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Cao AY, Huang L, Wu J, Lu JS, Liu GY, Shen ZZ, Shao ZM, Di GH. Tumor characteristics and the clinical outcome of invasive lobular carcinoma compared to infiltrating ductal carcinoma in a Chinese population. World J Surg Oncol 2012; 10:152. [PMID: 22805492 PMCID: PMC3502188 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-10-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to compare the baseline demographics, standard pathologic factors and long-term clinical outcomes between ILC and infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) using a large database. METHODS Clinicopathologic features, overall survival (OS), and recurrence/metastasis-free survival (RFS) were compared between 2,202 patients with IDC and 215 patients with ILC. RESULTS ILC was significantly more likely to be associated with a favorable phenotype, but the incidence of contralateral breast cancer was higher for ILC patients than for IDC patients (8.4% vs. 3.9%; P=0.001). The frequencies of recurrence/metastasis (P = 0.980) and death (P = 0.064) were similar among patients with IDC and patients with ILC after adjustment for tumor size and nodal status. The median follow-up was 42.8 months. CONCLUSIONS Chinese women with ILCs do not have better clinical outcomes than their counterparts with IDC. Management decisions should be based on individual patient and tumor biologic characteristics, and not on lobular histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Yong Cao
- Breast Cancer Institute, Cancer Centre/Cancer Institute, Shanghai, PR, China
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52
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Song BI, Lee SW, Jeong SY, Chae YS, Lee WK, Ahn BC, Lee J. 18F-FDG uptake by metastatic axillary lymph nodes on pretreatment PET/CT as a prognostic factor for recurrence in patients with invasive ductal breast cancer. J Nucl Med 2012; 53:1337-44. [PMID: 22870824 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.098640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study assessed the maximum standardized uptake value of metastatic axillary lymph nodes in patients with invasive ductal breast cancer (IDC) to determine the pretreatment prognostic value of (18)F-FDG PET/CT for disease-free survival (DFS). METHODS Sixty-five female IDC patients who had undergone pretreatment (18)F-FDG PET/CT and had pathologically confirmed axillary lymph node involvement without distant metastasis were enrolled. All patients showed complete remission after first-line treatment. To obtain nodal SUVmax, a transaxial image representing the highest (18)F-FDG uptake was carefully selected and a region of interest was manually drawn on the (18)F-FDG-accumulating lesion. Clinicopathologic parameters such as age, TNM stage, estrogen receptor status, progesterone receptor status, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status, and primary-tumor and nodal SUVmax on PET were analyzed for their usefulness in predicting recurrence. Combinatorial effects and interactions between variables that were significant by univariate analysis were examined using multivariate Cox proportional-hazards models. RESULTS Twelve of 65 patients (18.5%) experienced recurrence during follow-up (median follow-up, 36 mo; range, 21-57 mo). Nodal SUVmax was significantly higher in patients with recurrence than in those who were disease-free (recurrence group: 5.2 ± 2.3, vs. disease-free group: 1.9 ± 1.9, P < 0.0001). A receiver-operating-characteristic curve demonstrated a nodal SUVmax of 2.8 (sensitivity, 91.7%; specificity, 86.8%; area under the curve, 0.890) to be the optimal cutoff for predicting DFS. Univariate analysis revealed that T stage, N stage, estrogen receptor status, and primary-tumor and nodal SUVmax correlated significantly with DFS. Among these 5 variables, only nodal SUVmax was found to be a single determinant of DFS by multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 31.54; 95% confidence interval, 2.66-373.39; P = 0.0065). CONCLUSION Nodal SUVmax on pretreatment (18)F-FDG PET/CT may be an independent prognostic factor for disease recurrence in patients with IDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong-Il Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
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53
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Colleoni M, Rotmensz N, Maisonneuve P, Mastropasqua M, Luini A, Veronesi P, Intra M, Montagna E, Cancello G, Cardillo A, Mazza M, Perri G, Iorfida M, Pruneri G, Goldhirsch A, Viale G. Outcome of special types of luminal breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:1428-36. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdr461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Ragunath PK, Reddy BV, Abhinand PA, Ahmed SSSJ. Relevance of systems biological approach in the differential diagnosis of invasive lobular carcinoma & invasive ductal carcinoma. Bioinformation 2012; 8:359-64. [PMID: 22570516 PMCID: PMC3346022 DOI: 10.6026/97320630008359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a malignant neoplasm originating from breast tissue, most commonly from the inner lining of milk ducts or the lobules that supply the ducts with milk. ILCs and IDCs vary from each other with respect to various histological, biological and clinical features. Remarkably, ductal tumors tending to form glandular structures, whereas lobular tumors are less cohesive and tends to invade in single file. The high degree of similarity in the prognoses of IDC and ILC makes it beneficial to develop a differential diagnostic protocol to classify the two conditions. The main goal of the study is to construct the genetic regulatory network from the microarray data using biological knowledge and constraint-based inferences, in order to explore the potential significant gene regulatory networks that can differentiate IDC and ILC and thereby understand the complex interactions that are influenced by the genetic networks. Out of the 54676 genes present on the GPL570 platform- 29 genes exhibited 4 fold up regulation in case of IDC and 22 in the case of ILC. The ductal and lobular tumors displayed a striking difference in the expression of genes associated with cell adhesion, protein folding, and protein phosphorylation and invasion. Construction of separate gene regulation networks for IDC and ILC on the basis of gene expression altercation can be utilized in understanding the distinction in the possible mechanism that underlies the pathological differences between the two, which can be exploited in identifying diagnostic or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Ragunath
- Department of Bioinformatics, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai – 600 116, India.
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55
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Iorfida M, Maiorano E, Orvieto E, Maisonneuve P, Bottiglieri L, Rotmensz N, Montagna E, Dellapasqua S, Veronesi P, Galimberti V, Luini A, Goldhirsch A, Colleoni M, Viale G. Invasive lobular breast cancer: subtypes and outcome. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 133:713-23. [PMID: 22399188 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2002-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is the most common "special type" of breast cancer. Although conflicting literature data are available on the outcome of ILC, recently reported data indicate that ILC carries a poorer prognosis if compared to invasive ductal carcinomas. We evaluated clinical and biological features of 981 consecutive patients with pT1-3, pN1-3 M0 ILC. Median follow-up was 7.4 years for survival. A total of 541 patients were classified as classic (55.8%), 146 alveolar (14.9%), 145 mixed non-classic (14.8%), 104 solid (10.6%), and 38 trabecular (3.9%). A statistically significant difference in the outcome was observed at multivariate analysis for patients with solid (HR 2.44, 95% CI 1.39-4.29 for OS; HR 1.92, 95% CI 1.29-2.88 for DFS) and mixed non-classic (HR 1.99, 95% CI 1.12-3.53 for OS) versus patients with classical ILC. A statistically significant difference in the risk of distant metastases was observed at multivariate analysis for patients with Luminal B (HR 2.56, 95% CI 1.38-4.76), HER2 positive (HR 7.80, 95% CI 1.55-39.3), and triple negative (HR 7.61, 95% CI 2.63-22.1) subtypes versus patients with Luminal A ILC. Age ≥70 years, tumor size and degree of nodal involvement were additional independent predictors of reduced overall survival. The outcome of ILC significantly correlated with histological and immunohistochemically defined molecular subtypes. New tailored strategies should be explored in these subgroups of patients with poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Iorfida
- Research Unit in Medical Senology, Department of Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.
