51
|
Yan S, Huda N, Khambu B, Yin XM. Relevance of autophagy to fatty liver diseases and potential therapeutic applications. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1965-1979. [PMID: 28478585 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2429-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosome-mediated cellular degradation program. Accumulating evidence shows that autophagy is important to the maintenance of liver homeostasis. Autophagy involves recycling of cellular nutrients recycling as well as quality control of subcellular organelles. Autophagy deficiency in the liver causes various liver pathologies. Fatty liver disease (FLD) is characterized by the accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes and the dysfunction in energy metabolism. Autophagy is negatively affected by the pathogenesis of FLD and the activation of autophagy could ameliorate steatosis, which suggests a potential therapeutic approach to FLD. In this review, we will discuss autophagy and its relevance to liver diseases, especially FLD. In addition, we will discuss recent findings on potential therapeutic applications of autophagy modulators for FLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengmin Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Nazmul Huda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Bilon Khambu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Liu L, Liao JZ, He XX, Li PY. The role of autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma: friend or foe. Oncotarget 2017; 8:57707-57722. [PMID: 28915706 PMCID: PMC5593678 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosome-dependent catabolic process which degrades cell’s components in order to recycle substrates to exert optimally and adapt to tough circumstances. It is a critical cellular homeostatic mechanism with stress resistance, immunity, antiaging, and pro-tumor or anti-tumor effects. Among these, the role of autophagy in cancer is the most eye-catching that is not immutable but dynamic and highly complex. Basal autophagy acts as a tumor suppressor by maintaining genomic stability in normal cells. However, once a tumor is established, unbalanced autophagy will contribute to carcinoma cell survival under tumor microenvironment and in turn promote tumor growth and development. The dynamic role of autophagy can also apply on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is a highly malignant cancer with high morbidity and poor survival rate. Decline or overexpression of autophagic essential genes such as ATG7, ATG5 or Beclin 1 plays a key role in the occurrence and development of HCC but the exact mechanisms are still highly controversial. Signaling pathways or molecules involving in autophagy, for example PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, ERK/MAPK pathway, PERK pathway, p53, LncRNA PTENP1 (Long non-coding RNA PTENP1), microRNA-375 and so on, occupy an important position in the complex role of autophagy in HCC. Here, we discuss the dynamic role, the signaling pathways and the potential prognostic and therapy value of autophagy in HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian Liu
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Zhi Liao
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing-Xing He
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei-Yuan Li
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Knockdown of long non-coding RNA HOTAIR increases miR-454-3p by targeting Stat3 and Atg12 to inhibit chondrosarcoma growth. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2605. [PMID: 28182000 PMCID: PMC5386479 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Current practices for the therapy of chondrosarcoma, including wide-margin surgical resection and chemotherapy, are less than satisfactory. Recently, emerging evidence has demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have an essential role in the initiation and progression of tumors. As a typical lncRNA, HOTAIR is significantly overexpressed in various tumors. However, the function and potential biological mechanisms of HOTAIR in human chondrosarcoma remain unknown. Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that HOTAIR expression was upregulated in chondrosarcoma tissues and cell lines. High HOTAIR expression is correlated with tumor stage and poor prognosis. Functional experiments reveal that HOTAIR knockdown leads to growth inhibition of human chondrosarcoma cells in vitro and in vivo. In addition to cycle arrest and apoptosis, knockdown of HOTAIR inhibits autophagy, which favors cell death. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that HOTAIR induced DNA methylation of miR-454-3p by recruiting EZH2 and DNMT1 to the miR-454-3p promoter regions, which markedly silences miR-454-3p expression. Further analysis revealed that STAT3 and ATG12 are targets of miR-454-3p, initiate HOTAIR deficiency-induced apoptosis and reduce autophagy. Collectively, our data reveal the roles and functional mechanisms of HOTAIR in human chondrosarcoma and suggest that HOTAIR may act as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for chondrosarcoma.
