Red cell sodium fluxes catalysed by the sodium pump in the absence of K+ and ADP

The effect of metabolic inhibition on ion contents and sodium exchange in human lymphocytes

Lymphocytes depleted of ATP by incubation in iodoacetate (IAA) and nitrogen (N2) lost K and gained Na. Isotopic Na exchange showed a fast fraction and a slower exponential fraction, the latter conventionally assumed to reflect surface membrane properties. The gain of cell Na was not accounted for by a decrease in 22Na efflux in either the slow or the fast fraction. After 3-5 hours, Na efflux increased. These results led us to question the concept that normal cell ion levels are maintained by an ATPase pump and could not be explained by exchange diffusion, co-transport, countertransport, or other inherently dissipative mechanisms. The data are, on the other hand, consistent with the concept that cell ion contents are determined by their relative exclusion from cell water coupled with selective adsorption onto fixed macromolecular anionic sites within the cell. In this view, the IAA,N2-induced rise in cell Na is due to the occupancy of adsorption sites losing K, while the increased isotopic exchange is due to a decreased activation energy for ion-site interaction.

The effects of ATP on the interactions between monovalent cations and the sodium pump in dialysed squid axons

1. The efflux of Na in dialysed axons of the squid has been used to monitor the sidedness of the interactions of the Na pump with Na(+) ions, K(+) ions and ATP. The axons were under conditions such that most of the Na efflux went through the Na pump by means of a complete cycle of ATP hydrolysis.2. With 310 mm-K(i) (+), 70 mm-Na(i) (+) and 10 mm-K(+) artificial sea water (ASW) more than 97% of the Na efflux was abolished by removal of ATP. The efflux of Na was stimulated by ATP with a K((1/2)) of about 200 mum. This is similar to the K((1/2)) of 150 mum found for the ATP dependence of a ouabain-sensitive Na,K-ATPase activity in membrane fragments isolated from squid optical nerves.3. A 100-fold reduction in the ATP concentration (from 3-5 mm to 30-50 mum) increased the apparent affinity of the Na pump for K(o) (+) about 8-fold. In addition, the maximal rate of K(o) (+)-stimulated Na efflux was reduced by a similar factor. Analogous results were seen in axons dialysed with 310 mm-K(i) (+) or without K(i) (+).4. The relative effectiveness of external monovalent cations as activators of the Na efflux was a function of the ATP concentration inside the axon. With 3-5 mm-ATP the order of effectiveness was K(+) > NH(4) (+) > Rb(+). With 30-50 mum-ATP the sequence was NH(4) (+) >> K(+) >> Rb(+). These results were not affected by the removal of K(i) (+).5. When the ATP concentration was 3 mm and the Na(i) (+) concentration 70 mm, the removal of K(i) (+) produced a slight and reversible increase in the total efflux of Na (15%) and no change in the ATP-dependent Na efflux. When the ATP concentration was reduced to 30-50 mum, or the Na(i) (+) concentration lowered to 5-10 mm, the removal of K(i) (+) reversibly increased the total and the ATP-dependent efflux of Na. The largest increase in Na efflux was seen when both ATP and Na(i) (+) were simultaneously reduced. The ATP-dependent extra Na efflux resulting from the exclusion of K(i) (+) was abolished by 10(-4)m-ouabain in the sea waters.6. The increase in the ATP-dependent Na efflux observed in axons dialysed with 0 K(i) (+) + 10 mm-K(+) ASW was not seen in axons perfused with 310 mm-K(i) (+) + 450 mm-K(+) ASW. However, both experimental conditions gave rise to a similar (and small) ATP-independent and ouabain-insensitive efflux of Na. This indicates that the effects on the Na pump of removing K(i) (+) are not due to the simultaneous membrane depolarization. In addition, it suggests that K(i) (+) has an inhibitory effect on the Na pump, and that that effect is antagonized by Na(i) (+) and ATP.7. The present results are consistent with the idea that the same conformation of the Na pump (and Na,K-ATPase) can be reached by interaction with external K(+) after phosphorylation and with internal K(+) before rephosphorylation. This enzyme conformation produces an enzyme-K complex from which K(+) ions are not easily released unless high concentrations of ATP are present. This also stresses a non-phosphorylating regulatory role of ATP.