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Recurrent invasive lobular carcinoma presenting as a ruptured breast implant. Radiol Oncol 2011; 46:23-7. [PMID: 22933976 PMCID: PMC3423769 DOI: 10.2478/v10019-011-0032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For years, the treatment for invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) has been mastectomy secondary to the lack of studies investigating the efficacy of breast conservation therapy on patients afflicted with ILC and due to the lack of long-term follow up investigating locoregional recurrence in this patient population. In this article we report the clinical course of a patient diagnosed with ILC. CASE REPORT We describe the case of a 50-year-old woman with stage IIB (T2N1M0) ER/PR positive right breast ILC who underwent a right modified radical mastectomy, postoperative chemotherapy, a prophylactic left simple mastectomy with bilateral breast reconstruction and tamoxifen. Approximately 12 years later, she presented with a deflated breast implant and recurrent breast cancer with metastatic spread. She received palliative radiotherapy then palliative chemotherapy. Unfortunately, she succumbed to the cancer less than a year after being diagnosed with metastatic disease. CONCLUSIONS This may be the first case report of a ruptured breast implant presenting at the same time as the diagnosis of recurrent breast cancer.
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Man YG, Izadjoo M, Song G, Stojadinovic A. In situ malignant transformation and progenitor-mediated cell budding: two different pathways for breast ductal and lobular tumor invasion. J Cancer 2011; 2:401-12. [PMID: 21811518 PMCID: PMC3148774 DOI: 10.7150/jca.2.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human breast lobular and ductal structures and the derived tumors from these structures differ substantial in their morphology, microenvironment, biological presentation, functions, and clinical prognosis. Based on these differences, we have proposed that pre-invasive lobular tumors may progress to invasive lesions through "in situ malignant transformation", in which the entire myoepithelial cell layer within a given lobule or lobular clusters undergoes extensive degeneration and disruptions, which allows the entire epithelial cell population associated with these myoepithelial cell layers directly invade the stroma or vascular structures. In contrast, pre-invasive ductal tumors may invade the stroma or vascular structures through "progenitor-mediated cell budding", in which focal myoepithelial cell degeneration-induced aberrant leukocyte infiltration causes focal disruptions in the tumor capsules, which selectively favor monoclonal proliferation of the overlying tumor stem cells or a biologically more aggressive cell clone. Our current study attempted to provide more direct morphological and immunohistochemical data that are consistent with our hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Gao Man
- 1. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and American Registry of Pathology, Washington, DC, USA
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58
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Vandorpe T, Smeets A, Van Calster B, Van Hoorde K, Leunen K, Amant F, Moerman P, Deraedt K, Brouckaert O, Van Huffel S, Wildiers H, Christiaens MR, Neven P. Lobular and non-lobular breast cancers differ regarding axillary lymph node metastasis: a cross-sectional study on 4,292 consecutive patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 128:429-35. [PMID: 21562708 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) accounts for 8-14% of all breast cancers and carries distinct prognostic and biologic implications. The goal of our study was to investigate the impact of lobular histology on axillary lymph node (ALN) involvement. This is a cross-sectional study of 4,292 consecutive patients surgically treated for breast carcinoma at the University Hospitals Leuven. Logistic regression analysis was used to relate ILC to lymph node involvement while controlling for the following clinicopathologic features: tumor size, multifocal disease, tumor grade, lobular subtype and the combined steroid, and Her-2 status. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIS) were computed. A subgroup analysis was performed for patients that underwent a sentinel lymph node (SLN) procedure. The observed incidence of ILC was 13%. ILCs were larger, were more often grade II, multifocal, steroid receptor positive and Her-2 negative, and tended to be present in older patients. Incidence of ALN involvement was 42.0% for ILCs versus 38.3% for other tumors (OR 1.17, 95% CI 0.97-1.40). For the SLN subgroup, ILCs were less often ALN positive than non-ILCs (20.5% versus 28.3%, OR 0.66, 95% CI: 0.41-1.00). In the multivariable analysis, the lobular subtype was identified as less likely to have ALN involvement (adjusted OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.53-0.82). The analysis for the SLN subgroup showed comparable results (adjusted OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.30-0.78). This study has demonstrated that the lobular subtype is an independent predictor of lymph node involvement with ILC having a lower incidence of involved lymph nodes. The mildly higher incidence of ALN metastasis in lobular cancers in univariable analysis is not due to the lobular subtype, but due to confounding factors that interact with lymph node involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vandorpe
- Multidisciplinary Breast Centre, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Prognostic Value of Primary Tumor Uptake on F-18 FDG PET/CT in Patients with Invasive Ductal Breast Cancer. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011; 45:117-24. [PMID: 24899990 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-011-0081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the prognostic implications of pretreatment F-18 FDG PET/CT in patients with invasive ductal breast cancer (IDC), we evaluated the relationship between FDG uptake of the primary tumor and known prognostic parameters of breast cancer. Prognostic significance of tumoral FDG uptake for the prediction of progression-free survival (PFS) was also assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-five female patients with IDC who underwent pretreatment F-18 FDG PET/CT were enrolled. The maximum standardized uptake value of the primary tumor (pSUVmax) was compared with clinicopathological parameters including tumor size, grade, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor2 (HER2), axillary lymph node (LN) metastasis, and stage. The prognostic value of pSUVmax for PFS was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS A high pSUVmax was significantly related to a higher stage of tumor size (P < 0.05), grade (P < 0.001), and stage (P < 0.001). pSUVmax was significantly higher in ER-negative tumors (P < 0.001), PR-negative tumors (P < 0.001), and positive LN metastasis (P < 0.01), but not different according to HER2 status. pSUVmax was significantly higher in patients with progression compared to patients who were disease-free (10.6 ± 5.1 vs. 4.7 ± 3.5, P < 0.001). A receiver-operating characteristic curve demonstrated a pSUVmax of 6.6 to be the optimal cutoff for predicting PFS (sensitivity; 86.7%, specificity; 82.5%). The patients with a high pSUVmax (more than 6.6) had significantly shorter PFS compared to patients with a low pSUVmax (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS pSUVmax on pretreatment F-18 FDG PET/CT could be used as a good surrogate marker for the prediction of progression in patients with IDC.
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Influence of margin status on outcomes in lobular carcinoma: experience of the European Institute of Oncology. Ann Surg 2011; 253:580-4. [PMID: 21248632 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e31820d9a81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We analyzed 382 patients with pure lobular carcinoma treated up to 2002 with sufficient follow-up to draw prognostic conclusions, all treated by conservative surgery. Our aim was to evaluate the influence of margin status on outcomes with a view assessing the appropriateness of conservative surgery in this breast cancer subtype. METHODS We assessed locoregional relapse, distant metastasis, contralateral breast cancer, breast cancer-related event free survival, disease-free survival and overall survival according to margin status categorized as at least 10 mm versus less than 10 mm (usually considered negative). RESULTS The proportions of patients with less than 10 mm margins varied significantly with age (P = 0.02), menopausal status (P = 0.006), and tumor size (P = 0.02) but no other characteristic was significantly related to margin status. As regards unfavorable events during follow-up, none differed significantly between at least 10 mm and less than 10 mm margin groups. In particular, there were 11 (3.7%) local relapses in the same quadrant in at least 10 mm margin group compared to 4 (4.6%) in the less than 10 mm margin group, and 7 (2.4%) ipsilateral breast cancers in the 10 mm or more margin group but none in the less than 10 mm group. These findings indicate that minimal residual disease as evidenced by margins less than 10 mm is eradicated by radiotherapy (backed up in selected cases by reexcision, which in this series was always conservative). The rate of contralateral breast cancer was low at 2.9% indicating that prophylactic contralateral mastectomy is not justified. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the surgical approach and criteria for adjuvant hormonal and systemic treatment in lobular carcinoma should be the same as for ductal carcinoma, provided that adequate preoperative investigations exclude extensive multifocal and contralateral disease.