Collapse
|
54
|
Sun K, Xu L, Jing Y, Han Z, Chen X, Cai C, Zhao P, Zhao X, Yang L, Wei L. Autophagy-deficient Kupffer cells promote tumorigenesis by enhancing mtROS-NF-κB-IL1α/β-dependent inflammation and fibrosis during the preneoplastic stage of hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2016; 388:198-207. [PMID: 28011320 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a cellular degradation mechanism, autophagy exerts crucial and complicated effects on HCC development. Liver non-parenchymal cells, including hepatic resident macrophage Kupffer cells, also play important roles in this process. However, most associated studies have focused on the influence of the autophagy level in hepatic cells and HCC cells, but not liver non-parenchymal cells. Based on our previous study, we confirmed that Atg5 silence in the liver during the preneoplastic stage facilitated liver fibrosis, inflammation and, ultimately, tumorigenesis. We further found that autophagy deficiency promotes the production of inflammatory and fibrogenic factors in macrophages. Moreover, Kupffer cell depletion rescued the tumor-promoting effect of autophagy deficiency during the preneoplastic stage. In autophagy-deficient macrophages, mitochondrial ROS mediated inflammation- and fibrosis-promoting effects by increasing IL1α/β production via enhancing NF-κB-associated pathways. Both blocking of mitochondrial ROS and blocking the IL1 receptor stopped the promotion of fibrosis, inflammation and tumorigenesis resulting from Atg5 knockdown during the preneoplastic stage. In conclusion, autophagy-deficient Kupffer cells promote liver fibrosis, inflammation and, finally, hepatocarcinogenesis during the preneoplastic stage by enhancing mitochondrial ROS- NF-κB-IL1α/β pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Central Laboratory, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyun Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Jing
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhipeng Han
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Chen
- Central Laboratory, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenlei Cai
- Central Laboratory, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peipei Zhao
- Central Laboratory, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Central Laboratory, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lixin Wei
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Kowalik MA, Perra A, Ledda-Columbano GM, Ippolito G, Piacentini M, Columbano A, Falasca L. Induction of autophagy promotes the growth of early preneoplastic rat liver nodules. Oncotarget 2016; 7:5788-99. [PMID: 26735341 PMCID: PMC4868721 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although inhibition of autophagy has been implicated in the onset and progression of cancer cells, it is still unclear whether its dysregulation at early stages of tumorigenesis plays an oncogenic or a tumor suppressor role. To address this question, we employed the Resistant-Hepatocyte rat model to study the very early stages of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. We detected a different autophagy-related gene expression and changes in the ultrastructural profile comparing the most aggressive preneoplastic lesions, namely those positive for the putative progenitor cell marker cytokeratin-19 (KRT-19) with the negative ones. The ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analyses of KRT-19-positive preneoplastic hepatocytes showed the presence of autophagic vacuoles which was associated with p62, Ambra1 and Beclin1 protein accumulation suggesting that a differential modulation of autophagy occurs at early stages of the oncogenesis in KRT-19-positive vs negative lesions. We observed an overall decrease of the autophagy-related genes transcripts and a strong up-regulation of miR-224 in the KRT-19-positive nodules. Interestingly, the treatment with the autophagy inducer, Amiodarone, caused a marked increase in the proliferation of KRT-19 positive preneoplastic lesions associated with a strong increase of their size; by contrast, Chloroquine, an inhibitor of the autophagic process, led to their reduction. These results show that autophagy modulation is a very early event in hepatocarcinogenesis and is restricted to a hepatocytes subset in the most aggressive preneoplastic lesions. Our findings highlight the induction of autophagy as a permissive condition favouring cancer progression indicating in its inhibition a therapeutic goal to interfere with the development of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Anna Kowalik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Perra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Disease, IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,National Institute for Infectious Disease, IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Amedeo Columbano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Laura Falasca
