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Flint SD, Ryel RJ, Hudelson TJ, Caldwell MM. Serious complications in experiments in which UV doses are effected by using different lamp heights. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2009; 97:48-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2009] [Revised: 07/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cracknell AP, Varotsos CA. The contribution of remote sensing to the implementation of the Montreal Protocol and the monitoring of its success. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING 2009; 30:3853-3873. [DOI: 10.1080/01431160902821999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur P. Cracknell
- a Division of Electronic Engineering and Physics , University of Dundee , Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK
| | - Costas A. Varotsos
- b Department of Applied Physics , University of Athens , Panepistimioupolis Building 5, 15784, Athens, Greece
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Xing G, Zhao X, Xiong Z, Yan X, Xu H, Xie Y, Shi S. Nitrous oxide emission from paddy fields in China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chnaes.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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54
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Reddy KR, Patrick WH, Broadbent FE. Nitrogen transformations and loss in flooded soils and sediments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10643388409381709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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55
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Lapeyre R, Peyrous R. Produits gazeux (NO,NOX,O3) et noyaux de condensation crees par des decharges electriques entre une pointe et un plan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09593338109384019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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56
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Investigation on catalysts for the direct decomposition of nitrous oxide for waste anesthetic gas purification. Catal Today 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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57
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Complexes pairing aliphatic amines with hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals: A computational study. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kinnison DE, Gille J, Barnett J, Randall C, Harvey VL, Lambert A, Khosravi R, Alexander MJ, Bernath PF, Boone CD, Cavanaugh C, Coffey M, Craig C, Dean VC, Eden T, Ellis D, Fahey DW, Francis G, Halvorson C, Hannigan J, Hartsough C, Hepplewhite C, Krinsky C, Lee H, Mankin B, Marcy TP, Massie S, Nardi B, Packman D, Popp PJ, Santee ML, Yudin V, Walker KA. Global observations of HNO3from the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS): First results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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59
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Zhu Z, Zhuang Y, Shen D, Lu G. Highly Effective Catalysts for N2O Conversion to N2-A Preliminary Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.5500070510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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FREDERICK JOHNE. TRENDS IN ATMOSPHERIC OZONE AND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION: MECHANISMS AND OBSERVATIONS FOR THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 51:757-763. [DOI: 10.1111/php.1990.51.6.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Solar ultraviolet radiation creates an ozone layer in the atmosphere which in turn completely absorbs the most energetic fraction of this radiation. This process both warms the air, creating the stratosphere between 15 and 50 km altitude, and protects the biological activities at the Earth's surface from this damaging radiation. In the last half-century, the chemical mechanisms operating within the ozone layer have been shown to include very efficient catalytic chain reactions involving the chemical species HO, HO2, NO, NO2, Cl and ClO. The NOX and ClOX chains involve the emission at Earth's surface of stable molecules in very low concentration (N2O, CCl2F2, CCl3F, etc.) which wander in the atmosphere for as long as a century before absorbing ultraviolet radiation and decomposing to create NO and Cl in the middle of the stratospheric ozone layer. The growing emissions of synthetic chlorofluorocarbon molecules cause a significant diminution in the ozone content of the stratosphere, with the result that more solar ultraviolet-B radiation (290-320 nm wavelength) reaches the surface. This ozone loss occurs in the temperate zone latitudes in all seasons, and especially drastically since the early 1980s in the south polar springtime-the 'Antarctic ozone hole'. The chemical reactions causing this ozone depletion are primarily based on atomic Cl and ClO, the product of its reaction with ozone. The further manufacture of chlorofluorocarbons has been banned by the 1992 revisions of the 1987 Montreal Protocol of the United Nations. Atmospheric measurements have confirmed that the Protocol has been very successful in reducing further emissions of these molecules. Recovery of the stratosphere to the ozone conditions of the 1950s will occur slowly over the rest of the twenty-first century because of the long lifetime of the precursor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sherwood Rowland
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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66
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Abstract
Evidence of mid-latitude ozone depletion and proof that the Antarctic ozone hole was caused by humans spurred policy makers from the late 1980s onwards to ratify the Montreal Protocol and subsequent treaties, legislating for reduced production of ozone-depleting substances. The case of anthropogenic ozone loss has often been cited since as a success story of international agreements in the regulation of environmental pollution. Although recent data suggest that total column ozone abundances have at least not decreased over the past eight years for most of the world, it is still uncertain whether this improvement is actually attributable to the observed decline in the amount of ozone-depleting substances in the Earth's atmosphere. The high natural variability in ozone abundances, due in part to the solar cycle as well as changes in transport and temperature, could override the relatively small changes expected from the recent decrease in ozone-depleting substances. Whatever the benefits of the Montreal agreement, recovery of ozone is likely to occur in a different atmospheric environment, with changes expected in atmospheric transport, temperature and important trace gases. It is therefore unlikely that ozone will stabilize at levels observed before 1980, when a decline in ozone concentrations was first observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Weatherhead
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, Campus Box 216, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80307, USA.