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Wachtel MS, Halldorsson A, Dissanaike S. Nottingham Grades of Lobular Carcinoma Lack the Prognostic Implications They Bear for Ductal Carcinoma. J Surg Res 2011; 166:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hsiao YH, Tsai HD, Chou MC, Man YG. The myoepithelial cell layer may serve as a potential trigger factor for different outcomes of stage-matched invasive lobular and ductal breast cancers. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:147-53. [PMID: 21326853 PMCID: PMC3039295 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive lobular cancer (ILC) tends to be significantly larger in size with significantly more positive lymph nodes, whereas ILC has a significantly more favorable outcome, compared to stage-matched invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). The mechanism accounting for such differences remains elusive. Based on morphological, immunohistochemical, and molecular studies of over 1,000 cases of human breast cancers, we hypothesize that the differences may result from the structural and/or functional differences of their surrounding myoepithelial cell layers, which dictate lobular and ductal tumor cells to follow different pathways of invasion or metastasis. The background, rationale, supportive data, and implications of our hypothesis are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Hsiao
- 1. Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- 2. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Der Tsai
- 2. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chih Chou
- 3. Department of Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yan-gao Man
- 4. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and American Registry of Pathology, Washington DC, USA
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Ginsburg E, Alexander S, Lieber S, Tarplin S, Jenkins L, Pang L, Heger CD, Goldsmith P, Vonderhaar BK. Characterization of ductal and lobular breast carcinomas using novel prolactin receptor isoform specific antibodies. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:678. [PMID: 21144038 PMCID: PMC3009681 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolactin is a polypeptide hormone responsible for proliferation and differentiation of the mammary gland. More recently, prolactin's role in mammary carcinogenesis has been studied with greater interest. Studies from our laboratory and from others have demonstrated that three specific isoforms of the prolactin receptor (PRLR) are expressed in both normal and cancerous breast cells and tissues. Until now, reliable isoform specific antibodies have been lacking. We have prepared and characterized polyclonal antibodies against each of the human PRLR isoforms that can effectively be used to characterize human breast cancers. METHODS Rabbits were immunized with synthetic peptides of isoform unique regions and immune sera affinity purified prior to validation by Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. Sections of ductal and lobular carcinomas were stained with each affinity purified isoform specific antibody to determine expression patterns in breast cancer subclasses. RESULTS We show that the rabbit antibodies have high titer and could specifically recognize each isoform of PRLR. Differences in PRLR isoform expression levels were observed and quantified using histosections from xenografts of established human breast cancer cells lines, and ductal and lobular carcinoma human biopsy specimens. In addition, these results were verified by real-time PCR with isoform specific primers. While nearly all tumors contained LF and SF1b, the majority (76%) of ductal carcinoma biopsies expressed SF1a while the majority of lobular carcinomas lacked SF1a staining (72%) and 27% had only low levels of expression. CONCLUSIONS Differences in the receptor isoform expression profiles may be critical to understanding the role of PRL in mammary tumorigenesis. Since these antibodies are specifically directed against each PRLR isoform, they are valuable tools for the evaluation of breast cancer PRLR content and have potential clinical importance in treatment of this disease by providing new reagents to study the protein expression of the human PRLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ginsburg
- Mammary Biology and Tumorigenesis Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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64
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Choi HC, Yoon DH, Kim SC, Cho KH, Kim SH. Two separate episodes of intramedullary spinal cord metastasis in a single patient with breast cancer. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2010; 48:162-5. [PMID: 20856667 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2010.48.2.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Intramedullary spinal cord metastases are very rare. Patients with breast cancer as the primary source of intramedullary spinal cord metastases tend to do better than other types of cancer. We report the very unusual case of a woman with breast cancer who had two separate episodes of intramedullary spinal cord metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Chul Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Köhler HF, Maciel MDS, Collins JD, Rozenowicz RDL, Netto MM. A multivariate analysis on prognostic factors for lobular carcinoma of the breast. SAO PAULO MED J 2010; 128:125-9. [PMID: 20963363 PMCID: PMC10938954 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-31802010000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Lobular carcinoma is the second most common type of breast neoplasia and has unique clinical and pathological features. Our aim was to evaluate prognostic factors for this type of breast cancer. DESIGN AND SETTING Retrospective study at a tertiary oncological institution. METHODS 162 patients diagnosed and treated between January 1985 and January 2002 were included. The inclusion criteria were: absence of previous treatment, histological diagnosis of lobular carcinoma, no previous history of breast cancer and minimum follow-up of 36 months. RESULTS In univariate analysis, the following factors were statistically significant: clinical stage T (P = 0.0005), clinical stage N (P = 0.0014), neoadjuvant chemotherapy (P = 0.0008), primary tumor size (P < 0.0001), vascular invasion (P < 0.0001), lymphatic invasion (P = 0.0004), neural invasion (P = 0.0004), skin invasion (P < 0.0001), capsular transposition (P = 0.0008), lymph node ratio (P < 0.0001), estrogen receptor expression (P = 0.0186), progesterone receptor expression (P = 0.0286), pathological stage T (P < 0.0001), pathological stage N (P < 0.0001), adjuvant chemotherapy (P < 0.0001) and postoperative hormone therapy (P = 0.0367). After grouping the variables, multivariate analysis was performed. Presence of lymph node metastases, capsular transposition, lymph node ratio and postoperative hormone therapy remained significant. CONCLUSION In this series, the most important prognostic factors for lobular carcinoma of the breast seemed to relate to lymph node status and presence of capsular transposition. Factors relating to axillary involvement, capsular transposition and hormone therapy were significant for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Fontan Köhler
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hospital A. C. Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Shetty PJ, Movva S, Pasupuleti N, Vedicherlla B, Vattam KK, Venkatasubramanian S, Ahuja YR, Hasan Q. Regulation of IGF2 transcript and protein expression by altered methylation in breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 137:339-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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67
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Anwar IF, Down SK, Rizvi S, Farooq N, Burger A, Morgan A, Hussien MI. Invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast: should this be regarded as a chronic disease? Int J Surg 2010; 8:346-52. [PMID: 20420942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The surgical treatment of patients with invasive lobular carcinoma is still controversial due to its different clinical and pathological features. Most studies report local recurrence after relatively short follow-up periods, which is usually 5 years. However there is some evidence to suggest that local recurrence may occur late in the course of follow-up. AIM OF THE STUDY To study the implications and outcome of extending the follow-up period of patients treated for invasive lobular carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients (268) treated between 1989 and 1996 were reviewed. Thirty-three patients were excluded as they had primary hormonal therapy. The outcomes for 235 patients were analyzed. RESULTS Seventy-nine patients (33.6%) had breast conservation surgery (group I), which was followed by re-excision due to positive margins in 23 patients (29%), and 156 patients (66.3%) had mastectomy (group II). Compared to group II, tumours in group I were smaller (mean size 17 vs. 37 mm, P=0.001), multifocal [20 (25%) vs. 14 (9%), P=0.003] and with more positive margins [23 (29%) vs. 24 (15%), P=0.0009]. Only 33 patients (21%) in group II, and all patients in group I had post-operative radiotherapy (P=0.0001). Forty-eight patients (17.9%) developed local recurrence [27 (34%) in group I and 21 (13.4%) in group II, P=0.0005] after a median follow-up period of 167.8 months. The mean time to local recurrence was 127 (range 24-196) months. Univariate analysis showed that the type of surgery, margin status, adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy significantly affected local recurrence (P=0.0005, 0.02, 0.04 and 0.05 respectively). Cox regression analysis showed that the only factor affected local recurrence was the type of surgery (relative risk 2.43, 95% confidence interval 1.22-4.83, P=0.01) The overall survival was 99.3 months (78.2%). Univariate and Cox regression analyses showed that only the patients age at diagnosis significantly affected survival (P=0.003). CONCLUSION Local recurrence may be a late event in patients treated for invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast and extended follow-up may be considered. In this study mastectomy offers better local control.
