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Zhao Y, Liu ZG, Tang J, Zou RF, Chen XY, Jiang GM, Qiu YF, Wang H. High expression of Sox10 correlates with tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:1671-7. [PMID: 27051302 PMCID: PMC4807932 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s101344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the study was to detect the expression of Sox10 in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and investigate the relationship between its expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of NPC patients. Patients and methods Tumor specimens (n=105) were retrospectively collected from patients with NPC diagnosed between 2004 and 2005 who presented at Hunan Cancer Hospital. Immunohistochemistry analyses were performed to characterize the expression of Sox10 in NPC. Kaplan–Meier survival and Cox regression analyses were employed to evaluate the prognosis of 105 NPC patients. Results The results showed that Sox10 was markedly overexpressed in human NPC tissues. Analysis of clinicopathological parameters showed that high Sox10 expression was significantly correlated with the clinical stage (P=0.032), T classification (P=0.034), and lymph node metastasis (P=0.03). Cox regression analyses further showed that Sox10 expression was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (P=0.005). This is the first time Sox10 has shown its importance in predicting NPC progressiveness and survival outcomes. Conclusion Sox10 serves as a potential biomarker for NPC patients. It may hopefully become a novel therapeutic target for NPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-Fang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yan Chen
- Department of Pathology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guan-Min Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Fang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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Sox10 expression in ovarian epithelial tumors is associated with poor overall survival. Virchows Arch 2016; 468:597-605. [PMID: 26951260 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-016-1918-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sox10 is a transcription factor regulating the development of several cell lineages and is involved in tumor development. However, the clinicopathological relevance of Sox10 expression in ovarian cancer has not been examined. We assessed expression of Sox10 in ovarian epithelial tumors by immunohistochemistry and assessed its prognostic value by analyzing the correlation between its expression and clinicopathological factors. We used tissue microarrays including 244 ovarian epithelial tumors. Sox10 staining was found in the cytoplasm or nucleus of tumor cells. Malignant serous, mucinous, and endometrioid tumors were significantly more likely to express Sox10 than benign and borderline tumors. Expression patterns in adenocarcinomas were different for histologic subtypes: nuclear Sox10 staining was common in clear-cell adenocarcinomas and serous adenocarcinomas, whereas all cases of mucinous and endometrioid tumors were negative for nuclear staining. Nuclear Sox10 staining was also associated with chemoresistance and shorter overall survival in ovarian adenocarcinomas, notably in high-grade serous adenocarcinoma. Sox10 is expressed in many ovarian carcinomas, suggesting that it might be involved in oncogenesis of ovarian carcinoma. Expression pattern of Sox10 differs between histological subtypes. Nuclear Sox10 expression is an independent indicator of poor prognosis in ovarian adenocarcinomas, notably in high-grade serous adenocarcinomas.
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53
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Schmitt AC, Cohen C, Siddiqui MT. Expression of SOX10 in Salivary Gland Oncocytic Neoplasms: A Review and a Comparative Analysis with Other Immunohistochemical Markers. Acta Cytol 2015; 59:384-90. [PMID: 26619208 DOI: 10.1159/000441890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated SOX10 (SRY-related HMG-box 10) in differentiating acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC) from other salivary gland neoplasms with oncocytic features on fine-needle aspiration cell blocks (FNA CB) and compared its performance to DOG1 (discovered on gastrointestinal stromal tumor 1). MATERIAL AND METHODS 35 FNA CB of oncocytic salivary gland neoplasms, i.e. 13 cases of AciCC, 16 of Warthin tumor (WT), 3 of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) and 3 of oncocytoma (ONC), and 75 salivary gland resections, i.e. 26 AciCC, 7 WT, 36 MEC, 3 ONC, 2 mammary analog secretory carcinomas (MASC) and 1 papillary cystadenoma were stained for SOX10 and DOG1. RESULTS None of the benign oncocytic neoplasms were immunoreactive for SOX10 on CB or resection, similar to DOG1. On CB, 61.5 and 77% of AciCC were positive for SOX10 and DOG1, respectively. All surgically resected AciCC cases were positive for SOX10 and DOG1; other malignant oncocytic lesions such as MEC and MASC demonstrated variable SOX10 and DOG1 staining. CONCLUSION The use of SOX10 may increase the diagnostic accuracy of oncocytic lesions on FNA. In this context, SOX10 is equivalent to DOG1 in ruling out benign lesions such as WT and ONC; however, negative results for SOX10 as well as DOG1 do not favor a benign diagnosis since MEC is often negative for both markers.
