51
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Tejesvi MV, Picart P, Kajula M, Hautajärvi H, Ruddock L, Kristensen H, Tossi A, Sahl H, Ek S, Mattila S, Pirttilä AM. Identification of antibacterial peptides from endophytic microbiome. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:9283-9293. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7765-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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52
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart L. DeCorte
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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53
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Jia M, Chen L, Xin HL, Zheng CJ, Rahman K, Han T, Qin LP. A Friendly Relationship between Endophytic Fungi and Medicinal Plants: A Systematic Review. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:906. [PMID: 27375610 PMCID: PMC4899461 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi or endophytes exist widely inside the healthy tissues of living plants, and are important components of plant micro-ecosystems. Over the long period of evolution, some co-existing endophytes and their host plants have established a special relationship with one and another, which can significantly influence the formation of metabolic products in plants, then affect quality and quantity of crude drugs derived from medicinal plants. This paper will focus on the increasing knowledge of relationships between endophytic fungi and medicinal plants through reviewing of published research data obtained from the last 30 years. The analytical results indicate that the distribution and population structure of endophytes can be considerably affected by factors, such as the genetic background, age, and environmental conditions of their hosts. On the other hand, the endophytic fungi can also confer profound impacts on their host plants by enhancing their growth, increasing their fitness, strengthening their tolerances to abiotic and biotic stresses, and promoting their accumulation of secondary metabolites. All the changes are very important for the production of bioactive components in their hosts. Hence, it is essential to understand such relationships between endophytic fungi and their host medicinal plants. Such knowledge can be well exploited and applied for the production of better and more drugs from medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Hai-Liang Xin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Jian Zheng
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Khalid Rahman
- Department of Physiological Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpool, UK
| | - Ting Han
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Lu-Ping Qin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
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54
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Wang WX, Kusari S, Laatsch H, Golz C, Kusari P, Strohmann C, Kayser O, Spiteller M. Antibacterial Azaphilones from an Endophytic Fungus, Colletotrichum sp. BS4. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:704-710. [PMID: 26905687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Three new compounds, colletotrichones A-C (1-3), and one known compound, chermesinone B (4a), were isolated from an endophytic fungus, Colletotrichum sp. BS4, harbored in the leaves of Buxus sinica, a well-known boxwood plant used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses including 1D and 2D NMR, HRMS, ECD spectra, UV, and IR, as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and shown to be azaphilones sharing a 3,6a-dimethyl-9-(2-methylbutanoyl)-9H-furo[2,3-h]isochromene-6,8-dione scaffold. Owing to the remarkable antibacterial potency of known azaphilones coupled to the usage of the host plant in TCM, we evaluated the antibacterial efficacy of the isolated compounds against two commonly dispersed environmental strains of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, as well as against two human pathogenic clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Compound 1 exhibited marked antibacterial potencies against the environmental strains that were comparable to the standard antibiotics. Compound 3 was also active against E. coli. Finally, compound 2a exhibited the same efficacy as streptomycin against the clinically relevant bacterium S. aureus. The in vitro cytotoxicity of these compounds on a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1) was also assessed. Our results provide a scientific rationale for further investigations into endophyte-mediated host chemical defense against specialist and generalist pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xuan Wang
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Souvik Kusari
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hartmut Laatsch
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August University , Tammannstrasse 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Golz
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Parijat Kusari
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Chair of Technical Biochemistry, TU Dortmund , Emil-Figge-Straße 66, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Oliver Kayser
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Chair of Technical Biochemistry, TU Dortmund , Emil-Figge-Straße 66, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Spiteller
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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55
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Patil RH, Patil MP, Maheshwari VL. Bioactive Secondary Metabolites From Endophytic Fungi. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63601-0.00005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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56
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Wang WX, Kusari S, Spiteller M. Unraveling the Chemical Interactions of Fungal Endophytes for Exploitation as Microbial Factories. FUNGAL APPLICATIONS IN SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42852-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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57
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Mishra VK, Passari AK, Singh BP. In Vitro Antimycotic and Biosynthetic Potential of Fungal Endophytes Associated with Schima Wallichii. Fungal Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27312-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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58
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Li G, Kusari S, Golz C, Strohmann C, Spiteller M. Three cyclic pentapeptides and a cyclic lipopeptide produced by endophytic Fusarium decemcellulare LG53. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra10905e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic Fusarium decemcellulare LG53 harbored in Mahonia fortunei produces three cyclic pentapeptides (1–3) and the cyclic lipopeptide, fusaristatin A (4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU)