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Anwar
- Breast Surgery Unit, Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
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68
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Wasif N, Maggard MA, Ko CY, Giuliano AE. Invasive lobular vs. ductal breast cancer: a stage-matched comparison of outcomes. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 17:1862-9. [PMID: 20162457 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-010-0953-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive lobular breast cancer (ILC) is less common than invasive ductal breast cancer (IDC), more difficult to detect mammographically, and usually diagnosed at a later stage. Does delayed diagnosis of ILC affect survival? We used a national registry to compare outcomes of patients with stage-matched ILC and IDC. METHODS Query of the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) tumor registry identified 263,408 women diagnosed with IDC or ILC between 1993 and 2003. Survival of patients matched by T and N stage was compared using Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank analysis. RESULTS When compared with IDC, ILC was more likely to be >2 cm (43.1 vs. 32.6%; P < 0.001), lymph node positive (36.8 vs. 34.4%; P < 0.001), and ER positive (93.1 vs. 75.6%; P < 0.001). The 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) was significantly better for patients with ILC than for those with IDC, before (90 vs. 88%; P < 0.001) and after matching for stage T1N0 (98 vs. 96%; P < 0.001), T2N0 (94 vs. 88%; P < 0.001), and T3N0 (92 vs. 83%, P < 0.001). The 5-year DSS for patients with nodal metastasis of ILC vs. IDC was 89% vs. 88% (P = NS) for stage T1N1, 81 vs. 73% (P < 0.001) for T2N1, and 72 vs. 56% (P < 0.001) for T3N1. Multivariate analysis identified a 14% survival benefit for ILC (hazard ratio 0.86, 95% confidence interval 0.80-0.92). CONCLUSIONS Stage-matched prognosis is better for patients with ILC than for those with IDC. Our findings support a different biology for ILC and are important for counseling and risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Wasif
- John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
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Liu XJ, Shen P, Wang XF, Sun K, Sun FF. Solitary adrenal metastasis from invasive ductal breast cancer: an uncommon finding. World J Surg Oncol 2010; 8:7. [PMID: 20105336 PMCID: PMC2824745 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-8-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast usually metastasizes to the lungs, liver, bones and brain. Solitary adrenal metastasis is extremely rare. Due to the rarity of this condition, the optimal treatment is unclear. We report the first case of IDC of the breast metastasizing solely to the adrenal gland after a modified radical mastectomy but having a long-term disease-free survival while treated merely by a left adrenalectomy. Case presentation A 64-year-old woman was found a left adrenal mass on a follow- up visit two years after taking a right modified radical mastectomy for the breast cancer. She was subsequently given a left adrenalectomy. Postoperative histopathology findings were compatible with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast. Due to the patient's refusal, no further treatments were offered after the adrenalectomy. The patient now is still alive and has no sign of relapse. Survival time after taking the right modified radical mastectomy and the left adrenalectomy is more than five years and three years, respectively. Conclusion This is the first case of a patient with solitary, metachronous adrenal metastasis from IDC of the breast to be reported. For patients in this condition, complete removal of metastasized organ may translate into survival benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jiao Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, PR China
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71
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Williams DJ, Cohen C, To TV, Page AJ, Lawson D, Sussman ZM, Nassar A. Triple-negative breast carcinoma in women from Vietnam and the United States: characterization of differential marker expression by tissue microarray. Hum Pathol 2009; 40:1176-81. [PMID: 19368951 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 01/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast carcinoma accounts for approximately 15% of all breast cancers. It is characterized by an aggressive clinical history, high rate of local relapse, and association with the basal epithelial-like subtype. Variations in breast cancer subtype and clinical outcome often exist across racial and ethnic lines. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the immunohistochemical and clinicopathologic characteristics of triple-negative breast carcinoma in women living in Vietnam with those from the United States. Invasive triple-negative breast carcinoma of patients from the 2 populations was characterized by tissue microarray for the expression of basal cytokeratins (CK5/6, CK7, CK14), luminal cytokeratins (CK8, CK18, CK19), and markers associated with the basal phenotype (cKit, epithelial growth factor receptor, P-cadherin, p53, and p63). Significant differences in expression between the 2 populations were not observed for the basal cytokeratins. However, epithelial growth factor receptor and P-cadherin, markers associated with the basal phenotype, were underexpressed in Vietnamese patients. Of the luminal cytokeratins, CK8 was overexpressed and CK18 was underexpressed in the Vietnamese women. Significant differences were also observed regarding the clinicopathologic characteristics. Triple-negative breast carcinoma in Vietnamese women was smaller and less likely to be grade III. In addition, it was more frequently of ductal histologic type and less often medullary or metaplastic. These differences in histology and marker expression suggest that triple-negative breast carcinoma has unique biological characteristics in women from Vietnam and the United States, and may follow a unique clinical course in each of the 2 populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daron J Williams
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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72
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Slanger TE, Chang-Claude JC, Obi N, Kropp S, Berger J, Vettorazzi E, Braendle W, Bastert G, Hentschel S, Flesch-Janys D. Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of clinical breast cancer subtypes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:1188-96. [PMID: 19336542 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with subtypes that may vary in their etiologies. Menopausal hormone therapy has been associated more strongly with lobular and tubular than ductal histologic types and with tumors that are smaller, hormone receptor-positive, and of lower grade. At the same time, correlations have been observed between histology and clinical characteristics. To identify those tumor subtypes most strongly associated with hormone therapy use, it is necessary to disentangle these interrelationships. METHODS Based on 3,464 postmenopausal breast cancer cases and 6,657 controls from the population-based Mammary carcinoma Risk factor Investigation study, we used polytomous logistic regression to evaluate associations between hormone therapy use and risk of invasive breast cancer subtypes. We assessed variations in risk for selected tumor characteristics among histologic and hormone receptor subtypes, both overall and for specific hormone therapy regimens. RESULTS Lobular and mixed types showed less variation by prognostic factors than did ductal tumors. Current hormone therapy use had the strongest associations with prognostic variables in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and/or progesterone receptor (PR)-positive ductal tumors and in lobular tumors regardless of ER/PR status, with little effect on ER/PR-negative ductal tumors. The observed associations varied minimally by hormone therapy type or regimen. CONCLUSION Current hormone therapy use was associated with more favorable breast cancer characteristics for ductal tumors but had less effect on prognostic characteristics in women with lobular tumors. Both histologic type and estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor status seem to be important in explaining the role of hormone therapy in the etiology of breast cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy E Slanger
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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73
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Horvath JW, Barnett GE, Jimenez RE, Young DC, Povoski SP. Comparison of intraoperative frozen section analysis for sentinel lymph node biopsy during breast cancer surgery for invasive lobular carcinoma and invasive ductal carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol 2009; 7:34. [PMID: 19317888 PMCID: PMC2667517 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-7-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is the standard of care for the surgical assessment of the axilla during breast cancer surgery. However, the diagnostic accuracy of intraoperative frozen section analysis for confirming metastatic involvement of SLNs in cases of invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) versus that of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) has generated controversy secondary to a frequently low-grade cytologic appearance and an often discohesive pattern displayed by metastatic lymph nodes in ILC. In the current report, we present a comparison of intraoperative frozen section analysis for confirming the presence of metastatic disease within SLNs during breast cancer surgery for ILC and IDC. METHODS We evaluated the results of 131 consecutive cases of ILC from 1997 to 2008 and 133 cases of IDC (selected by a random sequence generator program) from amongst 1163 consecutive cases of IDC from the same time period. All cases had at least one SLN that had both intraoperative frozen section analysis and confirmatory permanent section analysis performed. RESULTS No statistically significant difference was found in the sensitivity (67% vs. 75%, P = 0.385), specificity (100% vs. 100%), accuracy (86% vs. 92%, P = 0.172), false negative rate (33% vs. 25%, P = 0.385), negative predictive value (81% vs. 89%, P = 0.158), and positive predictive value (100% vs. 100%) for frozen section analysis for confirming the presence of metastatic disease within SLNs during breast cancer surgery for ILC and IDC. CONCLUSION Since there was no statistically significant difference in sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, false negative rate, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value between frozen section analysis of SLNs for patients with ILC and IDC, the clinical accuracy of confirming metastatic involvement of SLNs on frozen section analysis for ILC should not be considered inferior to the clinical accuracy for IDC. Therefore, frozen section analysis of all SLNs during breast cancer surgery in patients with ILC should remain the standard of care in order to reduce the risk of the need of a later, separate axillary lymph node dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Horvath
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Gary E Barnett
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Rafael E Jimenez
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Donn C Young
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Stephen P Povoski
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Serum sFas and Tumor Tissue FasL Negatively Correlated with Survival in Egyptian Patients Suffering from Breast Ductal Carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2008; 15:241-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-008-9109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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75
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Orvieto E, Maiorano E, Bottiglieri L, Maisonneuve P, Rotmensz N, Galimberti V, Luini A, Brenelli F, Gatti G, Viale G. Clinicopathologic characteristics of invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast. Cancer 2008; 113:1511-20. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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76
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Egyed Z, Járay B, Kulka J, Péntek Z. Triple test score for the evaluation of invasive ductal and lobular breast cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2008; 15:159-66. [PMID: 18752055 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-008-9083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to compare the preoperative sum score diagnostics of invasive ductal and lobular cancers using three or four diagnostic methods. The novelty of this study is the examination of this phenomenon based on sum score, no such papers can be found in the literature. Ductal cancers have higher score values indicating easier diagnostics, but the difference in distribution of the scores was significant (p = 0.0086) only in case of the triple-test. The score values give appropriate opportunity to create their order of diagnostic power which was the same by both histologic types and in their subgroups with low sum-score: the strongest was cytology, followed by mammography, ultrasound and physical examination. No significant difference was found between the two histologic group in their mammographic appearances-stellate, circumscribed, assymmetric distortion or microcalcification-(p = 0.0694). In low score subgroup besides the occult forms, structural distortion and indeterminate microcalcifications overweighed the stellate and circumscribed lesions typical for the whole groups. In symptomless cases of both histologic groups only one strongly malignant diagnostic test result warrants the right diagnosis. Summarizing the score distribution of the results in case of four diagnostic tools the higher scores-indicating malignancy-were more frequent in the ductal group compared to the lobular ones. Extra attention has to be paid to rare radiomorphologic appearances and to the most deterministic examination, namely cytology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsofia Egyed
- Mamma Breast Health Corporation, Kapás u. 29, Budapest 1023, Hungary.