- National Institute for Infectious Disease, IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Ling S, Song L, Fan N, Feng T, Liu L, Yang X, Wang M, Li Y, Tian Y, Zhao F, Liu Y, Huang Q, Hou Z, Xu F, Shi L, Li Y. Combination of metformin and sorafenib suppresses proliferation and induces autophagy of hepatocellular carcinoma via targeting the mTOR pathway. Int J Oncol 2016; 50:297-309. [PMID: 27959383 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The multi‑kinase inhibitor sorafenib is the only drug for which randomized control trials have shown improved patient survival in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, life expectancy is extended in these cases by only a few months. The anti‑type II diabetes agent metformin was used in this study in an effort to find a more efficient approach to HCC treatment. Sorafenib effectively reversed the activation status of mTORC2 induced by metformin and enhanced the suppression of the mTORC1 and MAPK pathway by metformin in HCC cells, which may be responsible for reduced proliferation upon combined treatment. The metformin and sorafenib combination led to increased impaired proliferation and tumor inhibition of HCC in vitro and in vivo compared to single agent, which was partially bridged by disrupting the mTORC1/mTORC2 feedback loop. Metformin and sorafenib cooperated to promote apoptosis and autophagy in HCC cells. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy sensitized HCC cells to metformin and sorefenib‑induced apoptotic cell death. Therefore, the anti‑autophagy treatment should be considered in metformin and sorafenib-based treatments in HCC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunbin Ling
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Lei Song
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
| | - Ning Fan
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Feng
- Department of Intergrative Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Lu Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Mingjie Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Yanling Li
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Yu Tian
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Qihong Huang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyuan Hou
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Fei Xu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Prieto-Domínguez N, Ordóñez R, Fernández A, García-Palomo A, Muntané J, González-Gallego J, Mauriz JL. Modulation of Autophagy by Sorafenib: Effects on Treatment Response. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:151. [PMID: 27375485 PMCID: PMC4896953 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The multikinase inhibitor sorafenib is, at present, the only drug approved for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most lethal types of cancer worldwide. However, the increase in the number of sorafenib tumor resistant cells reduces efficiency. A better knowledge of the intracellular mechanism of the drug leading to reduced cell survival could help to improve the benefits of sorafenib therapy. Autophagy is a bulk cellular degradation process activated in a broad range of stress situations, which allows cells to degrade misfolded proteins or dysfunctional organelles. This cellular route can induce survival or death, depending on cell status and media signals. Sorafenib, alone or in combination with other drugs is able to induce autophagy, but cell response to the drug depends on the complex integrative crosstalk of different intracellular signals. In cancerous cells, autophagy can be regulated by different cellular pathways (Akt-related mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition, 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) induction, dissociation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family proteins from Beclin-1), or effects of some miRNAs. Inhibition of mTOR signaling by sorafenib and diminished interaction between Beclin-1 and myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) have been related to induction of autophagy in HCC. Furthermore, changes in some miRNAs, such as miR-30α, are able to modulate autophagy and modify sensitivity in sorafenib-resistant cells. However, although AMPK phosphorylation by sorafenib seems to play a role in the antiproliferative action of the drug, it does not relate with modulation of autophagy. In this review, we present an updated overview of the effects of sorafenib on autophagy and its related activation pathways, analyzing in detail the involvement of autophagy on sorafenib sensitivity and resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Prieto-Domínguez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)León, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of LeónLeón, Spain
| | - Raquel Ordóñez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)León, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of LeónLeón, Spain
| | - Anna Fernández
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)León, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of LeónLeón, Spain
| | - Andres García-Palomo
- Service of Clinical Oncology, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León (Hospital of León) León, Spain
| | - Jordi Muntané
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)León, Spain; Department of General Surgery"Virgen del Rocío"-"Virgen Macarena" University Hospital/IBiS/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Javier González-Gallego
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)León, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of LeónLeón, Spain