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67
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Mayor E, Velasco AM, Martín I. Rotational line-integrated photoabsorption cross sections corresponding to the delta(0,0) band of NO: a molecular quantum-defect orbital procedure. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:114305. [PMID: 16392557 DOI: 10.1063/1.2018799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rotational line-integrated photoabsorption cross sections corresponding to the delta(0,0) band of the nitric oxide (NO) molecule at 295 K, calculated with the molecular quantum-defect orbital methodology, are in rather good accord with the experimental measurements available in the literature. The achieved results are of straightforward use in atmospheric chemistry, such as in the assessment of the NO photodissociation rate constant, which is of great relevance for atmospheric modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mayor
- Departamento de Química Física y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Spain
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68
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Lambert HM, Davis EW, Tokel O, Dixit AA, Houston PL. Photodissociation channels for N2O near 130 nm studied by product imaging. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:174304. [PMID: 15910029 DOI: 10.1063/1.1888579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The photodissociation of N(2)O at wavelengths near 130 nm has been investigated by velocity-mapped product imaging. In all, five dissociation channels have been detected, leading to the following products: O((1)S)+N(2)(X (1)Sigma), N((2)D)+NO(X (2)Pi), N((2)P)+NO(X (2)Pi), O((3)P) + N(2)(A (3)Sigma(+) (u)), and O((3)P) + N(2)(B (3)Pi(g)). The most significant channel is to the products O((1)S) + N(2)(X(1)Sigma), with strong vibrational excitation in the N(2). The O((3)P) + N(2)(A,B):N((2)D,(2)P) + NO branching ratio is measured to be 1.4 +/- 0.5, while the N(2)(A) + O((3)P(J)):N(2)(B) + O((3)P(J)) branching ratio is determined to be 0.84+/-0.09. The spin-orbit distributions for the O((3)P(J)), N((2)P(J)), and N((2)D(J)) products were also determined. The angular distributions of the products are in qualitative agreement with excitation to the N(2)O(D (1)Sigma(+)) state, with participation as well by the (3)Pi(v) state.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, USA
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69
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Cohen RC, Murphy JG. Photochemistry of NO2 in Earth's Stratosphere: Constraints from Observations. Chem Rev 2003; 103:4985-98. [PMID: 14664640 DOI: 10.1021/cr020647x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald C Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
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71
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Mechlińska-Drewko J, Wróblewski T, Petrović Z, Novaković V, Karwasz G. Electron scattering on N2O-from cross sections to diffusion coefficients. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0969-806x(03)00281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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72
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de Petris G. Atmospherically relevant ion chemistry of ozone and its cation. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2003; 22:251-271. [PMID: 12884389 DOI: 10.1002/mas.10053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The importance of ionic processes that occur in terrestrial, planetary, and stellar atmospheres is receiving increasing recognition. Actually, ions play important, often crucial, roles in a variety of atmospheric processes throughout the universe, and a strong link with the neutral chemistry is also apparent. In the terrestrial atmosphere, the ionic reactions are most relevant in those transient and fleeting events, e.g., lightning, coronas (in thunderstorm clouds and along power lines), where the local ion density is much higher than in unperturbed air, and the chemical systems are typically far from equilibrium. In such cases, ozone, a key molecule for the terrestrial atmosphere, is also present in high local concentrations; it is formed from O(2) by the same transient event. Accordingly, this review provides a survey of the positive ion chemistry of ozone with several of the most important "atmospheric" species: the reactions, the products, and the importance of the examined processes are discussed also in the light of the local thermodynamic disequilibrium (LTD) approach to the chemistry of transient atmospheric events. In all such studies, mass spectrometry is traditionally, and remains today, the experimental technique of choice. The novel application of mass spectrometry to the study of neutral species (NRMS), highly successful for the preparation and positive detection of long-sought, otherwise inaccessible, short-lived neutrals, makes mass spectrometry the most powerful tool now available for the study of the species and processes that are relevant to atmospheric chemistry. Selected examples of the interlink between the neutral and the ionic chemistry are also illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia de Petris
