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Alibakhshi MA, Halman JR, Wilson J, Aksimentiev A, Afonin KA, Wanunu M. Picomolar Fingerprinting of Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles Using Solid-State Nanopores. ACS NANO 2017; 11:9701-9710. [PMID: 28841287 PMCID: PMC5959297 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid nanoparticles (NANPs) are an emerging class of programmable structures with tunable shape and function. Their promise as tools for fundamental biophysics studies, molecular sensing, and therapeutic applications necessitates methods for their detection and characterization at the single-particle level. In this work, we study electrophoretic transport of individual ring-shaped and cube-shaped NANPs through solid-state nanopores. In the optimal nanopore size range, the particles must deform to pass through, which considerably increases their residence time within the pore. Such anomalously long residence times permit detection of picomolar amounts of NANPs when nanopore measurements are carried out at a high transmembrane bias. In the case of a NANP mixture, the type of individual particle passing through nanopores can be efficiently determined from analysis of a single electrical pulse. Molecular dynamics simulations provide insight into the mechanical barrier to transport of the NANPs and corroborate the difference in the signal amplitudes observed for the two types of particles. Our study serves as a basis for label-free analysis of soft programmable-shape nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin R. Halman
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - James Wilson
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Aleksei Aksimentiev
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kirill A. Afonin
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
- The Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Meni Wanunu
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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52
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Construction of an aerolysin nanopore in a lipid bilayer for single-oligonucleotide analysis. Nat Protoc 2017; 12:1901-1911. [PMID: 28837133 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2017.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanopore techniques offer the possibility to study biomolecules at the single-molecule level in a low-cost, label-free and high-throughput manner. By analyzing the level, duration and frequency of ionic current blockades, information regarding the structural conformation, mass, length and concentration of single molecules can be obtained in physiological conditions. Aerolysin monomers assemble into small pores that provide a confined space for effective electrochemical control of a single molecule interacting with the pore, which significantly improves the temporal resolution of this technique. In comparison with other reported protein nanopores, aerolysin maintains its functional stability in a wide range of pH conditions, which allows for the direct discrimination of oligonucleotides between 2 and 10 nt in length and the monitoring of the stepwise cleavage of oligonucleotides by exonuclease I (Exo I) in real time. This protocol describes the process of activating proaerolysin using immobilized trypsin to obtain the aerolysin monomer, the construction of a lipid membrane and the insertion of an individual aerolysin nanopore into this membrane. A step-by-step description is provided of how to perform single-oligonucleotide analyses and how to process the acquired data. The total time required for this protocol is ∼3 d.
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53
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Wang S, Zhou Z, Zhao Z, Zhang H, Haque F, Guo P. Channel of viral DNA packaging motor for real time kinetic analysis of peptide oxidation states. Biomaterials 2017; 126:10-17. [PMID: 28237908 PMCID: PMC5421631 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanopore technology has become a powerful tool in single molecule sensing, and protein nanopores appear to be more advantageous than synthetic counterparts with regards to channel amenability, structure homogeneity, and production reproducibility. However, the diameter of most of the well-studied protein nanopores is too small to allow the passage of protein or peptides that are typically in multiple nanometers scale. The portal channel from bacteriophage SPP1 has a large channel size that allows the translocation of peptides with higher ordered structures. Utilizing single channel conductance assay and optical single molecule imaging, we observed translocation of peptides and quantitatively analyzed the dynamics of peptide oligomeric states in real-time at single molecule level. The oxidative and the reduced states of peptides were clearly differentiated based on their characteristic electronic signatures. A similar Gibbs free energy (ΔG0) was obtained when different concentrations of substrates were applied, suggesting that the use of SPP1 nanopore for real-time quantification of peptide oligomeric states is feasible. With the intrinsic nature of size and conjugation amenability, the SPP1 nanopore has the potential for development into a tool for the quantification of peptide and protein structures in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoying Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; College of Medicine, Department of Physiology & Cell Biology; and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; College of Pharmacy, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Zhi Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; College of Medicine, Department of Physiology & Cell Biology; and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Zhengyi Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; College of Medicine, Department of Physiology & Cell Biology; and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; College of Pharmacy, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; College of Medicine, Department of Physiology & Cell Biology; and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Farzin Haque