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77
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Lack of prognostic significance of “classic” lobular breast carcinoma: a matched, single institution series. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 117:211-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-0112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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78
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Lobular and ductal carcinomas of the breast have distinct genomic and expression profiles. Oncogene 2008; 27:5359-72. [PMID: 18490921 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCs) and invasive lobular carcinomas (ILCs) are the two major pathological types of breast cancer. Epidemiological and histoclinical data suggest biological differences, but little is known about the molecular alterations involved in ILCs. We undertook a comparative large-scale study by both array-compared genomic hybridization and cDNA microarray of a set of 50 breast tumors (21 classic ILCs and 29 IDCs) selected on homogeneous histoclinical criteria. Results were validated on independent tumor sets, as well as by quantitative RT-PCR. ILCs and IDCs presented differences at both the genomic and expression levels with ILCs being less rearranged and heterogeneous than IDCs. Supervised analysis defined a 75-BACs signature discriminating accurately ILCs from IDCs. Expression profiles identified two subgroups of ILCs: typical ILCs ( approximately 50%), which were homogeneous and displayed a normal-like molecular pattern, and atypical ILCs, more heterogeneous with features intermediate between ILCs and IDCs. Supervised analysis identified a 75-gene expression signature that discriminated ILCs from IDCs, with many genes involved in cell adhesion, motility, apoptosis, protein folding, extracellular matrix and protein phosphorylation. Although ILCs and IDCs share common alterations, our data show that ILCs and IDCs could be distinguished on the basis of their genomic and expression profiles suggesting that they evolve along distinct genetic pathways.
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79
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Rakha EA, Gill MS, El-Sayed ME, Khan MM, Hodi Z, Blamey RW, Evans AJ, Lee AHS, Ellis IO. The biological and clinical characteristics of breast carcinoma with mixed ductal and lobular morphology. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 114:243-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-0007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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80
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Turashvili G, Bouchal J, Ehrmann J, Fridman E, Skarda J, Kolar Z. Novel immunohistochemical markers for the differentiation of lobular and ductal invasive breast carcinomas. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2008; 151:59-64. [PMID: 17690741 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2007.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Invasive ductal and lobular carcinomas are the most common histological types of breast cancer. The loss of E-cadherin expression has been suggested to be the most reliable marker for invasive lobular carcinoma. The aim of our study was to identify the diagnostic usefulness of novel markers in the differentiation of these tumor types. METHODS We examined tissue microarrays (TMA) which were constructed from surgical specimens of 119 breast cancer patients. TMA consisted of 80 ductal carcinomas, 29 lobular carcinomas and special type cancers. TMA sections were stained using standard immunohistochemical methods. Monoclonal mouse antibodies against E-cadherin, cytokeratin 5/6 and 17, and polyclonal mouse antibodies against EMP1, DDR1, PRKCI and DVL1 were used. RESULTS E-cadherin was absent in 93.3% of lobular tumors compared with only 15 % of ductal tumors (p<0.0001). EMP1 and DVL1 were overexpressed in lobular tumors (93.1% and 96.5%, respectively), whereas PRKCI and DDR1 were positive in ductal cancers (90% and 96.2%, respectively). Reduced expression or absence of both cytokeratins 5/6 and 17 was found in both tumor tissues in comparison to normal terminal duct lobular units (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Apart from the well-established marker, E-cadherin, proteins examined on TMA slides by immunohistochemistry (EMP1, DVL1, DDR1, PRKCI) may represent novel tissue markers helpful in the differentiation of ductal and lobular breast cancers. Further studies with larger sets of patients are desirable, to verify the complete immunohistochemical profiles of various histological types of breast cancer and determine the prognostic and predictive significance of novel markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulisa Turashvili
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Rakha EA, El-Sayed ME, Powe DG, Green AR, Habashy H, Grainge MJ, Robertson JF, Blamey R, Gee J, Nicholson RI, Lee AH, Ellis IO. Invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast: Response to hormonal therapy and outcomes. Eur J Cancer 2008; 44:73-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2007] [Revised: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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82
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Hebner C, Weaver VM, Debnath J. Modeling morphogenesis and oncogenesis in three-dimensional breast epithelial cultures. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 3:313-339. [PMID: 18039125 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.151526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) epithelial culture systems recreate the cardinal features of glandular epithelium in vivo and represent a valuable tool for modeling breast cancer initiation and progression in a structurally appropriate context. 3D models have emerged as a powerful method to interrogate the biological activities of cancer genes and oncogenic pathways, and recent studies have poignantly illustrated their utility in dissecting the emerging role of tensional force in regulating epithelial tissue homeostasis. We review how 3D models are being used to investigate fundamental cellular and biophysical mechanisms associated with breast cancer progression that have not been readily amenable to traditional genetic or biochemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy Hebner
- Department of Surgery and Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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83
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Kobayashi T, Adachi S, Matsuda Y, Tominaga S. A case of metastatic lobular breast carcinoma with detection of the primary tumor after ten years. Breast Cancer 2007; 14:333-6. [PMID: 17690515 DOI: 10.2325/jbcs.14.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lobular carcinoma of the breast is known to metastasize to unusual sites such as the gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, and gynecologic organs. We report a patient with intraperitoneal metastases from lobular carcinoma who was originally treated for an unknown primary cancer. Ten years later, a tumor was found in her left breast and the diagnosis was changed to peritoneal metastases from invasive lobular carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the metastases were high molecular weight cytokeratin (CK34betaE12) and estrogen receptor-positive, but were E-cadherin-negative. These results assisted in diagnosis. Surgeons should be aware of the characteristics of metastasis lobular carcinoma.
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MESH Headings
- Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/secondary
- Carcinoma, Lobular/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Lobular/secondary
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Duodenal Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Duodenal Neoplasms/secondary
- Female
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/diagnosis
- Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/secondary
- Neoplasms, Unknown Primary/diagnosis
- Neoplasms, Unknown Primary/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Kobayashi
- Department of Surgery, Ikeda Municipal Hospital, Ikeda, Osaka, Japan.
