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Weber L, Al-Refae K, Ebbert J, Jägers P, Altmüller J, Becker C, Hahn S, Gisselmann G, Hatt H. Activation of odorant receptor in colorectal cancer cells leads to inhibition of cell proliferation and apoptosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172491. [PMID: 28273117 PMCID: PMC5342199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis and functional characterization of ectopically expressed human olfactory receptors (ORs) is becoming increasingly important, as many ORs have been identified in several healthy and cancerous tissues. OR activation has been demonstrated to have influence on cancer cell growth and progression. Here, ORs were identified using RNA-Seq analyses and RT-PCR. We demonstrated the OR protein localization in HCT116 cells using immunocytochemistry (IHC). In order to analyze the physiological role of OR51B4, we deorphanized the receptor by the use of CRE-Luciferase assays, conducted calcium imaging experiments as well as scratch- and proliferation assays. Furthermore, western blot analyses revealed the involvement of different protein kinases in the ligand-dependent signaling pathway. Receptor knockdown via shRNA was used to analyze the involvement of OR51B4. We identified OR51B4, which is highly expressed in the colon cancer cell line HCT116 and in native human colon cancer tissues. We deorphanized the receptor and identified Troenan as an effective ligand. Troenan stimulation of HCT116 cells has anti-proliferative, anti-migratory and pro-apoptotic effects, mediated by changes in the intracellular calcium level upon PLC activation. These effects cause changes in the phosphorylation levels of p38, mTor and Akt kinases. Knockdown of the receptor via shRNA confirmed the involvement of OR51B4. This study emphasizes the importance of ectopically expressed ORs in the therapy for several diseases. The findings provide the basis for alternative treatments of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Weber
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Klaudia Al-Refae
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Juliane Ebbert
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Peter Jägers
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Becker
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Hahn
- Department of Molecular Gastrointestinal Oncology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Günter Gisselmann
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Ranzani M, Iyer V, Ibarra-Soria X, Del Castillo Velasco-Herrera M, Garnett M, Logan D, Adams DJ. Revisiting olfactory receptors as putative drivers of cancer. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:9. [PMID: 28492065 PMCID: PMC5421569 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.10646.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Olfactory receptors (ORs) recognize odorant molecules and activate a signal transduction pathway that ultimately leads to the perception of smell. This process also modulates the apoptotic cycle of olfactory sensory neurons in an olfactory receptor-specific manner. Recent reports indicate that some olfactory receptors are expressed in tissues other than the olfactory epithelium suggesting that they may have pleiotropic roles. Methods: We investigated the expression of 301 olfactory receptor genes in a comprehensive panel of 968 cancer cell lines. Results: Forty-nine per cent of cell lines show expression of at least one olfactory receptor gene. Some receptors display a broad pattern of expression across tumour types, while others were expressed in cell lines from a particular tissue. Additionally, most of the cancer cell lines expressing olfactory receptors express the effectors necessary for OR-mediated signal transduction. Remarkably, among cancer cell lines, OR2C3 is exclusively expressed in melanoma lines. We also confirmed the expression of OR2C3 in human melanomas, but not in normal melanocytes. Conclusions: The pattern of OR2C3 expression is suggestive of a functional role in the development and/or progression of melanoma. Some olfactory receptors may contribute to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ranzani
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Vivek Iyer
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | | | - Mathew Garnett
- Cancer Genome Project, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Darren Logan
- Cancer Genome Project, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
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53
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Jovancevic N, Wunderlich KA, Haering C, Flegel C, Maßberg D, Weinrich M, Weber L, Tebbe L, Kampik A, Gisselmann G, Wolfrum U, Hatt H, Gelis L. Deep Sequencing of the Human Retinae Reveals the Expression of Odorant Receptors. