51
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Huang KL, Liu ZT, Lee CL. Truncated palladium nanocubes: Synthesis and the effect of OH− concentration on their catalysis of the alkaline oxygen reduction reaction. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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52
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Winkler TE, Ben-Yoav H, Chocron SE, Kim E, Kelly DL, Payne GF, Ghodssi R. Electrochemical study of the catechol-modified chitosan system for clozapine treatment monitoring. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:14686-14693. [PMID: 25383917 DOI: 10.1021/la503529k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a thorough electrochemical and reliability analysis of a sensing scheme for the antipsychotic clozapine. We have previously demonstrated a novel detection approach for this redox-active drug, highly effective in schizophrenia treatment, based on a catechol-modified chitosan film. The biomaterial film enables amplification of the oxidative current generated by clozapine through redox cycling. Here, we study critical electrochemical and material aspects of the redox cycling system to overcome barriers in point-of-care monitoring in complex biological samples. Specifically, we explore the electrochemical parameter space, showing that enhanced sensing performance depends on the presence of a reducing mediator as well as the electrochemical technique applied. These factors account for up to 1.75-fold and 2.47-fold signal enhancement, respectively. Looking at potential interferents, we illustrate that the redox cycling system allows for differentiation between selected redox-active species, clozapine's structurally largely analogous metabolite norclozapine as well as the representative catecholamine dopamine. Furthermore, we investigate material stability and fouling with reuse as well as storage. We find no evidence of film fouling due to clozapine; slow overall biomaterial degradation with successive use accounts for a 2.2% absolute signal loss and can be controlled for. Storage of the redox cycling system appears feasible over weeks when kept in solution with only 0.26%/day clozapine signal degradation, while ambient air exposure of three or more days reduces performance by 58%. This study not only advances our understanding of the catechol-modified chitosan system, but also further establishes the viability of applying it toward sensing clozapine in a clinical setting. Such point-of-care monitoring will allow for broader use of clozapine by increasing convenience to patients as well as medical professionals, thus improving the lives of people affected by schizophrenia through personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Winkler
- MEMS Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (MSAL), Institute for Systems Research, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Fischell Department of Bioengineering, and §Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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53
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Haywood DG, Saha-Shah A, Baker LA, Jacobson SC. Fundamental studies of nanofluidics: nanopores, nanochannels, and nanopipets. Anal Chem 2014; 87:172-87. [PMID: 25405581 PMCID: PMC4287834 DOI: 10.1021/ac504180h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Haywood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
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54
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Abstract
The reference electrode is a key component in electrochemical measurements, yet it remains a challenge to implement a reliable reference electrode in miniaturized electrochemical sensors. Here we explore experimentally and theoretically an alternative approach based on redox cycling which eliminates the reference electrode altogether. We show that shifts in the solution potential caused by the lack of reference can be understood quantitatively, and determine the requirements for accurate measurements in miniaturized systems in the absence of a reference electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Sarkar
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands, ; Fax: +31 53 489 3511; Tel : +31 53 489 2306
| | - Klaus Mathwig
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands, ; Fax: +31 53 489 3511; Tel : +31 53 489 2306
| | - Shuo Kang
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands, ; Fax: +31 53 489 3511; Tel : +31 53 489 2306
| | - Ab. F. Nieuwenhuis
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands, ; Fax: +31 53 489 3511; Tel : +31 53 489 2306
| | - Serge G. Lemay
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands, ; Fax: +31 53 489 3511; Tel : +31 53 489 2306
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55
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Zhuang L, Zuo H, Wu Z, Wang Y, Fang D, Jiang D. Enhanced Electrochemical Nanoring Electrode for Analysis of Cytosol in Single Cells. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11517-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502437d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Zhuang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Huanzhen Zuo
- Key State Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
for Life Science and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Zengqiang Wu
- Key State Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
for Life Science and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key State Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
for Life Science and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Danjun Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Dechen Jiang
- Key State Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry
for Life Science and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
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56
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Pu L, Abbas AS, Maheshwari V. Electrochemical synthesis on nanoparticle chains to couple semiconducting rods: coulomb blockade modulation using photoexcitation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:6491-6496. [PMID: 25124111 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201402034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid nanostructures are made by coupling a room temperature coulomb blockade device with photoexcitable nano-rods. Direct electrochemical synthesis on nanoparticle chain arrays leads to the formation of semiconducting rods that are in direct contact with the nanoparticles and also spatial confined by them. This direct interfacing leads to mutual intermodulation between the two systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Pu
- Dept. of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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57