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84
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Jayasinghe UW, Bilous AM, Boyages J. Is Survival from Infiltrating Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast Different from That of Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma? Breast J 2007; 13:479-85. [PMID: 17760669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4741.2007.00468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies of patients with breast cancer have compared survival of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) with contradictory results. This study examines the effect of the diagnosis of IDC or ILC in conjunction with age at diagnosis, pathologic tumor size, pathologic stage, histologic grade, and lymph node status of 307 women with IDC or ILC in 1992 in the Greater Western region of Sydney in Australia. Survival analysis was conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method. Relative risks associated with IDC or ILC and other important prognostic factors and adjusted for each other were computed using Cox proportional hazard regression. The proportion of grade I tumors was significantly higher in ILC (41%) than in IDC (16%). Conversely, the proportion of grade III tumors was only 18% in ILC as against 41% in IDC (p = 0.020). The 10-year survival of women with IDC was 69%, compared to 84% for ILC (p = 0.073). However, the 15 percentile point difference between overall survival of IDC and ILC was markedly reduced after adjustment for nodal status. The difference was eight percentile points for node-negative patients (p = 0.361) and five percentile points for node-positive patients (p = 0.464). Age at diagnosis, tumor size, pathologic stage, and lymph node status were independent prognostic indicators for 10-year survival. There was no prognostic difference between IDC and ILC. The result shows the importance of adjusting for other important clinicopathologic characteristics before comparing the overall survival of IDC and ILC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upali W Jayasinghe
- NSW Breast Cancer Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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85
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Katz A, Saad ED, Porter P, Pusztai L. Primary systemic chemotherapy of invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast. Lancet Oncol 2007; 8:55-62. [PMID: 17196511 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(06)71011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Invasive lobular carcinoma is the second most frequent histological type of breast cancer and its incidence is increasing. It has unique clinical, biological, and molecular features. Invasive lobular carcinoma is almost invariably positive for the oestrogen receptor and, when compared with invasive ductal carcinoma, it is typically of a lower grade. Even though invasive lobular carcinoma represents a distinct clinical entity, the same criteria used for invasive ductal carcinoma are currently applied to establish the need for primary or adjuvant systemic chemotherapy. We reviewed randomised trials of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy and noted that insufficient evidence is available to support or withhold use of chemotherapy in patients with invasive lobular carcinoma. Thus, the benefit from systemic chemotherapy for individuals with this form of breast disease is unclear. Invasive lobular carcinoma deserves to be investigated separately in prospective clinical trials to define the best treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Katz
- Centro Paulista de Oncologia and Hospital Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Novel markers for differentiation of lobular and ductal invasive breast carcinomas by laser microdissection and microarray analysis. BMC Cancer 2007; 7:55. [PMID: 17389037 PMCID: PMC1852112 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-7-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Invasive ductal and lobular carcinomas (IDC and ILC) are the most common histological types of breast cancer. Clinical follow-up data and metastatic patterns suggest that the development and progression of these tumors are different. The aim of our study was to identify gene expression profiles of IDC and ILC in relation to normal breast epithelial cells. Methods We examined 30 samples (normal ductal and lobular cells from 10 patients, IDC cells from 5 patients, ILC cells from 5 patients) microdissected from cryosections of ten mastectomy specimens from postmenopausal patients. Fifty nanograms of total RNA were amplified and labeled by PCR and in vitro transcription. Samples were analysed upon Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 Arrays. The expression of seven differentially expressed genes (CDH1, EMP1, DDR1, DVL1, KRT5, KRT6, KRT17) was verified by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays. Expression of ASPN mRNA was validated by in situ hybridization on frozen sections, and CTHRC1, ASPN and COL3A1 were tested by PCR. Results Using GCOS pairwise comparison algorithm and rank products we have identified 84 named genes common to ILC versus normal cell types, 74 named genes common to IDC versus normal cell types, 78 named genes differentially expressed between normal ductal and lobular cells, and 28 named genes between IDC and ILC. Genes distinguishing between IDC and ILC are involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, TGF-beta and Wnt signaling. These changes were present in both tumor types but appeared to be more prominent in ILC. Immunohistochemistry for several novel markers (EMP1, DVL1, DDR1) distinguished large sets of IDC from ILC. Conclusion IDC and ILC can be differentiated both at the gene and protein levels. In this study we report two candidate genes, asporin (ASPN) and collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (CTHRC1) which might be significant in breast carcinogenesis. Besides E-cadherin, the proteins validated on tissue microarrays (EMP1, DVL1, DDR1) may represent novel immunohistochemical markers helpful in distinguishing between IDC and ILC. Further studies with larger sets of patients are needed to verify the gene expression profiles of various histological types of breast cancer in order to determine molecular subclassifications, prognosis and the optimum treatment strategies.
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87
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Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Sahin A, Krishnamurthy S, Yang Y, Kau SW, Hortobagyi GN, Cristofanilli M. Biologic markers in axillary node-negative breast cancer: differential expression in invasive ductal carcinoma versus invasive lobular carcinoma. Clin Breast Cancer 2006; 7:396-400. [PMID: 17239264 DOI: 10.3816/cbc.2006.n.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to compare the differential expression of established histopathologic and biologic markers of proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis in invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) in a group of axillary node-negative breast cancers. PATIENTS AND METHODS Two hundred twenty patients with axillary node-negative ILC and IDC who underwent surgery at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between 1978 and 1995 had tissue available for analysis. Of these, 206 (94%) had IDC and 14 (6%) had ILC. Estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, tumor and stromal expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, CD44, laminin-5, E-cadherin, and topoisomerase-2 were evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. HER2/neu and alpha6beta4 integrin were evaluated by in situ hybridization. The Fisher exact test was used to calculate significant differences between ILC and IDC. Median age was 59 years. RESULTS Invasive lobular carcinoma was more likely to occur in patients aged > 50 years. Invasive lobular carcinoma tended to be > 2 cm (50% vs. 39%), have a nuclear grade of 1/2 (100% vs. 72%), be estrogen receptor positive (93% vs. 70%), HER2/neu negative (92% vs. 68%), have high CD44 expression (31% vs. 16%), low stromal vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 expression (36% vs. 47%), no E-cadherin expression (0 vs. 90%), and low laminin-5 expression (15% vs. 25%), compared with IDC. CONCLUSION Invasive lobular carcinoma and IDC might be distinct histologic types of breast cancer with different expression of biologic markers. These differences, not all being statistically significant in this small study, might generate hypotheses to develop tailored options for future systemic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Gonzalez-Angulo
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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88
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Wenzel C, Bartsch R, Hussian D, Pluschnig U, Altorjai G, Zielinski CC, Lang A, Haid A, Jakesz R, Gnant M, Steger GG. Invasive ductal carcinoma and invasive lobular carcinoma of breast differ in response following neoadjuvant therapy with epidoxorubicin and docetaxel + G-CSF. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 104:109-14. [PMID: 17061042 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-006-9397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Preoperative chemotherapy in patients with primary breast cancer treated with anthracyclines and taxanes results in high response rates, allowing breast conserving surgery (BCS) in patients primarily not suitable for this procedure. Pathological responses are important prognostic parameters for progression free and overall survival. We questioned the impact of histologic type invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) versus invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) on response to primary chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS 161 patients with breast cancer received preoperative chemotherapy consisted of epidoxorubicin 75 mg/m(2) and docetaxel 75 mg/m(2) administered in combination with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) on days 3-10 (ED + G). Pathological complete response (pCR), biological markers and type of surgery as well as progression free and overall survival were compared between IDC and ILC. RESULTS Out of 161 patients, 124 patients presented with IDC and 37 with ILC. Patients with ILC were less likely to have a pCR (3% vs. 20%, P < 0.009) and breast conserving surgeries (51% vs. 79%, P < 0.001). Patients with ILC tended to have oestrogen receptor positive tumors (86% vs. 52%, P < 0.0001), HER 2 negative tumors (69% vs. 84%), and lower nuclear grade (nuclear grade 3, 16% vs. 46%, P < 0.001). Patients with ILC tended to have longer time to progression (TTP) (42 months vs. 26 months) and overall survival (69 months vs. 65 months). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that patients with ILC achieved a lower pCR rate and ineligibility for BCS to preoperative chemotherapy, but this did not result in a survival disadvantage. Because of these results new strategies to achieve a pCR are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Wenzel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Clinical Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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89
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Tubiana-Hulin M, Stevens D, Lasry S, Guinebretière JM, Bouita L, Cohen-Solal C, Cherel P, Rouëssé J. Response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in lobular and ductal breast carcinomas: a retrospective study on 860 patients from one institution. Ann Oncol 2006; 17:1228-33. [PMID: 16740599 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdl114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We compared the impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on pathologic response and outcome in operable invasive lobular breast carcinoma (ILC) and invasive ductal breast carcinoma (IDC). PATIENTS AND METHODS We extracted from our database all patients with pure invasive lobular (n=118, 14%) or pure invasive ductal carcinomas (n=742, 86%). Their treatment included neoadjuvant chemotherapy, adapted surgery, radiotherapy and adjuvant hormonal treatment. RESULTS Compared with IDC, ILC presented with larger tumors (T3: 38.1% versus 21.4%, P=0.0007), more N0 nodes status (55.9% versus 43.3%, P=0.01), less inflammatory tumors (5.9% versus 11.8%, P=0.01), more hormone receptor positivity (65.5% versus 38.8%), lower histological grade (P<0.0001). Final surgery was a mastectomy in 70% of patients with ILC (34% were reoperated after initial partial mastectomy) and in 52% of IDC after 8% of reoperation (P=0.006). A pathological complete response (pCR) was achieved in 1% of ILC and 9% of IDC (P=0.002). The outcome at 60 months was significantly better for ILC, but histologic type was not an independent factor for survival in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS ILC appeared less responsive to chemotherapy but presented a better outcome than IDC. While new information on biological features of ILC is needed, we consider that neoadjuvant endocrine therapy in hormone receptor-positive ILC may be a more adapted approach than neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tubiana-Hulin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre René Huguenin, Saint-Cloud, France.