| | - José L Mauriz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)León, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of LeónLeón, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Yuan J, Jiang B, Zhang A, Qian Y, Tan H, Gao J, Shao C, Gong Y. Accelerated hepatocellular carcinoma development in CUL4B transgenic mice. Oncotarget 2016; 6:15209-21. [PMID: 25945838 PMCID: PMC4558146 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cullin 4B (CUL4B) is a component of the Cullin 4B-Ring E3 ligase (CRL4B) complex that functions in proteolysis and in epigenetic regulation. CUL4B possesses tumor-promoting properties and is markedly upregulated in many types of human cancers. To determine the role of CUL4B in liver tumorigenesis, we generated transgenic mice that expressed human CUL4B in livers and other tissues and evaluated the development of spontaneous and chemically-induced hepatocellular carcinomas. We observed that CUL4B transgenic mice spontaneously developed liver tumors at a high incidence at old ages and exhibited enhanced DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. There was a high proliferation rate in the livers of CUL4B transgenic mice that was accompanied by increased levels of Cdk1, Cdk4 and cyclin D1 and decreased level of p16. The transgenic mice also exhibited increased compensatory proliferation after DEN-induced liver injury, which was accompanied by activation of Akt, Erk, p38 and NF-κB. We also found that Prdx3 was downregulated and that DEN induced a higher level of reactive oxygen species in the livers of transgenic mice. Together, our results demonstrate a critical role of CUL4B in hepatocarcinogenesis in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jupeng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Baichun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Aizhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Life Science, Jinan, China
| | - Yanyan Qian
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Haining Tan
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jiangang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Life Science, Jinan, China
| | - Changshun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Xue F, Hu L, Ge R, Yang L, Liu K, Li Y, Sun Y, Wang K. Autophagy-deficiency in hepatic progenitor cells leads to the defects of stemness and enhances susceptibility to neoplastic transformation. Cancer Lett 2016; 371:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
60
|
Bi Y, Shen C, Li C, Liu Y, Gao D, Shi C, Peng F, Liu Z, Zhao B, Zheng Z, Wang X, Hou X, Liu H, Wu J, Zou H, Wang K, Zhong C, Zhang J, Shi C, Zhao S. Inhibition of autophagy induced by quercetin at a late stage enhances cytotoxic effects on glioma cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:3549-60. [PMID: 26454746 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor in the central nervous system (CNS) with high morbidity and mortality in adults. Although standardized comprehensive therapy has been adapted, the prognosis of glioma patients is still frustrating and thus novel therapeutic strategies are urgently in need. Quercetin (Quer), an important flavonoid compound found in many herbs, is shown to be effective in some tumor models including glioma. Recently, it is reported that adequate regulation of autophagy can strengthen cytotoxic effect of anticancer drugs. However, it is not yet fully clear how we should modulate autophagy to achieve a satisfactory therapeutic effect. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) and Beclin1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) were used to inhibit the early stage of autophage while chloroquine (CQ) to inhibit the late stage. MTT assay was implemented to determine cell viability. Transmission electron microscopy, western blot, and immunohistochemistry were adopted to evaluate autophagy. Western blot, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry were used to detect apoptosis. C6 glioma xenograft models were established to assess the therapeutic effect (the body weight change, the median survival time, and tumor volume) in vivo. Quercetin can inhibit cell viability and induce autophagy of U87 and U251 glioma cells in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of early-stage autophagy by 3-MA or shRNA against Beclin1 attenuated the quercetin-induced cytotoxicity. In contrast, suppression of autophagy at a late stage by CQ enhanced the anti-glioma efficiency of quercetin. Therapeutic effect of quercetin for malignant glioma can be strengthened by inhibition of autophagy at a late stage, not initial stage, which may provide a novel opportunity for glioma therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunke Bi
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenguang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaohua Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of HeiLongJiang Agricultural Reclamation Department, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Shi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Fei Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhendong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Boxian Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixing Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huailei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huichao Zou
- Department of Pain Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaikai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiakang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Changbin Shi
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shiguang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Yang X, Yu DD, Yan F, Jing YY, Han ZP, Sun K, Liang L, Hou J, Wei LX. The role of autophagy induced by tumor microenvironment in different cells and stages of cancer. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:14. [PMID: 25844158 PMCID: PMC4384293 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a tumor is a very complex process, and invasion and metastasis of malignant tumors are hallmarks and are difficult problems to overcome. The tumor microenvironment plays an important role in controlling tumor fate and autophagy induced by the tumor microenvironment is attracting more and more attention. Autophagy can be induced by several stressors in the tumor microenvironment and autophagy modifies the tumor microenvironment, too. Autophagy has dual roles in tumor growth. In this review, we discussed the interaction between autophagy and the tumor microenvironment and the paradoxical roles of autophagy on tumor growth at different stages of tumor development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Dan Yu
