Coordination of 2,2‘-Bipyridyl and 1,10-Phenanthroline to Substituted Ytterbocenes: An Experimental Investigation of Spin Coupling in Lanthanide Complexes

A novel samarium(ii) complex bearing a dianionic bis(phenolate) cyclam ligand: synthesis, structure and electron-transfer reactions

The reaction of the hexadentate dianionic 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-based bis(phenolate) ligand, (tBu2ArO)2Me2-cyclam(2-), with [SmI2(thf )2] in thf resulted in the formation of the divalent samarium complex [Sm(κ(6)-{(tBu2ArO)2Me2-cyclam})] (1). X-ray diffraction studies revealed that after recrystallization from n-hexane/thf complex 1 has a monomeric structure and does not contain thf molecules coordinated to the Sm(II) center. However, UV-vis and (1)H NMR spectroscopy of 1 evidenced the formation of thf-solvated complexes in neat thf. Reductive studies show that complex 1 can act as a single electrontransfer reagent and form well-defined Sm(III) species. The reaction of 1 with several substrates, namely, TlBPh4, pyridine N-oxide, OPPh3, SPPh3 and bipyridines, are reported. Spectroscopy studies, including NMR, and single crystal X-ray diffraction data are in agreement with the formation of cationic Sm(III) species, monochalcogenide bridged Sm(III) complexes and Sm(III) complexes with bipyridine radical ligand, respectively.

Electron transfer in tetramethylbiphosphinine complexes of Cp*2Yb and Cp*2Sm

How to make sure an electron is really transferred to a tmbp ligand?

Cooperative reduction by Ln2+ and Cp*− ions: synthesis and properties of Sm, Eu, and Yb complexes with 3,6-di-tert-butyl-o-benzoquinone

Reactions of lantanocenes LnCp₂*(thf)_n with the title o-quinone result in either dinuclear (Sm³⁺,Yb³⁺) or trinuclear mixed-valent (Eu²⁺/Eu³⁺) catecholates.

Radical anionic versus neutral 2,2'-bipyridyl coordination in uranium complexes supported by amide and ketimide ligands

The synthesis and characterization of (bipy)(2)U(N[t-Bu]Ar)(2) (1-(bipy)(2), bipy = 2,2'-bipyridyl, Ar = 3,5-C(6)H(3)Me(2)), (bipy)U(N[(1)Ad]Ar)(3) (2-bipy), (bipy)(2)U(NC[t-Bu]Mes)(3) (3-(bipy)(2), Mes = 2,4,6-C(6)H(2)Me(3)), and IU(bipy)(NC[t-Bu]Mes)(3) (3-I-bipy) are reported. X-ray crystallography studies indicate that bipy coordinates as a radical anion in 1-(bipy)(2) and 2-bipy, and as a neutral ligand in 3-I-bipy. In 3-(bipy)(2), one of the bipy ligands is best viewed as a radical anion, the other as a neutral ligand. The electronic structure assignments are supported by NMR spectroscopy studies of exchange experiments with 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl and also by optical spectroscopy. In all complexes, uranium was assigned a +4 formal oxidation state.

Easy and quantitative access to Fe(ii) and Fe(iii) di(aryl)alkynylphosphine oxides featuring [Fe(dppe)Cp*] endgroups: terminal PO functionality blocks the dimerisation of the Fe(iii) derivatives

Preventing the oxidatively-induced dimerization of Fe(iii) metalloalkynyl phosphines can be achieved by sequestering the phosphorus lone pair.