- Dipartimento di Studi di Chimica e Tecnologia delle Sostanze Biologicamente Attive, Università "La Sapienza," P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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73
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Sioris CE. Stratospheric profiles of nitrogen dioxide observed by Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imager System on the Odin satellite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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74
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Cantrell CA. Steady state free radical budgets and ozone photochemistry during TOPSE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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75
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Recent Changes in Surface Ultraviolet Solar Radiation and Stratospheric Ozone at a High Arctic Site. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56075-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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76
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Olsen SC, McLinden CA, Prather MJ. Stratospheric N2O-NOysystem: Testing uncertainties in a three-dimensional framework. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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77
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Johnson MS, Billing GD, Gruodis A, Janssen MHM. Photolysis of Nitrous Oxide Isotopomers Studied by Time-Dependent Hermite Propagation. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp011449x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark, Department of General Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Vilnius, Sauletekio 9, b. 3, 2040 Vilnius, Lithuania, and Laser Centre and Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Due Billing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark, Department of General Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Vilnius, Sauletekio 9, b. 3, 2040 Vilnius, Lithuania, and Laser Centre and Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alytis Gruodis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark, Department of General Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Vilnius, Sauletekio 9, b. 3, 2040 Vilnius, Lithuania, and Laser Centre and Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice H. M. Janssen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark, Department of General Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Vilnius, Sauletekio 9, b. 3, 2040 Vilnius, Lithuania, and Laser Centre and Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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78
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Łapiński A, Spanget-Larsen J, Waluk J, Radziszewski JG. Vibrations of nitrous oxide: Matrix isolation Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of twelve N2O isotopomers. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1383031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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79
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Ingold T, Mätzler C, Wehrli C, Heimo A, Kämpfer N, Philipona R. Ozone column density determination from direct irradiance measurements in the ultraviolet performed by a four-channel precision filter radiometer. APPLIED OPTICS 2001; 40:1989-2003. [PMID: 18357202 DOI: 10.1364/ao.40.001989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet light was measured at four channels (305, 311, 318, and 332 nm) with a precision filter radiometer (UV-PFR) at Arosa, Switzerland (46.78 degrees , 9.68 degrees , 1850 m above sea level), within the instrument trial phase of a cooperative venture of the Swiss Meteorological Institute (MeteoSwiss) and the Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center. We retrieved ozone-column density data from these direct relative irradiance measurements by adapting the Dobson standard method for all possible single-difference wavelength pairs and one double-difference pair (305/311 and 305/318) under conditions of cloud-free sky and of thin clouds (cloud optical depth <2.5 at 500 nm). All UV-PFR retrievals exhibited excellent agreement with those of collocated Dobson and Brewer spectrophotometers for data obtained during two months in 1999. Combining the results of the error analysis and the findings of the validation, we propose to retrieve ozone-column density by using the 305/311 single difference pair and the double-difference pair. Furthermore, combining both retrievals by building the ratio of ozone-column density yields information that is relevant to data quality control. Estimates of the 305/311 pair agree with measurements by the Dobson and Brewer instruments within 1% for both the mean and the standard deviation of the differences. For the double pair these values are in a range up to 1.6%. However, this pair is less sensitive to model errors. The retrieval performance is also consistent with satellite-based data from the Earth Probe Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (EP-TOMS) and the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment instrument (GOME).