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry
- 44221 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - Souvik Kusari
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU)
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry
- 44221 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - Christopher Golz
- Inorganic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- 44221 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Inorganic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- 44221 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - Michael Spiteller
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU)
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry
- 44221 Dortmund
- Germany
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59
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Palem PPC, Kuriakose GC, Jayabaskaran C. An Endophytic Fungus, Talaromyces radicus, Isolated from Catharanthus roseus, Produces Vincristine and Vinblastine, Which Induce Apoptotic Cell Death. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144476. [PMID: 26697875 PMCID: PMC4689362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi isolated from Catharanthus roseus were screened for the production of vincristine and vinblastine. Twenty-two endophytic fungi isolated from various tissues of C. roseus were characterized taxonomically by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA and grouped into 10 genera: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Colletotrichum, Dothideomycetes, Eutypella, Eutypa, Flavodon, Fusarium and Talaromyces. The antiproliferative activity of these fungi was assayed in HeLa cells using the MTT assay. The fungal isolates Eutypella sp—CrP14, obtained from stem tissues, and Talaromyces radicus—CrP20, obtained from leaf tissues, showed the strongest antiproliferative activity, with IC50 values of 13.5 μg/ml and 20 μg/ml, respectively. All 22 endophytic fungi were screened for the presence of the gene encoding tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), the key enzyme in the terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthetic pathway, though this gene could only be amplified from T. radicus—CrP20 (NCBI GenBank accession number KC920846). The production of vincristine and vinblastine by T. radicus—CrP20 was confirmed and optimized in nine different liquid media. Good yields of vincristine (670 μg/l) in modified M2 medium and of vinblastine (70 μg/l) in potato dextrose broth medium were obtained. The cytotoxic activity of partially purified fungal vincristine was evaluated in different human cancer cell lines, with HeLa cells showing maximum susceptibility. The apoptosis-inducing activity of vincristine derived from this fungus was established through cell cycle analysis, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA fragmentation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gini C. Kuriakose
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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60
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Abstract
Fungi are widespread in nature and have conquered nearly every ecological niche. Fungi occur not only in terrestrial but also in freshwater and marine environments. Moreover, fungi are known as a rich source of secondary metabolites. Despite these facts, the ecological role of many of these metabolites is still unknown and the chemical ecology of fungi has not been investigated systematically so far. This review intends to present examples of the various chemical interactions of fungi with other fungi, plants, bacteria and animals and to give an overview of the current knowledge of fungal chemical ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Spiteller
- Institut für Organische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße NW2C, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
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61
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Vasanthakumari MM, Jadhav SS, Sachin N, Vinod G, Shweta S, Manjunatha BL, Kumara PM, Ravikanth G, Nataraja KN, Uma Shaanker R. Restoration of camptothecine production in attenuated endophytic fungus on re-inoculation into host plant and treatment with DNA methyltransferase inhibitor. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:1629-39. [PMID: 26289161 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fungal endophytes inhabit living tissues of plants without any apparent symptoms and in many cases are known to produce secondary metabolites similar to those produced by their respective host plants. However on sub-culture, the endophytic fungi gradually attenuate their ability to produce the metabolites. Attenuation has been a major constraint in realizing the potential of endophytic fungi as an alternative source of plant secondary metabolites. In this study, we report attempts to restore camptothecine (CPT) production in attenuated endophytic fungi isolated from CPT producing plants, Nothapodytes nimmoniana and Miquelia dentata when they are passed through their host plant or plants that produce CPT and when treated with a DNA methyl transferase inhibitor. Attenuated endophytic fungi that traversed through their host tissue or plants capable of synthesizing CPT, produced significantly higher CPT compared to the attenuated fungi. Attenuated fungus cultured in the presence of 5-azacytidine, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, had an enhanced CPT content compared to untreated attenuated fungus. These results indicate that the attenuation of CPT production in endophytic fungi could in principle be reversed by eliciting some signals from plant tissue, most likely that which prevents the methylation or silencing of the genes responsible for CPT biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Vasanthakumari
- School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560065, India
| | - S S Jadhav
- School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560065, India.,Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560065, India
| | - Naik Sachin
- School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560065, India
| | - G Vinod
- School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560065, India.,Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560065, India
| | - Singh Shweta
- School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560065, India
| | - B L Manjunatha
- School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560065, India.,Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560065, India
| | - P Mohana Kumara
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600036, India
| | - G Ravikanth
- School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560065, India.,Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Karaba N Nataraja
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560065, India
| | - R Uma Shaanker
- School of Ecology and Conservation, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560065, India. .,Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560065, India. .,Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India.