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Zaino LP, Contento NM, Branagan SP, Bohn PW. Coupled Electrokinetic Transport and Electron Transfer at Annular Nanoband Electrodes Embedded in Cylindrical Nanopores. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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58
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Contento NM, Bohn PW. Tunable electrochemical pH modulation in a microchannel monitored via the proton-coupled electro-oxidation of hydroquinone. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:044120. [PMID: 25379105 PMCID: PMC4189302 DOI: 10.1063/1.4894275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry is a promising tool for microfluidic systems because it is relatively inexpensive, structures are simple to fabricate, and it is straight-forward to interface electronically. While most widely used in microfluidics for chemical detection or as the transduction mechanism for molecular probes, electrochemical methods can also be used to efficiently alter the chemical composition of small (typically <100 nl) microfluidic volumes in a manner that improves or enables subsequent measurements and sample processing steps. Here, solvent (H2O) electrolysis is performed quantitatively at a microchannel Pt band electrode to increase microchannel pH. The change in microchannel pH is simultaneously tracked at a downstream electrode by monitoring changes in the i-V characteristics of the proton-coupled electro-oxidation of hydroquinone, thus providing real-time measurement of the protonated forms of hydroquinone from which the pH can be determined in a straightforward manner. Relative peak heights for protonated and deprotonated hydroquinone forms are in good agreement with expected pH changes by measured electrolysis rates, demonstrating that solvent electrolysis can be used to provide tunable, quantitative pH control within a microchannel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Contento
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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59
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A nanocomposite consisting of plasma-polymerized propargylamine and graphene for use in DNA sensing. Mikrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-014-1300-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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60
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Han D, Kim YR, Kang CM, Chung TD. Electrochemical signal amplification for immunosensor based on 3D interdigitated array electrodes. Anal Chem 2014; 86:5991-8. [PMID: 24842332 DOI: 10.1021/ac501120y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We devised an electrochemical redox cycling based on three-dimensional interdigitated array (3D IDA) electrodes for signal amplification to enhance the sensitivity of chip-based immunosensors. The 3D IDA consists of two closely spaced parallel indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes that are positioned not only on the bottom but also the ceiling, facing each other along a microfluidic channel. We investigated the signal intensities from various geometric configurations: Open-2D IDA, Closed-2D IDA, and 3D IDA through electrochemical experiments and finite-element simulations. The 3D IDA among the four different systems exhibited the greatest signal amplification resulting from efficient redox cycling of electroactive species confined in the microchannel so that the faradaic current was augmented by a factor of ∼100. We exploited the enhanced sensitivity of the 3D IDA to build up a chronocoulometric immunosensing platform based on the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) protocol. The mouse IgGs on the 3D IDA showed much lower detection limits than on the Closed-2D IDA. The detection limit for mouse IgG measured using the 3D IDA was ∼10 fg/mL, while it was ∼100 fg/mL for the Closed-2D IDA. Moreover, the proposed immunosensor system with the 3D IDA successfully worked for clinical analysis as shown by the sensitive detection of cardiac troponin I in human serum down to 100 fg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghoon Han
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-747, Korea
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61
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Kätelhön E, Krause KJ, Mathwig K, Lemay SG, Wolfrum B. Noise phenomena caused by reversible adsorption in nanoscale electrochemical devices. ACS NANO 2014; 8:4924-4930. [PMID: 24694343 DOI: 10.1021/nn500941g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate reversible adsorption in electrochemical devices on a molecular level. To this end, a computational framework is introduced, which is based on 3D random walks including probabilities for adsorption and desorption events at surfaces. We demonstrate that this approach can be used to investigate adsorption phenomena in electrochemical sensors by analyzing experimental noise spectra of a nanofluidic redox cycling device. The evaluation of simulated and experimental results reveals an upper limit for the average adsorption time of ferrocene dimethanol of ∼200 μs. We apply our model to predict current noise spectra of further electrochemical experiments based on interdigitated arrays and scanning electrochemical microscopy. Since the spectra strongly depend on the molecular adsorption characteristics of the detected analyte, we can suggest key indicators of adsorption phenomena in noise spectroscopy depending on the geometric aspect of the experimental setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enno Kätelhön
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich , 52425 Jülich, Germany
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62
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Ma C, Contento NM, Bohn PW. Redox Cycling on Recessed Ring-Disk Nanoelectrode Arrays in the Absence of Supporting Electrolyte. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:7225-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja502052s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxiong Ma
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Nicholas M. Contento
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Paul W. Bohn
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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63
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Dawson K, O'Riordan A. Electroanalysis at the nanoscale. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2014; 7:163-181. [PMID: 24818810 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071213-020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the state of the art of silicon chip-based nanoelectrochemical devices for sensing applications. We first describe analyte mass transport to nanoscale electrodes and emphasize understanding the importance of mass transport for the design of nanoelectrode arrays. We then describe bottom-up and top-down approaches to nanoelectrode fabrication and integration at silicon substrates. Finally, we explore recent examples of on-chip nanoelectrodes employed as sensors and diagnostics, finishing with a brief look at future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Dawson