Reversible sigma C-C bond formation between phenanthroline ligands activated by (C5Me5)2Yb

The electronic structure and associated magnetic properties of the 1,10-phenanthroline adducts of Cp*2Yb are dramatically different from those of the 2,2'-bipyridine adducts. The monomeric phenanthroline adducts are ground state triplets that are based upon trivalent Yb(III), f(13), and (phen(•-) ) that are only weakly exchange coupled, which is in contrast to the bipyridine adducts whose ground states are multiconfigurational, open-shell singlets in which ytterbium is intermediate valent ( J. Am. Chem. Soc 2009 , 131 , 6480 ; J. Am. Chem. Soc 2010 , 132 , 17537 ). The origin of these different physical properties is traced to the number and symmetry of the LUMO and LUMO+1 of the heterocyclic diimine ligands. The bipy(•-) has only one π*1 orbital of b1 symmetry of accessible energy, but phen(•-) has two π* orbitals of b1 and a2 symmetry that are energetically accessible. The carbon pπ-orbitals have different nodal properties and coefficients and their energies, and therefore their populations change depending on the position and number of methyl substitutions on the ring. A chemical ramification of the change in electronic structure is that Cp*2Yb(phen) is a dimer when crystallized from toluene solution, but a monomer when sublimed at 180-190 °C. When 3,8-Me2phenanthroline is used, the adduct Cp*2Yb(3,8-Me2phen) exists in the solution in a dimer-monomer equilibrium in which ΔG is near zero. The adducts with 3-Me, 4-Me, 5-Me, 3,8-Me2, and 5,6-Me2-phenanthroline are isolated and characterized by solid state X-ray crystallography, magnetic susceptibility and LIII-edge XANES spectroscopy as a function of temperature and variable-temperature (1)H NMR spectroscopy.

Dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons with metal-carbon multiple bonds and trapping of a titanium(ii) intermediate

Reacting (PNP)TiCH^tBu(CH₂^tBu) with 2,2′-bipyridine (bipy) in cyclohexane or heptane results in dehydrogenation of the solvent, cleanly producing cyclohexene and 1-heptene, respectively, and a Ti^II intermediate that is trapped by bipy.

Theoretical treatment of one electron redox transformation of a small molecule using f-element complexes

DFT calculations can provide useful insights into low-valent f-element single electron transfer reactivity.

(2,2'-Bipyrid-yl-κ(2) N,N')bis-(η(5)-penta-methyl-cyclo-penta-dien-yl)barium

In the title compound, [Ba(C₁₀H₁₅)₂(C₁₀H₈N₂)], the Ba—N distances are 2.798 (3) and 2.886 (3) Å, and the Cp ring centroid distances to Ba²⁺ are 2.7291 (7) and 2.7192 (9) Å. The angle between the N atoms in the bypyridine ligand and the metal ion is 56.80 (8)° and the N—C—C—N torsion angle in the bi­pyridine ligand is 1.7 (4)°. The bi­pyridine ligand is almost planar, the dihedral angle formed by the intersection of the planes defined by the pyridyl rings being 3.04 (19)°, and the angle between the plane defined by the Ba²⁺ ion and the two bipyridyl N atoms and the plane defined by the 12 atoms of the bi­pyridine ligand is 10.2 (3)°. The average Ba—N and Ba—centroid distances are 0.16 and 0.14 Å longer, respectively, than the equivalent distances in the isotypic strontium compound [Kazhdan et al. (2008 ▶). Acta Cryst. E64, m1134]. This difference is in accord with the difference between the ionic radii of 0.16 Å suggested by Shannon [Acta Cryst. (1976 ▶), A32, 751–767].

Application of the Hubbard model to Cp*(2)Yb(bipy), a model system for strong exchange coupling in lanthanide systems

Exchange coupling is quantified in lanthanide (Ln) single-molecule magnets (SMMs) containing a bridging N(2)(3-) radical ligand and between [Cp*(2)Yb](+) and bipy(•-) in Cp*(2)Yb(bipy), where Cp* is pentamethylcyclopentadienyl and bipy is 2,2'-bipyridyl. In the case of these lanthanide SMMs, the magnitude of exchange coupling between the Ln ion and the bridging N(2)(3-), 2J, is very similar to the barrier to magnetic relaxation, U(eff). A molecular version of the Hubbard model is applied to systems in which unpaired electrons on magnetic metal ions have direct overlap with unpaired electrons residing on ligands. The Hubbard model explicitly addresses electron correlation, which is essential for understanding the magnetic behavior of these complexes. This model is applied quantitatively to Cp*(2)Yb(bipy) to explain its very strong exchange coupling, 2J = -0.11 eV (-920 cm(-1)). The model is also used to explain the presence of strong exchange coupling in Ln SMMs in which the lanthanide spins are coupled via bridging N(2)(3-) radical ligands. The results suggest that increasing the magnetic coupling in lanthanide clusters could lead to an increase in the blocking temperatures of exchange-coupled lanthanide SMMs, suggesting routes to rational design of future lanthanide SMMs.