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90
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Grube BJ. Barriers to diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in the older woman. J Am Coll Surg 2006; 202:495-508. [PMID: 16500255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2005.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Revised: 10/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baiba J Grube
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Breast Health Program, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0737, USA.
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91
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Espié M, Hocini H, Cuvier C, Giacchetti S, Bourstyn E, de Roquancourt A. Cancer lobulaire infiltrant du sein : particularités diagnostiques et évolutives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 34:3-7. [PMID: 16406734 DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2005.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Invasive lobular carcinoma accounts for 4 to 10% of breast cancers. The clinical and radiological diagnosis is difficult to make. Its progression is slower than that of ductal cancer, and the prognostic factors are more favourable. Its metastases are more frequently located in the digestive tract and the ovaries. It is more frequently bilateral. Its prognosis is not different from that of infiltrating ductal carcinomas. The choice of therapies depends on the individual characteristics of each patient and of the biological features of each tumour. However, lobular carcinomas seem to be less responsive to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Espié
- Centre des maladies du sein, hôpital Saint-Louis, 1, avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France.
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92
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Vanden Bempt I, Vanhentenrijk V, Drijkoningen M, De Wolf-Peeters C. Comparative expressed sequence hybridization reveals differential gene expression in morphological breast cancer subtypes. J Pathol 2006; 208:486-94. [PMID: 16402338 DOI: 10.1002/path.1911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, comparative expressed sequence hybridization (CESH) has been used to compare gene expression patterns in three morphologically different breast cancer subtypes: classic-type invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), poorly differentiated ERBB2-negative invasive ductal carcinoma-not otherwise specified (IDC-NOS), and poorly differentiated ERBB2-positive IDC-NOS. CESH allows global detection of chromosomal regions with differential gene expression in a way similar to that of comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Eight cases of each breast cancer subtype were included in the study. For each subtype, two pools of four cases each were constructed. CESH was used to compare both pools within the same morphological subtype, followed by a comparison of pools belonging to different subtypes. This revealed three chromosomal regions that were differentially expressed in ductal and lobular carcinomas, including relative overexpression at 8q13-q23 and 16q22, and relative underexpression at 8p21-p22. In addition, an expression signature characterized by relative overexpression at 3q24-q26.3, 14q23-31, 17q12, and 20q12-13 was identified for ERBB2-positive IDC-NOS. In summary, CESH analysis highlights chromosomal regions of differential gene expression that are associated with morphologically defined breast cancer subtypes and suggests that regions on chromosome 8 are of interest in the discrimination between ductal and lobular carcinomas. In addition, using CESH, it was possible to identify an ERBB2 expression signature, comprising four chromosomal regions with potential significance in the aggressive behaviour of ERBB2-positive IDC-NOS.
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MESH Headings
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, erbB-2
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization/methods
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Vanden Bempt
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 12, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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93
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Abstract
Little is known about how the genotypic and molecular abnormalities associated with epithelial cancers actually contribute to the histological phenotypes observed in tumours in vivo. 3D epithelial culture systems are a valuable tool for modelling cancer genes and pathways in a structurally appropriate context. Here, we review the important features of epithelial structures grown in 3D basement membrane cultures, and how such models have been used to investigate the mechanisms associated with tumour initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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94
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Santiago RJ, Harris EER, Qin L, Hwang WT, Solin LJ. Similar long-term results of breast-conservation treatment for Stage I and II invasive lobular carcinoma compared with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast: The University of Pennsylvania experience. Cancer 2005; 103:2447-54. [PMID: 15887223 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of the current study was to determine the long-term results of breast-conservation treatment in women with early-stage, invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast. METHODS Between 1977 and 1995, 1093 women with Stage I and II invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast and 55 women with invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast underwent lumpectomy, axillary lymph node dissection, and radiation treatment. Overall, 49% of the women received adjuvant systemic therapy (chemotherapy and/or hormones). RESULTS The median age was 52 years for patients in the invasive ductal group and 54 years for patients in the invasive lobular group. The median follow-up was 8.7 years and 10.2 years for patients in the invasive ductal and invasive lobular groups, respectively. A comparison of patients who had invasive lobular carcinoma with patients who had invasive ductal carcinoma showed no difference in the 10-year actuarial rates of overall survival (85% vs. 79%, respectively; P = 0.73), cause-specific survival (93% vs. 84%, respectively; P = 0.85), or freedom from distant metastases (81% vs. 80%, respectively; P = 0.76). The 10-year rates of local failure were 18% for patients with invasive lobular carcinoma and 12% for patients with invasive ductal carcinoma (P = 0.24), and the 10-year rates of contralateral breast carcinoma development for the 2 groups were 12% and 8%, respectively (P = 0.40). CONCLUSIONS Breast-conservation treatment yielded similar long-term results for women with early-stage, invasive lobular carcinoma and women with the more prevalent invasive ductal carcinoma.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/therapy
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/therapy
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/therapy
- Chemotherapy, Adjuvant
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Female
- Humans
- Lymph Node Excision
- Mastectomy, Segmental
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Staging
- Radiotherapy, Adjuvant
- Survival Rate
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto J Santiago
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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95
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Ogbagabriel S, Fernando M, Waldman FM, Bose S, Heaney AP. Securin is overexpressed in breast cancer. Mod Pathol 2005; 18:985-90. [PMID: 15846392 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Securin regulates sister chromatid separation during mitosis, induces bFGF-mediated angiogenesis, and securin overexpression causes in vitro transformation and in vivo tumor formation in nude mice. As estrogen administration to oophorectomized rats increased pituitary securin expression, we used immunohistochemistry to examine securin and estrogen receptor alpha (ER-alpha) expression in 90 breast tumors and 18 normal breast tissues. Breast tumor securin and ER-alpha expression were quantitated by image analysis and expressed as fold difference relative to securin expression in normal breast tissue. Low cytoplasmic securin expression was seen in the normal breast epithelium, whereas abundant cytoplasmic and nuclear securin expression was demonstrated in all 90 breast tumors. Highest securin expression was seen in brain metastatic breast tumors (4.3-fold, P<0.01), cells derived from metastatic breast cancers (6.5-fold, P<0.001), and in invasive ductal carcinoma (mean+/-s.e.: 3.8-fold, P<0.001). Highly pleomorphic (4.1-fold) or highly proliferative breast tumors (1.6-fold) exhibited high immunohistochemical securin expression compared to low-grade breast tumors (P<0.05). Northern blot analysis in 12 of the breast tumors confirmed the immunohistochemical findings demonstrating increased securin mRNA expression compared to normal breast mucosa (2.5-fold, P=0.03), with highest securin evident in invasive (3.5-fold) vs noninvasive tumors (1.9-fold, P=0.03). In addition, some tumors that exhibited high securin expression also expressed high ER-alpha levels (P<0.0001). These results demonstrate that the estrogen-induced transforming gene, securin is abundantly expressed in breast carcinoma, and is associated with the presence of metastatic spread, and lymph node invasion. We propose immunohistochemical tumor securin expression as a potential invasive marker, and novel therapeutic target in breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/chemistry