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62
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Venugopalan A, Srivastava S. Endophytes as in vitro production platforms of high value plant secondary metabolites. Biotechnol Adv 2015. [PMID: 26225453 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Many reports have been published on bioprospecting of endophytic fungi capable of producing high value bioactive molecules like, paclitaxel, vincristine, vinblastine, camptothecin and podophyllotoxin. However, commercial exploitation of endophytes for high value-low volume plant secondary metabolites remains elusive due to widely reported genomic instability of endophytes in the axenic culture. While most of the endophyte research focuses on screening endophytes for novel or existing high value biomolecules, very few reports seek to explore the possible mechanisms of production of host-plant associated or novel secondary metabolites in these organisms. With an overview of host-endophyte relationship and its possible impact on the secondary metabolite production potential of endophytes, the review highlights the evidence reported for and against the presence of host-independent biosynthetic machinery in endophytes. The review aims to address the question, why should and how can endophytes be exploited for large scale in vitro production of high value phytochemicals? In this regard, various bioprocess optimization strategies that have been applied to sustain and enhance the product yield from the endophytes have also been described in detail. Further, techniques like mixed fermentation/co-cultivation and use of epigenetic modifiers have also been discussed as potential strategies to activate cryptic gene clusters in endophytes, thereby aiding in novel metabolite discovery and overcoming the limitations associated with axenic culture of endophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi Venugopalan
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - Smita Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India.
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63
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Wang WX, Kusari S, Sezgin S, Lamshöft M, Kusari P, Kayser O, Spiteller M. Hexacyclopeptides secreted by an endophytic fungus Fusarium solani N06 act as crosstalk molecules in Narcissus tazetta. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7651-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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64
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Venugopalan A, Srivastava S. Enhanced camptothecin production by ethanol addition in the suspension culture of the endophyte, Fusarium solani. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 188:251-257. [PMID: 25603728 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.12.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ethanolic extract of a non-camptothecin producing plant, Catharanthus roseus when added in the suspension culture of the endophyte Fusarium solani known to produce camptothecin, resulted in enhanced production of camptothecin by 10.6-fold in comparison to that in control (2.8 μg/L). Interestingly, addition of pure ethanol (up to 5% v/v) in the suspension culture of F. solani resulted in maximum enhancement in camptothecin production (up to 15.5-fold) from that obtained in control. In the presence of ethanol, a reduced glucose uptake (by ∼ 40%) and simultaneous ethanol consumption (up to 9.43 g/L) was observed during the cultivation period (14 days). Also, the total NAD level and the protein content in the biomass increased by 3.7- and 1.9-fold, respectively, in comparison to that in control. The study indicates a dual role of ethanol, presumably as an elicitor and also as a carbon/energy source, leading to enhanced biomass and camptothecin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi Venugopalan
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - Smita Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India.