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; College of Medicine, Department of Physiology & Cell Biology; and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Peixuan Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; College of Medicine, Department of Physiology & Cell Biology; and Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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54
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Patel HN, Carroll I, Lopez R, Sankararaman S, Etienne C, Kodigala SR, Paul MR, Postma HW. DNA-graphene interactions during translocation through nanogaps. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171505. [PMID: 28158244 PMCID: PMC5291421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We study how double-stranded DNA translocates through graphene nanogaps. Nanogaps are fabricated with a novel capillary-force induced graphene nanogap formation technique. DNA translocation signatures for nanogaps are qualitatively different from those obtained with circular nanopores, owing to the distinct shape of the gaps discussed here. Translocation time and conductance values vary by ∼ 100%, which we suggest are caused by local gap width variations. We also observe exponentially relaxing current traces. We suggest that slow relaxation of the graphene membrane following DNA translocation may be responsible. We conclude that DNA-graphene interactions are important, and need to be considered for graphene-nanogap based devices. This work further opens up new avenues for direct read of single molecule activitities, and possibly sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiral N. Patel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California, United States of America
| | - Ian Carroll
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California, United States of America
| | - Rodolfo Lopez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California, United States of America
| | - Sandeep Sankararaman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California, United States of America
| | - Charles Etienne
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California, United States of America
| | - Subba Ramaiah Kodigala
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California, United States of America
| | - Mark R. Paul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Henk W.Ch. Postma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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55
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Cao C, Yu J, Wang YQ, Ying YL, Long YT. Driven Translocation of Polynucleotides Through an Aerolysin Nanopore. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5046-9. [PMID: 27120503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Aerolysin has been used as a biological nanopore for studying peptides, proteins, and oligosaccharides in the past two decades. Here, we report that wild-type aerolysin could be utilized for polynucleotide analysis. Driven a short polynucleotide of four nucleotides length through aerolysin occludes nearly 50% amplitude of the open pore current. Furthermore, the result of total internal reflection fluorescence measurement provides direct evidence for the driven translocation of single polynucleotide through aerolysin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Cao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Department of Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Department of Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Department of Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Lun Ying
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Department of Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Department of Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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56
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Biswas S, Song W, Borges C, Lindsay S, Zhang P. Click Addition of a DNA Thread to the N-Termini of Peptides for Their Translocation through Solid-State Nanopores. ACS NANO 2015; 9:9652-64. [PMID: 26364915 PMCID: PMC5648329 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Foremost among the challenges facing single molecule sequencing of proteins by nanopores is the lack of a universal method for driving proteins or peptides into nanopores. In contrast to nucleic acids, the backbones of which are uniformly negatively charged nucleotides, proteins carry positive, negative and neutral side chains that are randomly distributed. Recombinant proteins carrying a negatively charged oligonucleotide or polypeptide at the C-termini can be translocated through a α-hemolysin (α-HL) nanopore, but the required genetic engineering limits the generality of these approaches. In