51
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Vogel B, Pan LL, Konopka P, Günther G, Müller R, Hall W, Campos T, Pollack I, Weinheimer A, Wei J, Atlas EL, Bowman KP. Transport pathways and signatures of mixing in the extratropical tropopause region derived from Lagrangian model simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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52
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Kunasek SA, Alexander B, Steig EJ, Sofen ED, Jackson TL, Thiemens MH, McConnell JR, Gleason DJ, Amos HM. Sulfate sources and oxidation chemistry over the past 230 years from sulfur and oxygen isotopes of sulfate in a West Antarctic ice core. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd013846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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53
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Cristofanelli P, Bonasoni P. Background ozone in the southern Europe and Mediterranean area: influence of the transport processes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:1399-1406. [PMID: 18977575 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The troposphere is subject to continuous inputs, production and removal processes of ozone and its precursors from natural processes and human activities acting together within a very complex system. In order to assess the behaviour of background ozone in the Mediterranean area, a description of trends, seasonal and diurnal behaviours of free tropospheric ozone is provided. In the Mediterranean area and southern Europe the background tropospheric ozone concentration appears significantly affected by three main air mass transport processes: (i) transport of polluted air masses on regional and long-range scales, (ii) downward transport of stratospheric air masses, and (iii) transport of mineral dust from the Sahara desert. In this review of the literature of the last two decades, we present an overview of these phenomena, mainly monitored at high baseline mountain stations representative of background atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Cristofanelli
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate-National Research Council (ISAC-CNR), via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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54
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Sawa Y, Machida T, Matsueda H. Seasonal variations of CO2near the tropopause observed by commercial aircraft. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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55
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Koumoutsaris S, Bey I, Generoso S, Thouret V. Influence of El Niño–Southern Oscillation on the interannual variability of tropospheric ozone in the northern midlatitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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56
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Rao TN, Arvelius J, Kirkwood S. Climatology of tropopause folds over a European Arctic station (Esrange). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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57
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Pirre M, Pisso I, Marécal V, Catoire V, Mébarki Y, Robert C. Intrusion of recent air in midlatitude stratosphere revealed by in situ tracer measurements and trajectory calculations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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58
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Song CK, Byun DW, Pierce RB, Alsaadi JA, Schaack TK, Vukovich F. Downscale linkage of global model output for regional chemical transport modeling: Method and general performance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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59
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Allen G, Vaughan G, Bower KN, Williams PI, Crosier J, Flynn M, Connolly P, Hamilton JF, Lee JD, Saxton JE, Watson NM, Gallagher M, Coe H, Allan J, Choularton TW, Lewis AC. Aerosol and trace-gas measurements in the Darwin area during the wet season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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60
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Polvani LM, Esler JG. Transport and mixing of chemical air masses in idealized baroclinic life cycles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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61
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Berthet G, Esler JG, Haynes PH. A Lagrangian perspective of the tropopause and the ventilation of the lowermost stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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62
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Hwang SH, Kim J, Cho GR. Observation of secondary ozone peaks near the tropopause over the Korean peninsula associated with stratosphere-troposphere exchange. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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63
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Spackman JR, Weinstock EM, Anderson JG, Hurst DF, Jost HJ, Schauffler SM. Aircraft observations of rapid meridional transport from the tropical tropopause layer into the lowermost stratosphere: Implications for midlatitude ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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64
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Yasunari TJ, Shiraiwa T, Kanamori S, Fujii Y, Igarashi M, Yamazaki K, Benson CS, Hondoh T. Intra-annual variations in atmospheric dust and tritium in the North Pacific region detected from an ice core from Mount Wrangell, Alaska. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teppei J. Yasunari
- Graduate School of Environmental Science; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | | | - Syosaku Kanamori
- Graduate School of Environmental Science; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | | | | | - Koji Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Environmental Science; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Carl S. Benson
- Geophysical Institute; University of Alaska Fairbanks; Fairbanks Alaska USA
| | - Takeo Hondoh
- Institute of Low Temperature Science; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
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65
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Randel WJ, Seidel DJ, Pan LL. Observational characteristics of double tropopauses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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66
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Levine JG, Braesicke P, Harris NRP, Savage NH, Pyle JA. Pathways and timescales for troposphere-to-stratosphere transport via the tropical tropopause layer and their relevance for very short lived substances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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67