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Yan
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Ying Jing
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Han
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Central laboratory, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Liang
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Chang Hai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Xin Wei
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, 200438 Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Jiao G, Ren T, Guo W, Ren C, Yang K. Arsenic trioxide inhibits growth of human chondrosarcoma cells through G2/M arrest and apoptosis as well as autophagy. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:3969-77. [PMID: 25577250 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that Gli1 is expressed in chondrosarcoma but not in the normal articular cartilage tissues. Downregulating Gli1 by small interfering RNA inhibited chondrosarcoma cells growth. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been demonstrated to suppress human cancer cell growth by targeting Gli1. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ATO on antineoplastic capability of chondrosarcoma cells. We found that ATO inhibited the growth of chondrosarcoma cells in dose-dependent and time-dependent manners via MTT and colony formation assays. In addition, ATO treatment induced apoptosis and promoted G2/M phase arrest in SW1353 cells as analyzed by flow cytometry assays and Western blotting. Furthermore, we observed that ATO also triggered autophagy by regulating mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation. Finally, we found that ATO-mediated cell death could be averted by autophagy inhibitor. Taken together, the current study suggested that ATO had therapeutic efficacy in human chondrosarcoma cells through the promotion of G2/M arrest and induction of both apoptosis as well as autophagy. ATO administration could be a novel therapeutic strategy for treating chondrosarcomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangjun Jiao
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Tian Y, Kuo CF, Sir D, Wang L, Govindarajan S, Petrovic LM, Ou JHJ. Autophagy inhibits oxidative stress and tumor suppressors to exert its dual effect on hepatocarcinogenesis. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:1025-34. [PMID: 25526090 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of autophagy in carcinogenesis is controversial and apparently complex. By using mice with hepatocyte-specific knockout of Atg5, a gene essential for autophagy, we longitudinally studied the role of autophagy in hepatocarcinogenesis. We found that impairing autophagy in hepatocytes would induce oxidative stress and DNA damage, followed by the initiation of hepatocarcinogenesis, which could be suppressed by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Interestingly, these mice developed only benign tumors with no hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), even after the treatment with diethylnitrosamine, which induced HCC in wild-type mice. The inability of mice to develop HCC when autophagy was impaired was associated with the induction of multiple tumor suppressors including p53. Further analysis indicated that the induction of p53 was associated with the DNA-damage response. Tumorigenesis studies using an established liver tumor cell line confirmed a positive role of autophagy in tumorigenesis and a negative role of p53 in this process when autophagy was impaired. Our studies thus demonstrate that autophagy is required to maintain healthy mitochondria and to reduce oxidative stress and DNA damage to prevent the initiation of hepatocarcinogenesis. However, once hepatocarcinogenesis has been initiated, its presence is also required to suppress the expression of tumor suppressors to promote the development of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Tian
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C-F Kuo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - D Sir
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - L Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Govindarajan
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA [2] Rancho Los Amigos Rehabilitation Center, Downey, CA, USA
| | - L M Petrovic
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J-H J Ou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Abstract
Gene mutation's role in initiating carcinogenesis has been controversial, but it is consensually accepted that both carcinogenesis and cancer metastasis are gene-regulated processes. MTA1, a metastasis-associated protein, has been extensively researched, especially regarding its role in cancer metastasis. In this review, I try to elucidate MTA1's role in both carcinogenesis and metastasis from a different angle. I propose that MTA1 is a stress response protein that is upregulated in various stress-related situations such as heat shock, hypoxia, and ironic radiation. Cancer cells are mostly living in a stressful environment of hypoxia, lack of nutrition, and immune reaction attacks. To cope with all these stresses, MTA1 expression is upregulated, plays a role of master regulator of gene expression, and helps cancer cells to survive and migrate out of their original dwelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-An Wang