this present study, we have developed a chemical approach for addition of a charged oligomer to peptides so that they can be translocated through nanopores. As an example, an oligonucleotide PolyT20 was tethered to peptides through first selectively functionalizing their N-termini with azide followed by a click reaction. The data show that the peptide-PolyT20 conjugates translocated through nanopores, whereas the unmodified peptides did not. Surprisingly, the conjugates with their peptides tethered at the 5'-end of PolyT20 passed the nanopores more rapidly than the PolyT20 alone. The PolyT20 also yielded a wider distribution of blockade currents. The same broad distribution was found for a conjugate with its peptide tethered at the 3'-end of PolyT20, suggesting that the larger blockades (and longer translocation times) are associated with events in which the 5'-end of the PolyT20 enters the pore first.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Biswas
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Weisi Song
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Chad Borges
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Stuart Lindsay
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- Corresponding Author: The author(s) to whom correspondence should be addressed: ;
| | - Peiming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- Corresponding Author: The author(s) to whom correspondence should be addressed: ;
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57
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Baaken G, Halimeh I, Bacri L, Pelta J, Oukhaled A, Behrends JC. High-Resolution Size-Discrimination of Single Nonionic Synthetic Polymers with a Highly Charged Biological Nanopore. ACS NANO 2015; 9:6443-6449. [PMID: 26028280 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b02096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrophysiological studies of the interaction of polymers with pores formed by bacterial toxins (1) provide a window on single molecule interaction with proteins in real time, (2) report on the behavior of macromolecules in confinement, and (3) enable label-free single molecule sensing. Using pores formed by the staphylococcal toxin α-hemolysin (aHL), a particularly pertinent observation was that, under high salt conditions (3-4 M KCl), the current through the pore is blocked for periods of hundreds of microseconds to milliseconds by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) oligomers (degree of polymerization approximately 10-60). Notably, this block showed monomeric sensitivity on the degree of polymerization of individual oligomers, allowing the construction of size or mass spectra from the residual current values. Here, we show that the current through the pore formed by aerolysin (AeL) from Aeromonas hydrophila is also blocked by PEG but with drastic differences in the voltage-dependence of the interaction. In contrast to aHL, AeL strongly binds PEG at high transmembrane voltages. This fact, which is likely related to AeL's highly charged pore wall, allows discrimination of polymer sizes with particularly high resolution. Multiple applications are now conceivable with this pore to screen various nonionic or charged polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Baaken
- ‡Ionera Technologies GmbH, Hermann Herder Strasse 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ibrahim Halimeh
- ‡Ionera Technologies GmbH, Hermann Herder Strasse 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laurent Bacri
- §Laboratoire LAMBE, Équipe Polymères aux Interfaces, LAMBE UMR 8587 CNRS, Évry and Cergy University, Cergy-Pontoise 95011 cedex, France
| | - Juan Pelta
- §Laboratoire LAMBE, Équipe Polymères aux Interfaces, LAMBE UMR 8587 CNRS, Évry and Cergy University, Cergy-Pontoise 95011 cedex, France
| | - Abdelghani Oukhaled
- §Laboratoire LAMBE, Équipe Polymères aux Interfaces, LAMBE UMR 8587 CNRS, Évry and Cergy University, Cergy-Pontoise 95011 cedex, France
| | - Jan C Behrends
- ∥Freiburg Materials Research Centre (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- ⊥Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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58
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Affiliation(s)
- Masateru Taniguchi
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University , 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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59
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Hernández-Ainsa S, Keyser UF. DNA origami nanopores: developments, challenges and perspectives. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:14121-32. [PMID: 25325422 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr04094e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology has enabled the construction of DNA origami nanopores; synthetic nanopores that present improved capabilities for the area of single molecule detection. Their extraordinary versatility makes them a new and powerful tool in nanobiotechnology for a wide range of important applications beyond molecular sensing. In this review, we briefly present the recent developments in this emerging field of research. We discuss the current challenges and possible solutions that would enhance the sensing capabilities of DNA origami nanopores. Finally, we anticipate novel avenues for future research and highlight a range of exciting ideas and applications that could be explored in the near future.
