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Ziereis H, Schlager H, Schulte P, van Velthoven PFJ, Slemr F. Distributions of NO, NOx, and NOyin the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere between 28° and 61°N during POLINAT 2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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52
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Koike M, Kondo Y, Ikeda H, Gregory GL, Anderson BE, Sachse GW, Blake DR, Liu SC, Singh HB, Thompson AM, Kita K, Zhao Y, Sugita T, Shetter RE, Toriyama N. Impact of aircraft emissions on reactive nitrogen over the North Atlantic Flight Corridor region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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53
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Meijer EW, van Velthoven PFJ, Thompson AM, Pfister L, Schlager H, Schulte P, Kelder H. Model calculations of the impact of NOxfrom air traffic, lightning, and surface emissions, compared with measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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54
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Strahan SE. Climatologies of lower stratospheric NOyand O3and correlations with N2O based on in situ observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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55
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Flocke F, Herman RL, Salawitch RJ, Atlas E, Webster CR, Schauffler SM, Lueb RA, May RD, Moyer EJ, Rosenlof KH, Scott DC, Blake DR, Bui TP. An examination of chemistry and transport processes in the tropical lower stratosphere using observations of long-lived and short-lived compounds obtained during STRAT and POLARIS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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56
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Lawrence MG, Crutzen PJ, Rasch PJ, Eaton BE, Mahowald NM. A model for studies of tropospheric photochemistry: Description, global distributions, and evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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57
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Herman R, Webster C, May R, Scott D, Hu H, Moyer E, Wennberg P, Hanisco T, Lanzendorf E, Salawitch R, Yung Y, Margitan J, Bui T. Measurements of CO in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1465-9972(99)00008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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58
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Scott DC, Herman RL, Webster CR, May RD, Flesch GJ, Moyer EJ. Airborne laser infrared absorption spectrometer (ALIAS-II) for in situ atmospheric measurements of N2O, CH4, CO, HCl, and NO2 from balloon or remotely piloted aircraft platforms. APPLIED OPTICS 1999; 38:4609-4622. [PMID: 18323948 DOI: 10.1364/ao.38.004609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The Airborne Laser Infrared Absorption Spectrometer II (ALIAS-II) is a lightweight, high-resolution (0.0003-cm(-1)), scanning, mid-infrared absorption spectrometer based on cooled (80 K) lead-salt tunable diode laser sources. It is designed to make in situ measurements in the lower and middle stratosphere on either a balloon platform or high-altitude remotely piloted aircraft. Chemical species that can be measured precisely include long-lived tracers N(2)O and CH(4), the shorter-lived tracer CO, and chemically active species HCl and NO(2). Advances in electronic instrumentation developed for ALIAS-I, with the experience of more than 250 flights on board NASA's ER-2 aircraft, have been implemented in ALIAS-II. The two-channel spectrometer features an open cradle, multipass absorption cell to ensure minimal contamination from inlet and surfaces. Time resolution of the instrument is <or=3 s, allowing rapid in situ measurements with excellent spatial resolution. ALIAS-II has completed successful balloon flights from New Mexico, Alaska, and Brazil providing CH(4) and N(2)O vertical profiles in the tropics, mid-latitudes, and high northern latitudes up to altitudes of 32 km.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Scott
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, USA.
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59
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Logan JA. An analysis of ozonesonde data for the lower stratosphere: Recommendations for testing models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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60
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Harvey VL, Hitchman MH, Pierce RB, Fairlie TD. Tropical aerosol in the Aleutian High. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd200094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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61
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Pickering KE, Wang Y, Tao WK, Price C, Müller JF. Vertical distributions of lightning NOxfor use in regional and global chemical transport models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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63
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Michelsen HA, Manney GL, Gunson MR, Zander R. Correlations of stratospheric abundances of NOy, O3, N2O, and CH4derived from ATMOS measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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64
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Singh HB, Viezee W, Chen Y, Thakur AN, Kondo Y, Talbot RW, Gregory GL, Sachse GW, Blake DR, Bradshaw JD, Wang Y, Jacob DJ. Latitudinal distribution of reactive nitrogen in the free troposphere over the Pacific Ocean in late winter/early spring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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65
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Shia RL, Ko MKW, Weisenstein DK, Scott C, Rodriguez J. Transport between the tropical and midlatitude lower stratosphere: Implications for ozone response to high-speed civil transport emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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66
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Penner JE, Bergmann DJ, Walton JJ, Kinnison D, Prather MJ, Rotman D, Price C, Pickering KE, Baughcum SL. An evaluation of upper troposphere NOxwith two models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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67
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Bradshaw J, Sandholm S, Talbot R. An update on reactive odd-nitrogen measurements made during recent NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment programs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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68
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Bethan S, Vaughan G, Gerbig C, Volz-Thomas A, Richer H, Tiddeman DA. Chemical air mass differences near fronts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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69