- State Key Lab for Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, China,
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
WANG ZHAOFA, ZHANG LIMING, ZHANG DONG, SUN RONGSHENG, WANG QINGYAN, LIU XINYI. Glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose suppresses carcinogen-induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis by restricting cancer cell metabolism. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1917-24. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
66
|
Peynshaert K, Manshian BB, Joris F, Braeckmans K, De Smedt SC, Demeester J, Soenen SJ. Exploiting Intrinsic Nanoparticle Toxicity: The Pros and Cons of Nanoparticle-Induced Autophagy in Biomedical Research. Chem Rev 2014; 114:7581-609. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400372p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bella B. Manshian
- Biomedical
MRI Unit/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Stefaan J. Soenen
- Biomedical
MRI Unit/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Feng Y, Ke C, Tang Q, Dong H, Zheng X, Lin W, Ke J, Huang J, Yeung SCJ, Zhang H. Metformin promotes autophagy and apoptosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by downregulating Stat3 signaling. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1088. [PMID: 24577086 PMCID: PMC3944271 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The antidiabetic drug metformin exerts chemopreventive and antineoplastic effects in many types of malignancies. However, the mechanisms responsible for metformin actions appear diverse and may differ in different types of cancer. Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms specific for different cancers is important to optimize strategy for metformin treatment in different cancer types. Here, we investigate the in vitro and in vivo effects of metformin on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells. Metformin selectively inhibited cell growth in ESCC tumor cells but not immortalized noncancerous esophageal epithelial cells. In addition to apoptosis, metformin triggered autophagy. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of autophagy sensitized ESCC cells to metformin-induced apoptotic cell death. Mechanistically, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) and its downstream target Bcl-2 was inactivated by metformin treatment. Accordingly, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated Stat3 knockdown enhanced metformin-induced autophagy and apoptosis, and concomitantly enhanced the inhibitory effect of metformin on cell viability. Similarly, the Bcl-2 proto-oncogene, an inhibitor of both apoptosis and autophagy, was repressed by metformin. Ectopic expression of Bcl-2 protected cells from metformin-mediated autophagy and apoptosis. In vivo, metformin downregulated Stat3 activity and Bcl-2 expression, induced apoptosis and autophagy, and inhibited tumor growth. Together, inactivation of Stat3-Bcl-2 pathway contributes to metformin-induced growth inhibition of ESCC by facilitating crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Feng
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - C Ke
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Q Tang
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - H Dong
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - X Zheng
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - W Lin
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - J Ke
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - J Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - S-CJ Yeung
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - H Zhang
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Tumor Tissue Bank, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China. Tel: +86 754 88900406; Fax: +86 754 88900406; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Sun K, Deng W, Zhang S, Cai N, Jiao S, Song J, Wei L. Paradoxical roles of autophagy in different stages of tumorigenesis: protector for normal or cancer cells. Cell Biosci 2013; 3:35. [PMID: 24016776 PMCID: PMC3849558 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-3-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy serves as a dynamic degradation and recycling system that provides biological materials and energy in response to stress. The role of autophagy in tumor development is complex. Various studies suggest that autophagy mainly contributes to tumor suppression during the early stage of tumorigenesis and tumor promotion during the late stage of tumorigenesis. During the tumorization of normal cells, autophagy protects genomic stability by retarding stem cells-involved damage/repair cycle, and inhibits the formation of chronic inflammatory microenvironment, thus protecting normal cell homeostasis and preventing tumor generation. On the other hand, autophagy also protects tumor cells survival during malignant progression by supporting cellular metabolic demands, decreasing metabolic damage and supporting anoikis resistance and dormancy. Taken together, autophagy appears to play a role as a protector for either normal or tumor cells during the early or late stage of tumorigenesis, respectively. The process of tumorigenesis perhaps needs to undergo twice autophagy-associated screening. The normal cells that have lower autophagy capacity are prone to tumorization, and the incipient tumor cells that have higher autophagy capacity possibly are easier to survival in the hash microenvironment and accumulate more mutations to promote malignant progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Medical Sciences Research Center, Renji hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|