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65
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Ul Haq I, van Elsas JD. Metagenomics and Metatranscriptomics for the Exploration of Natural Products from Soil Fungi. Fungal Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2531-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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66
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Chagas FO, Caraballo-Rodriguez AM, Pupo MT. Endophytic Fungi as a Source of Novel Metabolites. Fungal Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2531-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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67
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Kusari S, Lamshöft M, Kusari P, Gottfried S, Zühlke S, Louven K, Hentschel U, Kayser O, Spiteller M. Endophytes are hidden producers of maytansine in Putterlickia roots. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:2577-84. [PMID: 25478947 DOI: 10.1021/np500219a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Several recent studies have lent evidence to the fact that certain so-called plant metabolites are actually biosynthesized by associated microorganisms. In this work, we show that the original source organism(s) responsible for the biosynthesis of the important anticancer and cytotoxic compound maytansine is the endophytic bacterial community harbored specifically within the roots of Putterlickia verrucosa and P. retrospinosa plants. Evaluation of the root endophytic community by chemical characterization of their fermentation products using HPLC-HRMS(n), along with a selective microbiological assay using the maytansine-sensitive type strain Hamigera avellanea revealed the endophytic production of maytansine. This was further confirmed by the presence of AHBA synthase genes in the root endophytic communities. Finally, MALDI-imaging-HRMS was used to demonstrate that maytansine produced by the endophytes is typically accumulated mainly in the root cortex of both plants. Our study, thus, reveals that maytansine is actually a biosynthetic product of root-associated endophytic microorganisms. The knowledge gained from this study provides fundamental insights on the biosynthesis of so-called plant metabolites by endophytes residing in distinct ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Kusari
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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68
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Li G, Kusari S, Lamshöft M, Schüffler A, Laatsch H, Spiteller M. Antibacterial secondary metabolites from an endophytic fungus, Eupenicillium sp. LG41. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:2335-41. [PMID: 25356913 DOI: 10.1021/np500111w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two new compounds containing the decalin moiety, eupenicinicols A and B (1 and 2), two new sirenin derivatives, eupenicisirenins A and B (3 and 4), and four known compounds, (2S)-butylitaconic acid (5), (2S)-hexylitaconic acid (6), xanthomegnin (7), and viridicatumtoxin (8), were isolated from an endophytic fungus, Eupenicillium sp. LG41, harbored in the roots of the Chinese medicinal plant Xanthium sibiricum. Their structures were confirmed through combined spectroscopic analysis (NMR and HRMS(n)), and their absolute configurations were deduced by ECD calculations or optical rotation data. Since the endophytic fungus was isolated from the roots, the antibacterial efficacies of the compounds 1-6 were investigated against Bacillus subtilis and Acinetobacter sp. BD4, which typically inhabit soil, as well as the clinically important Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. (2S)-Butylitaconic acid (5) and (2S)-hexylitaconic acid (6) exhibited pronounced efficacy against Acinetobacter sp., corroborating the notion that root-endophytes provide chemical defense to the host plants. Compound 2 was highly active against the clinically relevant S. aureus. By comparing 1 with 2, it was revealed that altering the substitution at C-11 could drastically increase the antibacterial efficacy of 1. Our study reveals plausible ecological roles of the endophyte and its potential pharmaceutical use as a source of antibacterial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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69
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Gibberella moniliformis AH13 with Antitumor Activity, an Endophytic Fungus Strain Producing Triolein Isolated from Adlay (Coix lacryma-jobi: Poaceae). Curr Microbiol 2014; 69:381-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0590-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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70
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Atsatt PR, Whiteside MD. Novel symbiotic protoplasts formed by endophytic fungi explain their hidden existence, lifestyle switching, and diversity within the plant kingdom. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95266. [PMID: 24777121 PMCID: PMC4002429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse fungi live all or part of their life cycle inside plants as asymptomatic endophytes. While endophytic fungi are increasingly recognized as significant components of plant fitness, it is unclear how they interact with plant cells; why they occur throughout the fungal kingdom; and why they are associated with most fungal lifestyles. Here we evaluate the diversity of endophytic fungi that are able to form novel protoplasts called mycosomes. We found that mycosomes cultured from plants and phylogenetically diverse endophytic fungi have common morphological characteristics, express similar developmental patterns, and can revert back to the free-living walled state. Observed with electron microscopy, mycosome ontogeny within Aureobasidium pullulans may involve two organelles: double membrane-bounded promycosome organelles (PMOs) that form mycosomes, and multivesicular bodies that may form plastid-infecting vesicles. Cultured mycosomes also contain a double membrane-bounded organelle, which may be homologous to the A. pullulans PMO. The mycosome PMO is often expressed as a vacuole-like organelle, which alternatively may contain a lipoid body or a starch grain. Mycosome reversion to walled cells occurs within the PMO, and by budding from lipid or starch-containing mycosomes. Mycosomes discovered in chicken egg yolk provided a plant-independent source for analysis: they formed typical protoplast stages, contained fungal ITS sequences and reverted to walled cells, suggesting mycosome symbiosis with animals as well as plants. Our results suggest that diverse endophytic fungi express a novel protoplast phase that can explain their hidden existence, lifestyle switching, and diversity within the plant kingdom. Importantly, our findings outline "what, where, when and how", opening the way for cell and organelle-specific tests using in situ DNA hybridization and fluorescent labels. We discuss developmental, ecological and evolutionary contexts that provide a robust framework for continued tests of the mycosome phase hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Atsatt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Whiteside