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Fussen D, Arijs E, Nevejans D, Van Hellemont F, Brogniez C, Lenoble J. Validation of the ORA spatial inversion algorithm with respect to the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II data. APPLIED OPTICS 1998; 37:3121-3127. [PMID: 18273259 DOI: 10.1364/ao.37.003121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We present the results of a comparison of the total extinction altitude profiles measured at the same time and at same location by the ORA (Occultation Radiometer) and Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II solar occultation experiments at three different wavelengths. A series of 25 events for which the grazing points of both experiments lie within a 2 degrees window has been analyzed. The mean relative differences observed over the altitude range 15-45 km are -8.4%, 1.6%, and 3% for the three channels (0.385, 0.6, and 1.02 microm). Some systematic degradation occurs below 20 km (as the result of signal saturation and possible cloud interference) and above 40 km (low absorption). The fair general agreement between the extinction profiles obtained by two different instruments enhances our confidence in the results of the ORA experiment and of the recently developed vertical inversion algorithm applied to real data.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fussen
- Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, avenue Circulaire 3, Ringlaan, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
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70
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Wang Y, Jacob DJ, Logan JA. Global simulation of tropospheric O3-NOx-hydrocarbon chemistry: 1. Model formulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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71
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Krol M, van Leeuwen PJ, Lelieveld J. Global OH trend inferred from methylchloroform measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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72
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Ridley BA, Walega JG, Lamarque JF, Grahek FE, Trainer M, Hübler G, Lin X, Fehsenfeld FC. Measurements of reactive nitrogen and ozone to 5-km altitude in June 1990 over the southeastern United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd03463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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73
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Vohralik PF, Randeniya LK, Plumb IC, Ryan KR. Use of correlations between long-lived atmospheric species in assessment studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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74
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Kawakami S, Kondo Y, Koike M, Nakajima H, Gregory GL, Sachse GW, Newell RE, Browell EV, Blake DR, Rodriguez JM, Merrill JT. Impact of lightning and convection on reactive nitrogen in the tropical free troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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75
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Koike M, Kondo Y, Kawakami S, Nakajima H, Gregory GL, Sachse GW, Singh HB, Browell EV, Merrill JT, Newell RE. Reactive nitrogen and its correlation with O3and CO over the Pacific in winter and early spring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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76
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Talbot RW, Dibb JE, Lefer BL, Scheuer EM, Bradshaw JD, Sandholm ST, Smyth S, Blake DR, Blake NJ, Sachse GW, Collins JE, Gregory GL. Large-scale distributions of tropospheric nitric, formic, and acetic acids over the western Pacific basin during wintertime. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd02975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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77
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78
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Volk CM, Elkins JW, Fahey DW, Dutton GS, Gilligan JM, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Chan KR, Gunson MR. Evaluation of source gas lifetimes from stratospheric observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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79
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Bowman KP, Hu Y. Tropical mixing barriers in the lower stratosphere in the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory SKYHI model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd01606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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80
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Gettelman A, Holton JR, Rosenlof KH. Mass fluxes of O3, CH4, N2O and CF2Cl2in the lower stratosphere calculated from observational data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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81
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Rhoads KP, Kelley P, Dickerson RR, Carsey TP, Farmer M, Savoie DL, Prospero JM. Composition of the troposphere over the Indian Ocean during the monsoonal transition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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82
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Jenkins GS, Mohr K, Morris VR, Arino O. The role of convective processes over the Zaire-Congo Basin to the southern hemispheric ozone maximum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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83
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Ridley BA, Atlas EL, Walega JG, Kok GL, Staffelbach TA, Greenberg JP, Grahek FE, Hess PG, Montzka DD. Aircraft measurements made during the spring maximum of ozone over Hawaii: Peroxides, CO, O3, NOy, condensation nuclei, selected hydrocarbons, halocarbons, and alkyl nitrates between 0.5 and 9 km altitude. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd01345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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84
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Keim ER, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Fahey DW, Gao RS, Woodbridge EL, Wamsley RC, Donnelly SG, Del Negro LA, Nevison CD, Solomon S, Rosenlof KH, Scott CJ, Ko MKW, Weisenstein D, Chan KR. Measurements of the NOy-N2O correlation in the lower stratosphere: Latitudinal and seasonal changes and model comparisons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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85
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Waugh DW, Plumb RA, Elkins JW, Fahey DW, Boering KA, Dutton GS, Volk CM, Keim E, Gao RS, Daube BC, Wofsy SC, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Chan KR, Proffitt MH, Kelly KK, Newman PA, Lait LR. Mixing of polar vortex air into middle latitudes as revealed by tracer-tracer scatterplots. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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86