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80
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Žemva P, Lesar A, Kobal I, Senegačnik M. Interpretation of kinetic isotope effects in the decomposition of N2O over CoO. Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(01)00247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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81
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Rogers HL, Chipperfield MP, Bekki S, Pyle JA. The effects of future supersonic aircraft on stratospheric chemistry modeled with varying meteorology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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82
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Cohen RC, Perkins KK, Koch LC, Stimpfle RM, Wennberg PO, Hanisco TF, Lanzendorf EJ, Bonne GP, Voss PB, Salawitch RJ, Del Negro LA, Wilson JC, McElroy CT, Bui TP. Quantitative constraints on the atmospheric chemistry of nitrogen oxides: An analysis along chemical coordinates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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83
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Sahai Y, Kirchhoff VWJH, Lerne NMP, Casiccia C. Total ozone trends in the tropics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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84
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Equilibrium, Rate, and Natural Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-6142(00)80111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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85
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Co-based ex-HTlc for the decomposition of N2O: Tailoring catalysts for active and stable operation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-2991(00)80403-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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86
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Brunner D, Staehelin J, Jeker D. Large-scale nitrogen oxide plumes in the tropopause region and implications for ozone. Science 1998; 282:1305-9. [PMID: 9812892 DOI: 10.1126/science.282.5392.1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Continuous measurements of nitrogen oxide and ozone were performed from a commercial airliner during 1 year at cruising altitudes below and above the tropopause. The upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides distribution was found to be strongly influenced by large-scale plumes extending about 100 to 1300 kilometers along the flight track. The plumes were frequently observed downwind of thunderstorms and frontal systems, which most probably caused upward transport of polluted air from the continental boundary layer or nitrogen oxide production in lightning strokes, or both. Particularly in summer, average ozone concentrations in the plumes were enhanced compared to the tropospheric background levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Brunner
- D. Brunner, Atmospheric Composition Research Division, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, 3730 AE De Bilt, Netherlands. J. Staehelin and D. Jeker, Institute for Atmospheric Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Hoenggerb
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87
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Scheper CR, Kuijt J, Buma WJ, de Lange CA. Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization photoelectron spectroscopy of Rydberg states of N2O below the X 2Π ionization limit. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.477431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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88
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Carl SA, Crowley JN. Sequential Two (Blue) Photon Absorption by NO2 in the Presence of H2 as a Source of OH in Pulsed Photolysis Kinetic Studies: Rate Constants for Reaction of OH with CH3NH2, (CH3)2NH, (CH3)3N, and C2H5NH2 at 295 K. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9821937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Carl
- Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany
| | - J. N. Crowley
- Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany
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89
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Staehelin J, Renaud A, Bader J, McPeters R, Viatte P, Hoegger B, Bugnion V, Giroud M, Schill H. Total ozone series at Arosa (Switzerland): Homogenization and data comparison. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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90
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Abstract
Liquid and solid particles in polar stratospheric clouds are of central importance for the depletion of stratospheric ozone. Surface-catalyzed reactions on these particles, and diffusion-controlled processes in the bulk of the particles, convert halogens, which derive from compounds of mainly anthropogenic origin, from relatively inert reservoir species into forms that efficiently destroy ozone. The microphysics of these particles under cold stratospheric conditions is still uncertain in many respects, in particular concerning phase transitions such as freezing nucleation and deposition nucleation. Furthermore, there are indications that the rates of key heterogeneous reactions have not yet been established with sufficient accuracy to enable a reliable diagnosis of observed ozone losses by means of global models. The present paper reviews the current (late 1996) knowledge of the physico-chemistry of polar stratospheric clouds and evaluates the remaining uncertainties with respect to their ozone depletion potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Peter
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Postfach 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany
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91
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Likens GE, Tartowski SL, Berger TW, Richey DG, Driscoll CT, Frank HG, Klein A. Transport and fate of trifluoroacetate in upland forest and wetland ecosystems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:4499-503. [PMID: 9114018 PMCID: PMC20751 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.9.4499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although trifluoroacetate (TFA), a breakdown product of chlorofluorocarbon replacements, is being dispersed widely within the biosphere, its ecological fate is largely unknown. TFA was added experimentally to an upland, northern hardwood forest and to a small forest wetland ecosystem within the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire. Inputs of TFA were not transported conservatively through these ecosystems; instead, significant amounts of TFA were retained within the vegetation and soil compartments. More TFA was retained by the wetland ecosystem than by the upland forest ecosystem. Using simulation modeling, TFA concentrations were predicted for soil and drainage water until the year 2040.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Likens
- Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA.
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92
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93
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Rees AP, Owens NJP, Upstill-Goddard RC. Nitrous oxide in the Bellingshausen Sea and Drake Passage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jc03350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Tracy P. Hamilton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
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