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MESH Headings
- Adenolymphoma/chemistry
- Adenolymphoma/pathology
- Adenolymphoma/surgery
- Adenoma, Oxyphilic/chemistry
- Adenoma, Oxyphilic/pathology
- Adenoma, Oxyphilic/surgery
- Anoctamin-1
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Carcinoma, Acinar Cell/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Acinar Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Acinar Cell/surgery
- Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid/pathology
- Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid/surgery
- Chloride Channels/analysis
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Predictive Value of Tests
- SOXE Transcription Factors/analysis
- Salivary Gland Neoplasms/chemistry
- Salivary Gland Neoplasms/pathology
- Salivary Gland Neoplasms/surgery
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Chae YK, Chung SY, Davis AA, Carneiro BA, Chandra S, Kaplan J, Kalyan A, Giles FJ. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: current therapy and potential therapeutic advances based on genomic profiling. Oncotarget 2015; 6:37117-34. [PMID: 26359351 PMCID: PMC4741919 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare cancer with high potential for recurrence and metastasis. Efficacy of current treatment options, particularly for advanced disease, is very limited. Recent whole genome and exome sequencing has dramatically improved our understanding of ACC pathogenesis. A balanced translocation resulting in the MYB-NFIB fusion gene appears to be a fundamental signature of ACC. In addition, sequencing has identified a number of other driver genes mutated in downstream pathways common to other well-studied cancers. Overexpression of oncogenic proteins involved in cell growth, adhesion, cell cycle regulation, and angiogenesis are also present in ACC. Collectively, studies have identified genes and proteins for targeted, mechanism-based, therapies based on tumor phenotypes, as opposed to nonspecific cytotoxic agents. In addition, although few studies in ACC currently exist, immunotherapy may also hold promise. Better genetic understanding will enable treatment with novel targeted agents and initial exploration of immune-based therapies with the goal of improving outcomes for patients with ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kwang Chae
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Su Yun Chung
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew A. Davis
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Benedito A. Carneiro
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sunandana Chandra
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason Kaplan
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aparna Kalyan
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francis J. Giles
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Dravis C, Spike BT, Harrell JC, Johns C, Trejo CL, Southard-Smith EM, Perou CM, Wahl GM. Sox10 Regulates Stem/Progenitor and Mesenchymal Cell States in Mammary Epithelial Cells. Cell Rep 2015; 12:2035-48. [PMID: 26365194 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To discover mechanisms that mediate plasticity in mammary cells, we characterized signaling networks that are present in the mammary stem cells responsible for fetal and adult mammary development. These analyses identified a signaling axis between FGF signaling and the transcription factor Sox10. Here, we show that Sox10 is specifically expressed in mammary cells exhibiting the highest levels of stem/progenitor activity. This includes fetal and adult mammary cells in vivo and mammary organoids in vitro. Sox10 is functionally relevant, as its deletion reduces stem/progenitor competence whereas its overexpression increases stem/progenitor activity. Intriguingly, we also show that Sox10 overexpression causes mammary cells to undergo a mesenchymal transition. Consistent with these findings, Sox10 is preferentially expressed in stem- and mesenchymal-like breast cancers. These results demonstrate a signaling mechanism through which stem and mesenchymal states are acquired in mammary cells and suggest therapeutic avenues in breast cancers for which targeted therapies are currently unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Dravis
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benjamin T Spike
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - J Chuck Harrell
- Department of Pathology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Claire Johns
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christy L Trejo
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Charles M Perou
- Departments of Genetics and Pathology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Wahl
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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56
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Sox10--a marker for not only schwannian and melanocytic neoplasms but also myoepithelial cell tumors of soft tissue: a systematic analysis of 5134 tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 2015; 39:826-35. [PMID: 25724000 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sox10 transcription factor is expressed in schwannian and melanocytic lineages and is important in their development and can be used as a marker for corresponding tumors. In addition, it has been reported in subsets of myoepithelial/basal cell epithelial neoplasms, but its expression remains incompletely characterized. In this study, we examined Sox10 expression in 5134 human neoplasms spanning a wide spectrum of neuroectodermal, mesenchymal, lymphoid, and epithelial tumors. A new rabbit monoclonal antibody (clone EP268) and Leica Bond Max automation were used on multitumor block libraries containing 30 to 70 cases per slide. Sox10 was consistently expressed in benign Schwann cell tumors of soft tissue and the gastrointestinal tract and in metastatic melanoma and was variably present in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. In contrast, Sox10 was absent in many potential mimics of nerve sheath tumors such as cellular neurothekeoma, meningioma, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, perivascular epithelioid cell tumor and a variety of fibroblastic-myofibroblastic tumors. Sox10 was virtually absent in mesenchymal tumors but occasionally seen in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. In epithelial tumors of soft tissue, Sox10 was expressed only in myoepitheliomas, although often absent in malignant variants. Carcinomas, other than basal cell-type breast cancers, were only rarely positive but included 6% of squamous carcinomas of head and neck and 7% of pulmonary small cell carcinomas. Furthermore, Sox10 was often focally expressed in embryonal carcinoma reflecting a primitive Sox10-positive phenotype or neuroectodermal differentiation. Expression of Sox10 in entrapped non-neoplastic Schwann cells or melanocytes in various neoplasms has to be considered in diagnosing Sox10-positive tumors. The Sox10 antibody belongs in a modern immunohistochemical panel for the diagnosis of soft tissue and epithelial tumors.