Multielectron redox chemistry of lanthanide Schiff-base complexes

We have developed a new way to introduce redox events at lanthanide centers which should lead to further expansion of the reductive chemistry of lanthanides.

Electronic structure of 2,2'-bipyridine organotransition-metal complexes. Establishing the ligand oxidation level by density functional theoretical calculations

A density functional theoretical (DFT) study (B3LYP) has been carried out on 20 organometallic complexes containing η(5)- and/or η(3)-coordinated cyclopentadienyl anions (Cp(-)) and 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) ligand(s) at varying oxidation levels, i.e., as the neutral ligand (bpy(0)), as the π-radical monoanion (bpy(•-))(-), or as the diamagnetic dianion (bpy(2-))(2-). The molecular and electronic structures of these species in their ground states and, in some cases, their first excited states have been calculated using broken-symmetry methodology. The results are compared with experimental structural and spectroscopic data (where available) in order to validate the DFT computational approach. The following electron-transfer series and complexes have been studied: [(Cp)(2)V(bpy)](0,+,2+) (1-3), [(Cp)(2)Ti(bpy)](-,0,+,2+) (4-7), [(Cp)(2)Ti(biquinoline)](0,+) (8 and 9), [(Cp*)(2)Ti(bpy)](0) (10) (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl anion), [Cp*Co(bpy)](0,+) (11 and 12), [Cp*Co(bpy)Cl](+,0) (13 and 14), [Fe(toluene)(bpy)](0) (15), [Cp*Ru(bpy)](-) (16), [(Cp)(2)Zr(bpy)](0) (17), and [Mn(CO)(3)(bpy)](-) (18). In order to test the predictive power of our computations, we have also calculated the molecular and electronic structures of two complexes, A and B, namely, the diamagnetic dimer [Cp*Sc(bpy)(μ-Cl)](2) (A) and the paramagnetic (at 25 °C) mononuclear species [(η(5)-C(5)H(4)(CH(2))(2)N(CH(3))(2))Sc((m)bpy)(2)] (B). The crystallographically observed intramolecular π-π interaction of two N,N'-coordinated π-radical anions in A leading to an S = 0 ground state is reliably reproduced. Similarly, the small singlet-triplet gap of ~600 cm(-1) between two antiferromagnetically coupled (bpy(•-))(-) ligands in B, two ferromagnetically coupled radical anions in the triplet excited state of B, and the structures of A and B is reproduced. Therefore, we are confident that we can present computationally obtained, detailed electronic structures for complexes 1-18. We show that N,N'-coordinated neutral bpy(0) ligands behave as very weak π acceptors (if at all), whereas the (bpy(2-))(2-) dianions are strong π-donor ligands.

Intermediate-valence tautomerism in decamethylytterbocene complexes of methyl-substituted bipyridines

Multiconfigurational, intermediate valent ground states are established in several methyl-substituted bipyridine complexes of bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)ytterbium, Cp2*Yb (Me(x)-bipy). In contrast to Cp2*Yb(bipy) and other substituted-bipy complexes, the nature of both the ground state and the first excited state are altered by changing the position of the methyl or dimethyl substitutions on the bipyridine rings. In particular, certain substitutions result in multiconfigurational, intermediate valent open-shell singlet states in both the ground state and the first excited state. These conclusions are reached after consideration of single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), the temperature dependence of X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS), and magnetic susceptibility data, and are supported by CASSCF-MP2 calculations. These results place the various Cp2*Yb(bipy) complexes in a new tautomeric class, that is, intermediate-valence tautomers.