew J Payne
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri - Kansas City, School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Yuliya Naumchuk
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri - Kansas City, School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Deborah Levy
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri - Kansas City, School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Danish H Zaidi
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri - Kansas City, School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Alexa M Altman
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri - Kansas City, School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Saba Nawazish
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri - Kansas City, School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Jasleen K Ghuman
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri - Kansas City, School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Bryan C Gerdes
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri - Kansas City, School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Mark A Moore
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri - Kansas City, School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Peter Koulen
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri - Kansas City, School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; Department of Basic Medical Science, University of Missouri - Kansas City, School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
M K. Present and New Treatment Strategies in the Management of Glaucoma. Open Ophthalmol J 2015; 9:89-100. [PMID: 26069521 PMCID: PMC4460216 DOI: 10.2174/1874364101509010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and axonal loss. It remains a major cause of blindness worldwide. All current modalities of treatment are focused on lowering intraocular pressure (IOP), and it is evident that increased IOP is an important risk factor for progression of the disease. However, it is clear that a significant number of glaucoma patients show disease progression despite of pressure lowering treatments. Much attention has been given to the development of neuroprotective treatment strategies, but the identification of such has been hampered by lack of understanding of the etiology of glaucoma. Hence, in spite of many attempts no neuroprotective drug has yet been clinically approved. Even though neuroprotection is without doubt an important treatment strategy, many glaucoma subjects are diagnosed after substantial loss of RGCs. In this matter, recent approaches aim to rescue RGCs and regenerate axons in order to restore visual function in glaucoma. The present review seeks to provide an overview of the present and new treatment strategies in the management of glaucoma. The treatment strategies are divided into current available glaucoma medications, new pressure lowering targets, prospective neuroprotective interventions, and finally possible neuroregenrative strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kolko M
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, the Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark ; Department of Ophthalmology, Roskilde University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark ; Center of Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, the Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Ciotu IM, Stoian I, Gaman L, Popescu MV, Atanasiu V. Biochemical changes and treatment in glaucoma. J Med Life 2015; 8:28-31. [PMID: 25914734 PMCID: PMC4397515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the second cause of blindness worldwide. This disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by high intraocular pressure, loss of retinal ganglion cells (apoptosis). Even though there is much research done in this field, the results have not yet managed to stop the progression of glaucoma or to heal this pathology. Free oxygen radicals play a major role; they are formed in the aqueous humor and in the vitreous and they produce apoptosis of the neurons in the optic nerve head, degradation of the trabecular meshwork cells. The purpose of the article is to help in trying to understand the physiopathology of glaucoma and the efficacy of its treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I M Ciotu
- Biochemistry Department, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - I Stoian
- Biochemistry Department, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - L Gaman
- Biochemistry Department, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - M V Popescu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania
| | - V Atanasiu
- Biochemistry Department, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
|
66
|
Antioxidant drug therapy approaches for neuroprotection in chronic diseases of the retina. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:1865-86. [PMID: 24473138 PMCID: PMC3958826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15021865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathways contributing to visual signal transduction in the retina generate a high energy demand that has functional and structural consequences such as vascularization and high metabolic rates contributing to oxidative stress. Multiple signaling cascades are involved to actively regulate the redox state of the retina. Age-related processes increase the oxidative load, resulting in chronically elevated levels of oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species, which in the retina ultimately result in pathologies such as glaucoma or age-related macular degeneration, as well as the neuropathic complications of diabetes in the eye. Specifically, oxidative stress results in deleterious changes to the retina through dysregulation of its intracellular physiology, ultimately leading to neurodegenerative and potentially also vascular dysfunction. Herein we will review the evidence for oxidative stress-induced contributions to each of the three major ocular pathologies, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. The premise for neuroprotective strategies for these ocular disorders will be discussed in the context of recent clinical and preclinical research pursuing novel therapy development approaches.
Collapse
|