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57
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Coca-Pelaz A, Rodrigo JP, Bradley PJ, Vander Poorten V, Triantafyllou A, Hunt JL, Strojan P, Rinaldo A, Haigentz M, Takes RP, Mondin V, Teymoortash A, Thompson LDR, Ferlito A. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck--An update. Oral Oncol 2015; 51:652-61. [PMID: 25943783 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an update on the current understanding of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck, including a review of its epidemiology, clinical behavior, pathology, molecular biology, diagnostic workup, treatment and prognosis. Adenoid cystic carcinoma is an uncommon salivary gland tumor that may arise in a wide variety of anatomical sites in the head and neck, often with an advanced stage at diagnosis. The clinical course is characterized by very late recurrences; consequently, clinical follow-up should extend at least >15 years. The optimal treatment is generally considered to be surgery with postoperative radiotherapy to optimize local disease control. Much effort has been invested into understanding the tumor's molecular biological processes, aiming to identify patients at high risk of recurrence, in hopes that they could benefit from other, still unproven treatment modalities such as chemotherapy or biological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Coca-Pelaz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan P Rodrigo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, University of Oviedo, Spain
| | - Patrick J Bradley
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nottingham University Hospitals, Queens Medical Centre Campus, Nottingham, UK; European Salivary Gland Society, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Vander Poorten
- European Salivary Gland Society, Geneva, Switzerland; Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jennifer L Hunt
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Primož Strojan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Missak Haigentz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Robert P Takes
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vanni Mondin
- University of Udine School of Medicine, Udine, Italy
| | - Afshin Teymoortash
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lester D R Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Woodland Hills Medical Center, Woodland Hills, CA, USA
| | - Alfio Ferlito
- University of Udine School of Medicine, Udine, Italy.
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Compton LA, Murphy GF, Lian CG. Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry in Cutaneous Neoplasia: An Update. Dermatopathology (Basel) 2015; 2:15-42. [PMID: 27047932 PMCID: PMC4816435 DOI: 10.1159/000377698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an important adjunct in the diagnosis of neoplastic skin diseases. In addition to the many established IHC markers currently in use, new markers continue to emerge, although their general acceptance and routine application requires robust validation. Here, we summarize the most well-established and commonly used biomarkers along with an array of newer ones reported in the past several decades that either demonstrate or hold high clinical promise in the field of cutaneous pathology. We also highlight recent applications of novel IHC markers in melanoma diagnosis including genetic mutation status markers [e.g. BRAF (v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B) and NRAS (neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog)] and an epigenetic alteration marker (e.g. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine). We specifically focus on the role of IHC in the differential diagnosis of cutaneous lesions that fall under the following categories: melanoma, epidermal tumors with an intraepidermal epitheliomatous pattern, spindle cell lesions of the dermis, small round blue cell tumors of the dermis, and cutaneous adnexal tumors. While IHC is a valuable tool in diagnostic dermatopathology, marker selection and interpretation must be highly informed by clinical context and the histologic differential diagnosis. With rapid progress in our understanding of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of tumorigenesis, new IHC markers will continue to emerge in the field of diagnostic dermatopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Compton
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA
| | - George F Murphy
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA
| | - Christine G Lian
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA
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Coradini D, Boracchi P, Oriana S, Biganzoli E, Ambrogi F. Epithelial cell identity in hyperplastic precursors of breast cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2015; 34:121-9. [PMID: 25962646 PMCID: PMC4593345 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-015-0004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction In the adult human breast, hyperplastic enlarged lobular unit (HELU) and atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) are two common abnormalities that frequently coexist with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). For this reason, they have been proposed as the early steps in a biological continuum toward breast cancer. Methods We investigated in silico the expression of 369 genes experimentally recognized as involved in establishing and maintaining epithelial cell identity and