- Nanotechnology Group, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;
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64
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Zhu F, Yan J, Pang S, Zhou Y, Mao B, Oleinick A, Svir I, Amatore C. Strategy for Increasing the Electrode Density of Microelectrode Arrays by Utilizing Bipolar Behavior of a Metallic Film. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3138-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ac404202p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Yongliang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingwei Mao
- State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Alexander Oleinick
- CNRS UMR 8640
“PASTEUR”, Departement de Chimie, Ecole Normale Superieure, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Irina Svir
- CNRS UMR 8640
“PASTEUR”, Departement de Chimie, Ecole Normale Superieure, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Christian Amatore
- CNRS UMR 8640
“PASTEUR”, Departement de Chimie, Ecole Normale Superieure, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
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65
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Hüske M, Stockmann R, Offenhäusser A, Wolfrum B. Redox cycling in nanoporous electrochemical devices. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:589-598. [PMID: 24247480 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03818a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale redox cycling is a powerful technique for detecting electrochemically active molecules, based on fast repetitive oxidation and reduction reactions. An ideal implementation of redox cycling sensors can be realized by nanoporous dual-electrode systems in easily accessible and scalable geometries. Here, we introduce a multi-electrode array device with highly efficient nanoporous redox cycling sensors. Each of the sensors holds up to 209,000 well defined nanopores with minimal pore radii of less than 40 nm and an electrode separation of ~100 nm. We demonstrate the efficiency of the nanopore array by screening a large concentration range over three orders of magnitude with area-specific sensitivities of up to 81.0 mA (cm(-2) mM(-1)) for the redox-active probe ferrocene dimethanol. Furthermore, due to the specific geometry of the material, reaction kinetics has a unique potential-dependent impact on the signal characteristics. As a result, redox cycling experiments in the nanoporous structure allow studies on heterogeneous electron transfer reactions revealing a surprisingly asymmetric transfer coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hüske
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
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66
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Guo X, Zhang T, Li J, Fan T. Butterfly-scale architecture directed electrodeposition of Ag microband arrays for electrochemical detection. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11189c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ridge array architecture of Troides aeacus butterfly scales was used as guidance to gather electric field compactly around the ridge tips to obtain an Ag microband array by electrodeposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmei Guo
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiaotong University
- Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Tang Zhang
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiaotong University
- Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Li
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiaotong University
- Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Tongxiang Fan
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiaotong University
- Shanghai, P. R. China
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67
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Hüske M, Offenhäusser A, Wolfrum B. Nanoporous dual-electrodes with millimetre extensions: parallelized fabrication and area effects on redox cycling. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:11609-16. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01027b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel fabrication techniques lead to highly sensitive electrochemical sensors (left). The large-area characteristics of redox-cycling within the sensor's nanopores further cause potential-dependent variations of the overall analyte concentration (right).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hüske
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA—Fundamentals of Future Information Technology
- For-schungszentrum Jülich
- D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA—Fundamentals of Future Information Technology
- For-schungszentrum Jülich
- D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- IV. Institute of Physics
- RWTH Aachen University
| | - Bernhard Wolfrum
- Institute of Bioelectronics (PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA—Fundamentals of Future Information Technology
- For-schungszentrum Jülich
- D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- IV. Institute of Physics
- RWTH Aachen University
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68
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Pang S, Yan J, Zhu F, He D, Mao B, Oleinick A, Svir I, Amatore C. A new strategy for eliminating interference from EC′ mechanism during analytical measurements based on plane-band-recessed microdisk array electrodes. Electrochem commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2013.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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69
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Hasnat MA, Gross AJ, Dale SEC, Barnes EO, Compton RG, Marken F. A dual-plate ITO–ITO generator–collector microtrench sensor: surface activation, spatial separation and suppression of irreversible oxygen and ascorbate interference. Analyst 2014; 139:569-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01826a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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70
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Ma C, Contento NM, Gibson LR, Bohn PW. Recessed Ring–Disk Nanoelectrode Arrays Integrated in Nanofluidic Structures for Selective Electrochemical Detection. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9882-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402417w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxiong Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Nicholas M. Contento
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Larry R. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Paul W. Bohn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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