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60
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Gurnev PA, Nestorovich EM. Channel-forming bacterial toxins in biosensing and macromolecule delivery. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2483-540. [PMID: 25153255 PMCID: PMC4147595 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6082483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To intoxicate cells, pore-forming bacterial toxins are evolved to allow for the transmembrane traffic of different substrates, ranging from small inorganic ions to cell-specific polypeptides. Recent developments in single-channel electrical recordings, X-ray crystallography, protein engineering, and computational methods have generated a large body of knowledge about the basic principles of channel-mediated molecular transport. These discoveries provide a robust framework for expansion of the described principles and methods toward use of biological nanopores in the growing field of nanobiotechnology. This article, written for a special volume on "Intracellular Traffic and Transport of Bacterial Protein Toxins", reviews the current state of applications of pore-forming bacterial toxins in small- and macromolecule-sensing, targeted cancer therapy, and drug delivery. We discuss the electrophysiological studies that explore molecular details of channel-facilitated protein and polymer transport across cellular membranes using both natural and foreign substrates. The review focuses on the structurally and functionally different bacterial toxins: gramicidin A of Bacillus brevis, α-hemolysin of Staphylococcus aureus, and binary toxin of Bacillus anthracis, which have found their "second life" in a variety of developing medical and technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Gurnev
- Physics Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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61
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Xie H, Zeng F, Wu S. Ratiometric Fluorescent Biosensor for Hyaluronidase with Hyaluronan As Both Nanoparticle Scaffold and Substrate for Enzymatic Reaction. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:3383-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bm500890d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huafei Xie
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fang Zeng
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shuizhu Wu
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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62
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Wang Y, Qu K, Tang L, Li Z, Moore E, Zeng X, Liu Y, Li J. Nanomaterials in carbohydrate biosensors. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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63
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Krasniqi B, Lee JS. RNase A does not translocate the alpha-hemolysin pore. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88004. [PMID: 24505349 PMCID: PMC3913706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of nanopore sensing utilizing the α-hemolysin pore to probe proteins at single-molecule resolution has expanded rapidly. In some studies protein translocation through the α-hemolysin has been reported. However, there is no direct evidence, as yet, that proteins can translocate the α-hemolysin pore. The biggest challenge to obtaining direct evidence is the lack of a highly sensitive assay to detect very low numbers of protein molecules. Furthermore, if an activity based assay is applied then the proteins translocating by unfolding should refold back to an active confirmation for the assay technique to work. To overcome these challenges we selected a model enzyme, ribonuclease A, that readily refolds to an active conformation even after unfolding it with denaturants. In addition we have developed a highly sensitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction based activity assay for ribonuclease A. Initially, ribonuclease A, a protein with a positive net charge and dimensions larger than the smallest diameter of the pore, was subjected to nanopore analysis under different experimental conditions. Surprisingly, although the protein was added to the cis chamber (grounded) and a positive potential was applied, the interaction of ribonuclease A with α-hemolysin pore induced small and large blockade events in the presence and the absence of a reducing and/or denaturing agent. Upon measuring the zeta potential, it was found that the protein undergoes a charge reversal under the experimental conditions used for nanopore sensing. From the investigation of the effect of voltage on the interaction of ribonuclease A with the α-hemolysin pore, it was impossible to conclude if the events observed were translocations. However, upon testing for ribonuclease A activity on the trans chamber it was found that ribonuclease A does not translocate the α-hemolysin pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Besnik Krasniqi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jeremy S. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- * E-mail:
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64
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Fennouri A, Daniel R, Pastoriza-Gallego M, Auvray L, Pelta J, Bacri L. Kinetics of Enzymatic Degradation of High Molecular Weight Polysaccharides through a Nanopore: Experiments and Data-Modeling. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8488-92. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4020929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Fennouri
- Université d’Évry Val d’Essonne, Laboratoire
Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement, F-91025 Evry, France
- CNRS UMR 8587,
Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement, F-91025 Evry, France
| | - Régis Daniel
- CNRS UMR 8587,
Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement, F-91025 Evry, France
| | - Manuela Pastoriza-Gallego
- Université de Cergy-Pontoise, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation
pour la Biologie et l’Environnement, F-95302 Cergy-Pontoise, France
| | - Loïc Auvray
- CNRS UMR
7057,
Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Diderot, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Juan Pelta
- Université d’Évry Val d’Essonne, Laboratoire
Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement, F-91025 Evry, France
| | - Laurent Bacri
- Université d’Évry Val d’Essonne, Laboratoire
Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement, F-91025 Evry, France
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