mammary gland remodeling, in HELUs or ADHs with respect to the corresponding patient-matched normal tissue. Results Despite the common luminal origin, HELUs and ADHs proved to be characterized by distinct gene profiles that overlap for 5 genes only. While HELUs were associated with the overexpression of progesterone receptor (PGR), ADHs were characterized by the overexpression of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) coupled with the overexpression of some proliferation-associated genes. Conclusions This unexpected finding contradicts the notion that in differentiated luminal cells the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) is dissociated from cell proliferation and suggests that the establishing of an ER-dependent signaling is able to sustain cell proliferation in an autocrine manner as an early event in tumor initiation. Although clinical evidence indicates that only a fraction of HELUs and ADHs evolve to invasive cancer, present findings warn that exposure to synthetic progestins, frequently administered as hormone-replacement therapy, and estrogens, when abnormally produced by adipose cells and persistently present in the stroma surrounding the mammary gland, may cause these hyperplastic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila Coradini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Medical Statistics, Biometry and Bioinformatics, University of Milan, Via Vanzetti 5, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Boracchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Medical Statistics, Biometry and Bioinformatics, University of Milan, Via Vanzetti 5, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| | - Saro Oriana
- Senology Center, Ambrosiana Clinic, Cesano Boscone, Milan, 20090, Italy.
| | - Elia Biganzoli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Medical Statistics, Biometry and Bioinformatics, University of Milan, Via Vanzetti 5, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| | - Federico Ambrogi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Medical Statistics, Biometry and Bioinformatics, University of Milan, Via Vanzetti 5, Milan, 20133, Italy.
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Miyai K, Schwartz MR, Divatia MK, Anton RC, Park YW, Ayala AG, Ro JY. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of breast: Recent advances. World J Clin Cases 2014; 2:732-41. [PMID: 25516849 PMCID: PMC4266822 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v2.i12.732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the breast is a rare special subtype of breast cancer characterized by the presence of a dual cell population of luminal and basaloid cells arranged in specific growth patterns. Most breast cancers with triple-negative, basal-like breast features (i.e., tumors that are devoid of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression, and express basal cell markers) are generally high-grade tumors with an aggressive clinical course. Conversely, while ACCs also display a triple-negative, basal-like phenotype, they are usually low-grade and exhibit an indolent clinical behavior. Many discoveries regarding the molecular and genetic features of the ACC, including a specific chromosomal translocation t(6;9) that results in a MYB-NFIB fusion gene, have been made in recent years. This comprehensive review provides our experience with the ACC of the breast, as well as an overview of clinical, histopathological, and molecular genetic features.
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Dai W, Tan X, Sun C, Zhou Q. High expression of SOX2 is associated with poor prognosis in patients with salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:8393-406. [PMID: 24828201 PMCID: PMC4057738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15058393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex determining region Y-BOX2 (SOX2), one of the key members of the SOX family, is a transcription factor that is involved in the maintenance of embryonic stem cell pluripotency and in multiple developmental processes. Recent studies have shown that SOX2 is aberrantly expressed in several types of tumors. The present study aimed to investigate the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of SOX2 in adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of salivary gland. In this study, the expression of SOX2 in ACC tissues and matched adjacent non-cancerous tissues was measured by immunohistochemistry, western blot, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. High SOX2 expression occurred in approximately 62.6% of primary ACC. In addition, high expression of SOX2 was significantly associated with T classification (p=0.003) and distant metastasis (p=0.002). The 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with high SOX2 expression is poorer than those with low SOX2 expression. When adjusted by multivariate analysis, high SOX2 expression, together with distant metastasis, was an independent prognostic factor. The findings of the present study provide evidence that SOX2 represents a potential novel prognostic biomarker for ACC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dai
- Department of Oromaxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China.
| | - Xuexin Tan
- Department of Oromaxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China.
| | - Changfu Sun
- Department of Oromaxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China.
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Oromaxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China.