- Department of Biology and Institute for Species at Risk and Habitat Studies, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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71
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Kusari S, Singh S, Jayabaskaran C. Biotechnological potential of plant-associated endophytic fungi: hope versus hype. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:297-303. [PMID: 24703621 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The potential of endophytes, particularly endophytic fungi, capable of demonstrating desirable functional traits worth exploitation using red biotechnology is well established. However, these discoveries have not yet translated into industrial bioprocesses for commercial production of biopharmaceuticals using fungal endophytes. Here, we define the current challenges in transforming curiosity driven discoveries into industrial scale endophyte biotechnology. The possible practical, feasible, and sustainable strategies that can lead to harnessing fungal endophyte-mediated pharmaceutical products are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Kusari
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Satpal Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Chelliah Jayabaskaran
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India.
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72
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El-Elimat T, Raja HA, Graf TN, Faeth SH, Cech NB, Oberlies NH. Flavonolignans from Aspergillus iizukae, a fungal endophyte of milk thistle (Silybum marianum). JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:193-9. [PMID: 24456525 DOI: 10.1021/np400955q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Silybin A (1), silybin B (2), and isosilybin A (3), three of the seven flavonolignans that constitute silymarin, an extract of the fruits of milk thistle (Silybum marianum), were detected for the first time from a fungal endophyte, Aspergillus iizukae, isolated from the surface-sterilized leaves of S. marianum. The flavonolignans were identified using a UPLC-PDA-HRMS-MS/MS method by matching retention times, HRMS, and MS/MS data with authentic reference compounds. Attenuation of flavonolignan production was observed following successive subculturing of the original flavonolignan-producing culture, as is often the case with endophytes that produce plant-based secondary metabolites. However, production of 1 and 2 resumed when attenuated spores were harvested from cultures grown on a medium to which autoclaved leaves of S. marianum were added. The cycle of attenuation followed by resumed biosynthesis of these flavonolignans was replicated in triplicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamam El-Elimat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
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73
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Pu X, Qu X, Chen F, Bao J, Zhang G, Luo Y. Camptothecin-producing endophytic fungus Trichoderma atroviride LY357: isolation, identification, and fermentation conditions optimization for camptothecin production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:9365-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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74
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Kusari S, Pandey SP, Spiteller M. Untapped mutualistic paradigms linking host plant and endophytic fungal production of similar bioactive secondary metabolites. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 91:81-7. [PMID: 22954732 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthetic potential of endophytic fungi has gained impetus in recent times owing to the continual discovery of fungal endophytes capable of synthesizing plant compounds. However, the sustained production of the desired plant compounds has not yet been achieved using endophytes. It is thus imperative to investigate the diverse interactions that endophytes have with coexisting endophytes, host plants, insect pests, and other specific herbivores. The precise role of these associations on the endophytic production of host plant compounds is mostly overlooked and open to future discoveries. Here, highlighted are the implications of the poorly investigated links and molecular mechanisms that might trigger similar chemical responses in both plants and endophytes. Elucidating such connections can not only enhance the understanding of evolution of complex defense mechanisms in plants and associated organisms, but also help in the sustained production of plant compounds using endophytes harbored within them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Kusari
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU) of the Faculty of Chemistry, Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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75
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Yang T, Dai CC. Interactions of two endophytic fungi colonizing Atractylodes lancea and effects on the host’s essential oils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chnaes.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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76
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Substituted benzo[i]phenanthridines as promising topoisomerase-I non-camptothecin targeting agents: an experimental and theoretical study. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0515-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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77
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Kusari P, Kusari S, Spiteller M, Kayser O. Endophytic fungi harbored in Cannabis sativa L.: diversity and potential as biocontrol agents against host plant-specific phytopathogens. FUNGAL DIVERS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-012-0216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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78
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Ivanova BB, Spiteller M. Derivatives of Ergot-alkaloids: Molecular structure, physical properties, and structure–activity relationships. J Mol Struct 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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79