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:03. [PMID: 28174521 PMCID: PMC5258773 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that the expression of odorant receptors (ORs) occurs in various tissues. These findings have served as a basis for functional studies that demonstrate the potential of ORs as drug targets for a clinical application. To the best of our knowledge, this report describes the first evaluation of the mRNA expression of ORs and the localization of OR proteins in the human retina that set a stage for subsequent functional analyses. RNA-Sequencing datasets of three individual neural retinae were generated using Next-generation sequencing and were compared to previously published but reanalyzed datasets of the peripheral and the macular human retina and to reference tissues. The protein localization of several ORs was investigated by immunohistochemistry. The transcriptome analyses detected an average of 14 OR transcripts in the neural retina, of which OR6B3 is one of the most highly expressed ORs. Immunohistochemical stainings of retina sections localized OR2W3 to the photosensitive outer segment membranes of cones, whereas OR6B3 was found in various cell types. OR5P3 and OR10AD1 were detected at the base of the photoreceptor connecting cilium, and OR10AD1 was also localized to the nuclear envelope of all of the nuclei of the retina. The cell type-specific expression of the ORs in the retina suggests that there are unique biological functions for those receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirsten A Wunderlich
- Department of Cell and Matrix Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudia Haering
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Caroline Flegel
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Désirée Maßberg
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Weinrich
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Lea Weber
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Tebbe
- Department of Cell and Matrix Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Anselm Kampik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Günter Gisselmann
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Department of Cell and Matrix Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Lian Gelis
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
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54
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Jovancevic N, Dendorfer A, Matzkies M, Kovarova M, Heckmann JC, Osterloh M, Boehm M, Weber L, Nguemo F, Semmler J, Hescheler J, Milting H, Schleicher E, Gelis L, Hatt H. Medium-chain fatty acids modulate myocardial function via a cardiac odorant receptor. Basic Res Cardiol 2017; 112:13. [PMID: 28116519 PMCID: PMC5258789 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-017-0600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the expression of odorant receptors (OR) in various human tissues and their involvement in different physiological and pathophysiological processes. However, the functional role of ORs in the human heart is still unclear. Here, we firstly report the functional characterization of an OR in the human heart. Initial next-generation sequencing analysis revealed the OR expression pattern in the adult and fetal human heart and identified the fatty acid-sensing OR51E1 as the most highly expressed OR in both cardiac development stages. An extensive characterization of the OR51E1 ligand profile by luciferase reporter gene activation assay identified 2-ethylhexanoic acid as a receptor antagonist and various structurally related fatty acids as novel OR51E1 ligands, some of which were detected at receptor-activating concentrations in plasma and epicardial adipose tissue. Functional investigation of the endogenous receptor was carried out by Ca2+ imaging of human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Application of OR51E1 ligands induced negative chronotropic effects that depended on activation of the OR. OR51E1 activation also provoked a negative inotropic action in cardiac trabeculae and slice preparations of human explanted ventricles. These findings indicate that OR51E1 may play a role as metabolic regulator of cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Jovancevic
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
| | - A Dendorfer
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - M Matzkies
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - M Kovarova
- Division of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - J C Heckmann
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - M Osterloh
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - M Boehm
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - L Weber
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - F Nguemo
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - J Semmler
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - J Hescheler
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - H Milting
- Erich and Hanna Klessmann Institute, Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, Ruhr-University Bochum, 32545, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - E Schleicher
- Division of Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - L Gelis
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - H Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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Helional-induced activation of human olfactory receptor 2J3 promotes apoptosis and inhibits proliferation in a non-small-cell lung cancer cell line. Eur J Cell Biol 2017; 96:34-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Kalbe B, Schlimm M, Mohrhardt J, Scholz P, Jansen F, Hatt H, Osterloh S. Helional induces Ca2+ decrease and serotonin secretion of QGP-1 cells via a PKG-mediated pathway. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 57:201-10. [PMID: 27553203 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The secretion, motility and transport by intestinal tissues are regulated among others by specialized neuroendocrine cells, the so-called enterochromaffin (EC) cells. These cells detect different luminal stimuli, such as mechanical stimuli, fatty acids, glucose and distinct chemosensory substances. The EC cells react to the changes in their environment through the release of transmitter molecules, most importantly serotonin, to mediate the corresponding physiological response. However, little is known about the molecular targets of the chemical stimuli delivered from consumed food, spices and cosmetics within EC cells. In this study, we evaluated the expression of the olfactory receptor (OR) 2J3 in the human pancreatic EC cell line QGP-1 at the mRNA and protein levels. Using ratiofluorometric Ca(2+) imaging experiments, we demonstrated that the OR2J3-specific agonist helional induces a transient dose-dependent decrease in the intracellular Ca(2+) levels. This Ca(2+) decrease is mediated by protein kinase G (PKG) on the basis that the specific pharmacological inhibition of PKG with Rp-8-pCPT-cGMPS abolished the helional-induced Ca(2+) response. Furthermore, stimulation of QGP-1 cells with helional caused a dose-dependent release of serotonin that was comparable with the release induced by the application of a direct PKG activator (8-bromo-cGMP). Taken together, our results demonstrate that luminal odorants can be detected by specific ORs in QGP-1 cells and thus cause the directed release of serotonin and a PKG-dependent decrease in intracellular Ca(2.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kalbe
- Department of Cell PhysiologyRuhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marian Schlimm
- Department of Cell PhysiologyRuhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia Mohrhardt
- Department of ChemosensationInstitute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Paul Scholz
- Department of Cell PhysiologyRuhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Fabian Jansen
- Department of Cell PhysiologyRuhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hanns Hatt
- Department of Cell PhysiologyRuhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabrina Osterloh
- Department of Cell PhysiologyRuhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Olfactory signaling components and olfactory receptors are expressed in tubule cells of the human kidney. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 610:8-15. [PMID: 27693121 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cells of the renal tubule system are in direct contact with compounds dissolved in the urine, such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA). Murine OR78, a member of the olfactory receptor (OR) family, is involved in SCFA-related regulation of renal blood pressure in mice. It is still unclear whether OR signaling has an impact on human renal physiology. In our study, we showed that OR51E1 and OR11H7, both of which can be activated by the SCFA isovaleric acid, are expressed in the HK-2 human proximal tubule cell line. We observed a transient increase in intracellular Ca2+ when isovaleric acid and 4-methylvaleric acid were added to HK-2 cells. The isovaleric acid-induced response was dependent on extracellular Ca2+ and adenylyl cyclase (AC) activation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the canonical olfactory signaling components Gαolf and ACIII are co-localized with OR51E1. The number of cells responding to isovaleric acid correlated with the presence of primary cilia on HK-2 cells. OR51E1 protein expression was confirmed in the tubule system of human kidney tissue. Our study is the first to show the expression of ORs and olfactory signaling components in human kidney cells. Additionally, we discuss ORs as potential modulators of the renal physiology.
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Deorphanization and characterization of the ectopically expressed olfactory receptor OR51B5 in myelogenous leukemia cells. Cell Death Discov 2016; 2:16010. [PMID: 27551504 PMCID: PMC4979495 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ectopic expression of olfactory receptors (ORs) in the human body has been of major interest in the past decade. Several studies have reported the expression of ORs not only in healthy tissues such as heart, sperm or skin cells, but also in cancerous tissues of the liver, prostate or intestine. In the present study, we detected the expression of OR51B5 in the chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cell line K562 and in white blood cell samples of clinically diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients by reverse transcription-PCR and immunocytochemical staining. The known OR51B5 ligand isononyl alcohol increased the levels of intracellular Ca2+ in both AML patient blood cells and K562 cells. With calcium imaging experiments, we characterized in greater detail the OR51B5-mediated signaling pathway. Here, we observed an involvement of adenylate cyclase and the downstream L-type and T-type calcium channels. In addition, the activation of OR51B5 leads to an inhibition of cell proliferation in K562 cells. In western blot experiments, we found that incubation with isononyl alcohol led to a reduction in p38-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) phosphorylation that might be responsible for the decreased cell proliferation. In the present study, we characterized the OR51B5-mediated signaling pathway downstream of the activation with isononyl alcohol, which leads to reduced proliferation and therefore provide a novel pharmacological target for CML and AML, the latter of which remains difficult to treat.
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