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62
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Avraham A, Cho SS, Uhlmann R, Polak ML, Sandbank J, Karni T, Pappo I, Halperin R, Vaknin Z, Sella A, Sukumar S, Evron E. Tissue specific DNA methylation in normal human breast epithelium and in breast cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91805. [PMID: 24651077 PMCID: PMC3961270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a heterogeneous and tissue-specific disease. Thus, the tissue of origin reflects on the natural history of the disease and dictates the therapeutic approach. It is suggested that tissue differentiation, mediated mostly by epigenetic modifications, could guide tissue-specific susceptibility and protective mechanisms against cancer. Here we studied breast specific methylation in purified normal epithelium and its reflection in breast cancers. We established genome wide methylation profiles of various normal epithelial tissues and identified 110 genes that were differentially methylated in normal breast epithelium. A number of these genes also showed methylation alterations in breast cancers. We elaborated on one of them, TRIM29 (ATDC), and showed that its promoter was hypo-methylated in normal breast epithelium and heavily methylated in other normal epithelial tissues. Moreover, in breast carcinomas methylation increased and expression decreased whereas the reverse was noted for multiple other carcinomas. Interestingly, TRIM29 regulation in breast tumors clustered according to the PAM50 classification. Thus, it was repressed in the estrogen receptor positive tumors, particularly in the more proliferative luminal B subtype. This goes in line with previous reports indicating tumor suppressive activity of TRIM29 in estrogen receptor positive luminal breast cells in contrast to oncogenic function in pancreatic and lung cancers. Overall, these findings emphasize the linkage between breast specific epigenetic regulation and tissue specificity of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Avraham
- Department of Oncology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Sean Soonweng Cho
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ronit Uhlmann
- Department of Oncology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Mia Leonov Polak
- Department of Pathology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Judith Sandbank
- Department of Pathology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Tami Karni
- Department of Surgery, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Itzhak Pappo
- Department of Surgery, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Ruvit Halperin
- Department of Genecology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Zvi Vaknin
- Department of Genecology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Avishay Sella
- Department of Oncology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Saraswati Sukumar
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ella Evron
- Department of Oncology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Affiliated with Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, Israel
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Riemenschnitter C, Teleki I, Tischler V, Guo W, Varga Z. Stability and prognostic value of Slug, Sox9 and Sox10 expression in breast cancers treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:695. [PMID: 24404438 PMCID: PMC3879394 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of transcription-factors as Slug and Sox9 was recently described to determine mammary stem-cell state. Sox10 was previously shown to be present also in breast cancer. Protein overexpression of Slug, Sox9 and Sox10 were associated with poor overall survival and with triple-negative phenotype in breast cancer. In this study we tested the stability of Slug, Sox9 and Sox10 expression during chemotherapy and addressed their prognostic role of in neoadjuvant treated primary breast-cancer and their correlation to pathological-response and overall survival. METHODS We analyzed immunohistochemical expression of Slug, Sox9 and Sox10 in tissue microarrays of 96 breast cancers prior to and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Expression was evaluated in invasive tumor cells and in tumor stroma and scored as 0, 1+, 2+ 3+. Expression-profile prior to and after chemotherapy was correlated to overall survival (Kaplan Meier) and with established clinico-pathological parameter. RESULTS Sox9, Sox10 and Slug were expressed in 82-96% of the tumor cells prior to chemotherapy. Slug was expressed in 97% of the cases in tumor stroma before therapy. Change in expression-profile after chemotherapy occurred only in Slug expression in tumor-cells (decreased from 82 to 51%, p = 0.0001, Fisher's exact test). The other markers showed no significant change after chemotherapy. Stromal Sox9 expression (0 to 2+) correlated to better overall survival after chemotherapy (p = 0.004) and reached almost statistical significance prior to chemotherapy (p = 0.065). There was no correlation between Sox9 and hormone-receptor expression. In multivariate-analysis, the stromal Sox9 expression after chemotherapy proved to be an independent and better prognostic marker than hormone-receptor status. Other clinico-pathological parameter (as HER2-status or pathological-stage) showed no correlation to the analyzed markers. CONCLUSION Strong stromal Sox9 expression in breast cancer after chemotherapy was found to bear negative prognostic information and was associated with shortened overall survival. Slug expression was significantly changed (reduced) in samples after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosima Riemenschnitter
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, CH 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivett Teleki
- 1st Department of Pathology & Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Verena Tischler
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, CH 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wenjun Guo
- Ruth L and Davis S Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Zsuzsanna Varga
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, CH 8091 Zurich, Switzerland ; Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, CH 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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