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Folkins I, Chatfield R, Baumgardner D, Proffitt M. Biomass burning and deep convection in southeastern Asia: Results from ASHOE/MAESA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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87
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Hall TM, Waugh DW. Timescales for the stratospheric circulation derived from tracers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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88
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Buhr M, Sueper D, Trainer M, Goldan P, Kuster B, Fehsenfeld F, Kok G, Shillawski R, Schanot A. Trace gas and aerosol measurements using aircraft data from the North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE 1993). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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89
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Kleinman LI, Daum PH, Springston SR, Leaitch WR, Banic CM, Isaac GA, Jobson BT, Niki H. Measurement of O3and related compounds over southern Nova Scotia: 2. Photochemical age and vertical transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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90
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Zheng J, Weinheimer AJ, Ridley BA, Liu SC, Sachse GW, Anderson BE, Collins JE. Analysis of small- and large-scale increases of reactive nitrogen observed during the Second Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd02034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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91
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Kleinman LI, Daum PH, Lee YN, Springston SR, Newman L, Leaitch WR, Banic CM, Isaac GA, MacPherson JI. Measurement of O3and related compounds over southern Nova Scotia: 1. Vertical distributions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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92
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Levy H, Moxim WJ, Kasibhatla PS. A global three-dimensional time-dependent lightning source of tropospheric NOx. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd02341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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93
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Jacob DJ, Heikes EG, Fan SM, Logan JA, Mauzerall DL, Bradshaw JD, Singh HB, Gregory GL, Talbot RW, Blake DR, Sachse GW. Origin of ozone and NOxin the tropical troposphere: A photochemical analysis of aircraft observations over the South Atlantic basin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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94
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Smyth SB, Sandholm ST, Bradshaw JD, Talbot RW, Blake DR, Blake NJ, Rowland FS, Singh HB, Gregory GL, Anderson BE, Sachse GW, Collins JE, Bachmeier AS. Factors influencing the upper free tropospheric distribution of reactive nitrogen over the South Atlantic during the TRACE A experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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95
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Singh HB, Herlth D, Kolyer R, Chatfield R, Viezee W, Salas LJ, Chen Y, Bradshaw JD, Sandholm ST, Talbot R, Gregory GL, Anderson B, Sachse GW, Browell E, Bachmeier AS, Blake DR, Heikes B, Jacob D, Fuelberg HE. Impact of biomass burning emissions on the composition of the South Atlantic troposphere: Reactive nitrogen and ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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96
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Weaver CJ, Douglass AR, Considine DB. A 5-year simulation of supersonic aircraft emission transport using a three-dimensional model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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97
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Volk CM, Elkins JW, Fahey DW, Salawitch RJ, Dutton GS, Gilligan JM, Proffitt MH, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Minschwaner K, Margitan JJ, Chan KR. Quantifying Transport Between the Tropical and Mid-Latitude Lower Stratosphere. Science 1996; 272:1763-8. [PMID: 8662478 DOI: 10.1126/science.272.5269.1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Airborne in situ observations of molecules with a wide range of lifetimes (methane, nitrous oxide, reactive nitrogen, ozone, chlorinated halocarbons, and halon-1211), used in a tropical tracer model, show that mid-latitude air is entrained into the tropical lower stratosphere within about 13.5 months; transport is faster in the reverse direction. Because exchange with the tropics is slower than global photochemical models generally assume, ozone at mid-latitudes appears to be more sensitive to elevated levels of industrial chlorine than is currently predicted. Nevertheless, about 45 percent of air in the tropical ascent region at 21 kilometers is of mid-latitude origin, implying that emissions from supersonic aircraft could reach the middle stratosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- CM Volk
- C. M. Volk, G. S. Dutton, and J. M. Gilligan are with the Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, CO 80303, and the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. J. W. Elkins is with NOAA/CMDL, Boulder, CO 80303, USA. D. W. Fahey is with the NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80303, USA. R. J. Salawitch and J. J. Margitan are with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. M. H. Proffitt is with the NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80303, and CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. M. Loewenstein, J. R. Podolske, and K. R. Chan are with the NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA. K. Minschwaner is with the Department of Physics, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
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98
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Brasseur GP, Hauglustaine DA, Walters S. Chemical compounds in the remote Pacific troposphere: Comparison between MLOPEX measurements and chemical transport model calculations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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99
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Atlas E, Ridley B, Walega J, Greenberg J, Kok G, Staffelbach T, Schauffler S, Lind J, Hübler G, Norton R, Dlugokencky E, Elkins J, Oltmans S, Mackay G, Karecki D. A comparison of aircraft and ground-based measurements at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, during GTE PEM-West and MLOPEX 2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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100
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Minschwaner K, Dessler AE, Elkins JW, Volk CM, Fahey DW, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Roche AE, Chan KR. Bulk properties of isentropic mixing into the tropics in the lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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