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Wang PH, Cunnold DM, Trepte CR, Wang HJ, Jing P, Fishman J, Brackett VG, Zawodney JM, Bodeker GE. Ozone variability in the midlatitude upper troposphere and lower stratosphere diagnosed from a monthly SAGE II climatology relative to the tropopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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68
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69
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Rozema J, Boelen P, Blokker P. Depletion of stratospheric ozone over the Antarctic and Arctic: responses of plants of polar terrestrial ecosystems to enhanced UV-B, an overview. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2005; 137:428-42. [PMID: 16005756 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Depletion of stratospheric ozone over the Antarctic has been re-occurring yearly since 1974, leading to enhanced UV-B radiation. Arctic ozone depletion has been observed since 1990. Ozone recovery has been predicted by 2050, but no signs of recovery occur. Here we review responses of polar plants to experimentally varied UV-B through supplementation or exclusion. In supplementation studies comparing ambient and above ambient UV-B, no effect on growth occurred. UV-B-induced DNA damage, as measured in polar bryophytes, is repaired overnight by photoreactivation. With UV exclusion, growth at near ambient may be less than at below ambient UV-B levels, which relates to the UV response curve of polar plants. UV-B screening foils also alter PAR, humidity, and temperature and interactions of UV with environmental factors may occur. Plant phenolics induced by solar UV-B, as in pollen, spores and lignin, may serve as a climate proxy for past UV. Since the Antarctic and Arctic terrestrial ecosystems differ essentially, (e.g. higher species diversity and more trophic interactions in the Arctic), generalization of polar plant responses to UV-B needs caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelte Rozema
- Department of Systems Ecology, Institute of Ecological Science, Climate Centre, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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70
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Fromm M. Pyro-cumulonimbus injection of smoke to the stratosphere: Observations and impact of a super blowup in northwestern Canada on 3–4 August 1998. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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71
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Hsu J. Diagnosing the stratosphere-to-troposphere flux of ozone in a chemistry transport model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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72
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Martinsson BG. Characteristics and origin of lowermost stratospheric aerosol at northern midlatitudes under volcanically quiescent conditions based on CARIBIC observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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73
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Pan LL, Randel WJ, Gary BL, Mahoney MJ, Hintsa EJ. Definitions and sharpness of the extratropical tropopause: A trace gas perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. L. Pan
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - W. J. Randel
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - B. L. Gary
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Pasadena California USA
| | | | - E. J. Hintsa
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Woods Hole Massachusetts USA
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74
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Cooper O, Forster C, Parrish D, Dunlea E, Hübler G, Fehsenfeld F, Holloway J, Oltmans S, Johnson B, Wimmers A, Horowitz L. On the life cycle of a stratospheric intrusion and its dispersion into polluted warm conveyor belts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Cooper
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - C. Forster
- Department of Ecology; Technical University of Munich; Freising-Weihenstephan Germany
| | - D. Parrish
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - E. Dunlea
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - G. Hübler
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - J. Holloway
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado USA
- NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - S. Oltmans
- NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - B. Johnson
- NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - A. Wimmers
- Department of Environmental Sciences; University of Virginia; Charlottesville Virginia USA
| | - L. Horowitz
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory; Princeton New Jersey USA
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75
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van Noije TPC. Implications of the enhanced Brewer-Dobson circulation in European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis ERA-40 for the stratosphere-troposphere exchange of ozone in global chemistry transport models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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76
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Liu H. Constraints on the sources of tropospheric ozone from210Pb-7Be-O3correlations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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77
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Wimmers AJ. Tropopause folding at satellite-observed spatial gradients: 2. Development of an empirical model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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78
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79
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Oltmans SJ. Tropospheric ozone over the North Pacific from ozonesonde observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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80
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Collins WJ. Effect of stratosphere-troposphere exchange on the future tropospheric ozone trend. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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81
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Kentarchos AS. A model study of stratospheric ozone in the troposphere and its contribution to tropospheric OH formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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82
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James P. A 15-year climatology of stratosphere-troposphere exchange with a Lagrangian particle dispersion model: 1. Methodology and validation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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83
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Sprenger M. A northern hemispheric climatology of cross-tropopause exchange for the ERA15 time period (1979–1993). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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84
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Roelofs GJ. Intercomparison of tropospheric ozone models: Ozone transport in a complex tropopause folding event. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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