- Cytoplasm/chemistry
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/analysis
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Mitotic Index
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Securin
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Affiliation(s)
- Selam Ogbagabriel
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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96
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Turashvili G, Bouchal J, Burkadze G, Kolár Z. DIFFERENTIATION OF TUMOURS OF DUCTAL AND LOBULAR ORIGIN: I. PROTEOMICS OF INVASIVE DUCTAL AND LOBULAR BREAST CARCINOMAS. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2005; 149:57-62. [PMID: 16170389 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2005.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of invasive breast tumors are ductal and lobular breast carcinomas. Despite the many similarities, some clinical follow-up data and the patterns of metastases suggest that these histological subtypes of breast cancer are biologically distinct. Few papers, however, describe immunohistochemical markers useful for differentiation of these carcinomas. Many investigations suggest that E cadherin protein expression is lost in lobular but not in ductal carcinoma. The absence of E-CD, as a partial loss of epithelial differentiation, may account for the extended spread of lobular carcinoma in situ and the peculiar diffuse invasion mode of invasive lobular carcinoma. Some investigations report the significance of E-CD associated proteins alpha-, beta-, gamma-catenin expression, as well as the usefulness of cytokeratins 5, 6, 8, 7 and thrombospondin in differentiating histological types of breast invasive carcinomas. Several reports have suggested the possibility that invasive ductal and lobular cancers differ with respect to expression of antigens involved in proliferation and cell cycle regulation. It has been shown that vascular endothelial growth factor expression, also the expression of maspin, a tumour suppressor gene product, is higher in ductal, than in lobular carcinoma. Expression of NKX3.1, a member of the NK-class of homeodomain, is highly restricted and is found primarily in lobular carcinoma. Some histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of pleomorphic lobular carcinoma are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulisa Turashvili
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Institute of Pathology, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc, 77515, Czech Republic.
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97
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Paumier A, Sagan C, Campion L, Fiche M, Andrieux N, Dravet F, Pioud R, Classe JM. Évaluation de la validité du traitement conservateur dans le carcinome lobulaire infiltrant du sein. IMAGERIE DE LA FEMME 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1776-9817(05)80635-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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98
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Cristofanilli M, Gonzalez-Angulo A, Sneige N, Kau SW, Broglio K, Theriault RL, Valero V, Buzdar AU, Kuerer H, Buchholz TA, Buccholz TA, Hortobagyi GN. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma Classic Type: Response to Primary Chemotherapy and Survival Outcomes. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:41-8. [PMID: 15625359 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.03.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the impact of histologic type invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) versus invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) on response to primary chemotherapy (PC) and long-term outcome. Patients and Methods The study included 1,034 patients with stage II and III breast cancer who participated in six clinical trials of PC at our institution between 1985 and 2002. One hundred twenty-two patients (12%) had ILC and 912 (88%) had IDC. All patients received anthracycline-based PC, and 346 patients (33.5%) also received a taxane as part of PC. Pathologic complete response (pCR) was defined as no evidence of invasive disease in the breast and axillary lymph nodes. Results The median patient age was 48 years (range, 18 to 79 years). Patients with ILC tended to be older (median age, 53 years v 47 years for patients with IDC) and have more hormone-receptor–positive tumors (92% v 62%; P < .001), lower nuclear grade (nuclear grade 3, 16% v 56%; P < .001), and higher stage at diagnosis (10% v 0% with stage IIIB or IIIC disease; P < .001). Patients with ILC were less likely to have a pCR (3% v 15%; P < .001) and had a larger number of involved axillary lymph nodes (41% v 26% had > 3 involved nodes; P = .001). At a median follow-up time of 70 months, ILC patients tended to have longer recurrence-free survival (P = .004) and overall survival (P = .001). Conclusion ILC is characterized by lower rates of pathologic response to PC but better long-term outcomes compared to IDC. pCR might not be a prognostic indicator for this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Cristofanilli
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Unit 424, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA.
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99
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Allemani C, Sant M, Berrino F, Aareleid T, Chaplain G, Coebergh JW, Colonna M, Contiero P, Danzon A, Federico M, Gafà L, Grosclaude P, Hédelin G, Macè-Lesech J, Garcia CM, Paci E, Raverdy N, Tretarre B, Williams EMI. Prognostic value of morphology and hormone receptor status in breast cancer - a population-based study. Br J Cancer 2004; 91:1263-8. [PMID: 15365566 PMCID: PMC2409902 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We analysed the 5-year relative survival among 4473 breast cancer cases diagnosed in 1990–1992 from cancer registries in Estonia, France, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands and the UK. Among eight categories based on ICD-O codes (infiltrating ductal carcinoma, lobular plus mixed carcinoma, comedocarcinoma, ‘special types’, medullary carcinoma, not otherwise specified (NOS) carcinoma, other carcinoma and cancer without microscopic confirmation), the 5-year relative survival ranged from 66% (95% CI 61–71) for NOS carcinoma to 95% (95% CI 90–100) for special types (tubular, apocrine, cribriform, papillary, mucinous and signet ring cell); 27% (95% CI 18–36) for cases without microscopic confirmation. Differences in 5-year relative survival by tumor morphology and hormone receptor status were modelled using a multiple regression approach based on generalised linear models. Morphology and hormone receptor status were confirmed as significant survival predictors in this population-based study, even after adjusting for age and stage at diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Allemani
- Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
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100
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van Diest PJ, van der Wall E, Baak JPA. Prognostic value of proliferation in invasive breast cancer: a review. J Clin Pathol 2004; 57:675-81. [PMID: 15220356 PMCID: PMC1770351 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2003.010777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of death among solid tumours in women, and its incidence is increasing in the West. Adjuvant chemotherapy and hormonal treatment improve survival but have potentially serious side effects, and are costly. Because adjuvant treatment should be given to high risk patients only, and traditional prognostic factors (lymph node status, tumour size) are insufficiently accurate, better predictors of high risk and treatment response are needed. Invasive breast cancer metastasises haematogenously very early on, so many breast cancer prognosticators are directly or indirectly related to proliferation. Although studies evaluating the role of individual proliferation regulating genes have greatly increased our knowledge of this complex process, the functional end result-cells dividing-has remained the most important prognostic factor. This article reviews the prognostic value of different proliferation assays in invasive breast cancer, and concludes that increased proliferation correlates strongly with poor prognosis, irrespective of the methodology used. Mitosis counting provides the most reproducible and independent prognostic value, and Ki67/MIB1 labelling and cyclin A index are promising alternatives that need methodological fine tuning.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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