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Kusari S, Hertweck C, Spiteller M. Chemical Ecology of Endophytic Fungi: Origins of Secondary Metabolites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 19:792-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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80
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Ivanova B, Spiteller M. Coordination ability of silver(I) with antimycins and actinomycins – Properties of the T-shaped chromophores. Polyhedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2012.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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81
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Ivanova B, Spiteller M. On the Biosynthetic Pathway of Papaverine via (S)-Reticuline – Theoretical vs. Experimental Study. Nat Prod Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1200700508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The electronic structures, optical properties and molecular structures of a series of isoquinoline alkaloids resulting in the formation of papaverine, through a proposed biosynthetic pathway via S(+)-reticuline were elucidated. The mechanism of papaverine synthesis was studied by electronic absorption, diffuse reflectance, fluorescence and CD spectroscopy, as well as ESI and MALDI Orbitrap imaging mass spectrometry. Quantum chemical DFT calculations in the gas phase and solution were performed with a view to study the electronic transitions of the interacting species, corresponding proposed intermediates, and the expected mass spectrometric fragments. The complete study and understanding of the mechanism of the biosynthetic pathway in the poppy plants appears important for the functional oriented drug-design and synthesis of corresponding structurally related alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojidarka Ivanova
- Institut für Umweltforschung, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Spiteller
- Institut für Umweltforschung, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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82
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Ivanova B, Spiteller M. Physical Properties and Molecular Conformations of Indole Alkaloids and Model Protein Interactions – Theoretical vs. Experimental Study. Nat Prod Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1200700206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical properties and molecular structure of five natural indole alkaloids (IAs) and their interaction with protein targets have been studied, experimentally and theoretically. Electronic absorption (EAs) and CD spectroscopy, electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS), as well as imaging mass spectrometric techniques (IMS) were used, analyzing the isolated alkaloids and corresponding IAs/protein molecular complexes. Theoretical quantum chemical DFT calculations were also applied. The mechanism of their biological activity and structure-activity relationship as potential neurologically active compounds were studied, using the model interactions with 5HT2A receptors. The gas-phase stable molecular fragments of the IAs are discussed comparing the experimental mass spectrometric data and theoretical quantum chemical DFT calculations of the different molecular fragments of the IAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojidarka Ivanova
- Institut für Umweltforschung (INFU) der Fakultät Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Umweltchemie und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund (TU Dortmund), Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Spiteller
- Institut für Umweltforschung (INFU) der Fakultät Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Umweltchemie und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund (TU Dortmund), Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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83
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Amin RR, Yamany YB. Spectroscopic, thermogravimetric and antibacterial studies for some bivalent metal complexes of oxalyl-, malonyl- and succinyl-bis(4-p-chlorophenylthiosemicarbazide). J Mol Struct 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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84
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Ivanova B, Spiteller M. Structure and properties of camptothecin derivatives, their protonated forms, and model interaction with the topoisomerase I-DNA complex. Biopolymers 2011; 97:134-44. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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85
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An endophytic fungus from Azadirachta indica A. Juss. that produces azadirachtin. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 28:1287-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0876-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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86
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Kinghorn AD, Pan L, Fletcher JN, Chai H. The relevance of higher plants in lead compound discovery programs. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:1539-55. [PMID: 21650152 PMCID: PMC3158731 DOI: 10.1021/np200391c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Along with compounds from terrestrial microorganisms, the constituents of higher plants have provided a substantial number of the natural product-derived drugs used currently in Western medicine. Interest in the elucidation of new structures of the secondary metabolite constituents of plants has remained high among the natural products community over the first decade of the 21st century, particularly of species that are used in systems of traditional medicine or are utilized as botanical dietary supplements. In this review, progress made in the senior author's laboratory in research work on naturally occurring sweeteners and other taste-modifying substances and on potential anticancer agents from tropical plants will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Douglas Kinghorn
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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87
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Kusari S, Spiteller M. Are we ready for industrial production of bioactive plant secondary metabolites utilizing endophytes? Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:1203-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1np00030f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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