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Taghizadeh M, Tamtaji OR, Dadgostar E, Daneshvar Kakhaki R, Bahmani F, Abolhassani J, Aarabi MH, Kouchaki E, Memarzadeh MR, Asemi Z. The effects of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation on clinical and metabolic status in patients with Parkinson's disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurochem Int 2017; 108:183-189. [PMID: 28342967 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The current research was performed to evaluate the effects of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation on clinical signs and metabolic status in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). This randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted in 60 patients with PD. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups to receive either 1000 mg omega-3 fatty acids from flaxseed oil plus 400 IU vitamin E supplements (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30) for 12 weeks. Unified Parkinson's disease rating stage (UPDRS) were recorded at baseline and the after 3-month intervention. After 12 weeks' intervention, compared with the placebo, omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation led to a significant improve in UPDRS (-3.3 ± 10.0 vs. +4.4 ± 14.9, P = 0.02). Furthermore, co-supplementation decreased high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (-0.3 ± 0.6 vs. +0.3 ± 0.3 μg/mL, P < 0.001), and increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (+65.2 ± 68.7 vs. +16 ± 52.4 μmol/L, P = 0.003) and glutathione (GSH) concentrations (+41.4 ± 80.6 vs. -19.6 ± 55.9 μmol/L, P = 0.001) compared with the placebo. Additionally, co-supplementation meaningfully decreased insulin (-2.1 ± 4.9 vs. +1.4 ± 6.2 μIU/mL, P = 0.01), homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance (-0.7 ± 1.8 vs.+0.3 ± 1.6, P = 0.02) and Beta cell function (-5.9 ± 13.9 vs. +5.7 ± 25.5, P = 0.03), and increased quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (+0.009 ± 0.02 vs. -0.006 ± 0.03, P = 0.03) compared with the placebo. Overall, our study demonstrated that omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation in people with PD had favorable effects on UPDRS, hs-CRP, TAC, GSH and markers of insulin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Taghizadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ehsan Dadgostar
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Reza Daneshvar Kakhaki
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Fereshteh Bahmani
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Javad Abolhassani
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Aarabi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ebrahim Kouchaki
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | | | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Effects of Integrated Health Management Intervention on Overweight and Obesity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:1239404. [PMID: 28115972 PMCID: PMC5237456 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1239404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Overweight or obese adults aged 20~55 years and living in Beijing more than one year were randomly divided into different management groups. A one-year integrated health management intervention was applied in the health management groups. The physical indicators and metabolic indicators changed after one-year intervention on the overweight and obese adults. The annual reduction of the physical indicators was significant in all groups (p < 0.05) except the weight loss in the placebo + general management group. The health management and the dietary supplement have statistically significant (p < 0.001, p < 0.001) effects on the annual reduction of these indicators and interactive effect between them was found on some of these indicators such as bodyweight, body mass index (BMI), body fat ratio (BFR), and hipline (p < 0.05). The dietary supplement + health management group had the best annual reduction effects for the indicators among the groups. Integrated health management interventions including both dietary supplements intervention and health management could improve metabolic indicators in overweight and obese adults together with the physical indicators, suggesting the intermediated role of metabolic indictors in controlling obesity.
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Saboori S, Djalali M, Yousefi Rad E, Nematipour E, Saboor-Yaraghi AA, Javanbakht MH, Eshraghian MR, Ramezani A, Koohdani F. Various Effects of Omega 3 and Omega 3 Plus Vitamin E Supplementations on Serum Glucose Level and Insulin Resistance in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 45:1465-1472. [PMID: 28032064 PMCID: PMC5182255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega 3 and vitamin E are two critical nutrients which include beneficial effects in coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this study was to assess the effects of omega 3 alone supplementation or in combination with vitamin E on serum glucose and lipid levels and insulin resistance in CAD patients. METHODS Participants of this clinical trial included 60 male patients with CAD who selected from Tehran Heart Center in Tehran, Iran in 2014. They received 4 g/day omega 3 plus 400 IU/day vitamin E (OE), 4 g/day omega 3 with vitamin E placebo (OP), or omega 3 and vitamin E placebo (PP) for two months. Serum glucose, lipids and insulin were assessed and HOMA-IR was calculated before and after the trial and effects of these nutrients on the highlighted parameters were compared within the study groups. RESULTS Serum glucose level increased significantly in OP group (P=0.004), but not in OE group. OE and OP groups showed a significant decrease in fasting serum TG (P=0.020 and P=0.001, respectively). Serum insulin and HOMA-IR decreased significantly in OE group (P=0.044 and P=0.039, respectively) but did not change significantly in OP group. CONCLUSION Although, omega 3 supplementation may include adverse effects on serum glucose level, co-administration of omega 3 and vitamin E can beneficially decrease serum insulin and insulin resistance in CAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Saboori
- Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Djalali
- Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Yousefi Rad
- Nutritional Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Nematipour
- Dept. of Cardiology, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Saboor-Yaraghi
- Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Javanbakht
- Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Eshraghian
- Dept. of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atena Ramezani
- Dept. of Basic Sciences and Nutrition, Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fariba Koohdani
- Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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de la Iglesia R, Loria-Kohen V, Zulet MA, Martinez JA, Reglero G, Ramirez de Molina A. Dietary Strategies Implicated in the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1877. [PMID: 27834920 PMCID: PMC5133877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is established as the combination of central obesity and different metabolic disturbances, such as insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia. This cluster of factors affects approximately 10%-50% of adults worldwide and the prevalence has been increasing in epidemic proportions over the last years. Thus, dietary strategies to treat this heterogenic disease are under continuous study. In this sense, diets based on negative-energy-balance, the Mediterranean dietary pattern, n-3 fatty acids, total antioxidant capacity and meal frequency have been suggested as effective approaches to treat MetS. Furthermore, the type and percentage of carbohydrates, the glycemic index or glycemic load, and dietary fiber content are some of the most relevant aspects related to insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance, which are important co-morbidities of MetS. Finally, new studies focused on the molecular action of specific nutritional bioactive compounds with positive effects on the MetS are currently an objective of scientific research worldwide. The present review summarizes some of the most relevant dietary approaches and bioactive compounds employed in the treatment of the MetS to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio de la Iglesia
- GENYAL Platform on Nutrition and Health, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Viviana Loria-Kohen
- GENYAL Platform on Nutrition and Health, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Angeles Zulet
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose Alfredo Martinez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- GENYAL Platform on Nutrition and Health, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Ramirez de Molina
- GENYAL Platform on Nutrition and Health, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Inverse association linking serum levels of potential antioxidant vitamins with C-reactive protein levels using a novel analytical approach. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:1256-1264. [PMID: 27620205 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516003159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposures to antioxidants (AO) are associated with levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), but the pattern of evidence is mixed, due in part to studying each potential AO, one at a time, when multiple AO exposures might affect CRP levels. By studying multiple AO via a composite indicator approach, we estimate the degree to which serum CRP level is associated with serum AO level. Standardised field survey protocols for the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2006 yielded nationally representative cross-sectional samples of adults aged 20 years and older (n 8841). NHANES latex-enhanced nephelometry quantified serum CRP levels. Liquid chromatography quantified serum concentrations of vitamins A, E and C and carotenoids. Using structural equations, we regressed CRP level on AO levels, and derived a summary estimate for a composite of these potential antioxidants (CPA), with covariates held constant. The association linking CPA with CRP was inverse, stronger for slightly elevated CRP (1·8≤CRP<10 mg/l; slope= -1·08; 95 % CI -1·39, -0·77) and weaker for highly elevated CRP (≥10 mg/l; slope= -0·52; 95 % CI -0·68, -0·35), with little change when covariates were added. Vitamins A and C, as well as lutein+zeaxanthin, were prominent contributors to the composite. In these cross-sectional data studied via a composite indicator approach, the CPA level and the CRP level were inversely related. The stage is set for more confirmatory longitudinal or intervention research on multiple vitamins. The composite indicator approach might be most useful in epidemiology when several exposure constructs are too weakly inter-correlated to be studied via formal measurement models for underlying latent dimensions.
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The rise, the fall and the renaissance of vitamin E. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 595:100-8. [PMID: 27095224 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review deals with the expectations of vitamin E ability of preventing or curing, as a potent antioxidant, alleged oxidative stress based ailments including cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cataracts, macular degeneration and more. The results obtained with clinical intervention studies have highly restricted the range of effectiveness of this vitamin. At the same time, new non-antioxidant mechanisms have been proposed. The new functions of vitamin E have been shown to affect cell signal transduction and gene expression, both in vitro and in vivo. Phosphorylation of vitamin E, which takes place in vivo, results in a molecule provided with functions that are in part stronger and in part different from those of the non-phosphorylate compound. The in vivo documented functions of vitamin E preventing the vitamin E deficiency ataxia (AVED), slowing down the progression of non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis (NASH), decreasing inflammation and potentiating the immune response are apparently based on these new molecular mechanisms. It should be stressed however that vitamin E, when present at higher concentrations in the body, should exert antioxidant properties to the extent that its chromanol ring is unprotected or un-esterified.
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Sanders K, Moran Z, Shi Z, Paul R, Greenlee H. Natural Products for Cancer Prevention: Clinical Update 2016. Semin Oncol Nurs 2016; 32:215-40. [PMID: 27539278 DOI: 10.1016/j.soncn.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To present a clinical update of natural products for cancer prevention and provide oncology nurses with an evidence-based review of natural products for patient counseling and education. DATA SOURCES Clinical trials published in PubMed. CONCLUSION In the past 4 years since the publication of the original review there have been minimal changes in the conclusions of the published literature on the use of natural products for cancer prevention. To date, clinical trials have not demonstrated conclusive benefit of using natural products for cancer prevention, and current guidelines do not recommend their use. This review provides an update on published and ongoing trials and can serve as an updated resource for nurses. Evidence-based natural products databases can help nurses stay current with the scientific literature and be effective educators and health coaches for their patients, who can be influenced by marketing of unregulated products. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Patients often discuss the use of natural products with nurses. Nurses have an opportunity to educate and coach patients in effective preventive lifestyle practices.
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Saboori S, Koohdani F, Nematipour E, Yousefi Rad E, Saboor-Yaraghi AA, Javanbakht MH, Eshraghian MR, Ramezani A, Djalali M. Beneficial effects of omega-3 and vitamin E coadministration on gene expression of SIRT1 and PGC1α and serum antioxidant enzymes in patients with coronary artery disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 26:489-494. [PMID: 27033026 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM SIRT1 and PGC1α are two important genes, which play critical roles in regulating oxidative stress and inflammation processes. The study aimed assess the effects of coadministration of omega-3 and vitamin E supplements on SIRT1 and PGC1α gene expression and serum levels of antioxidant enzymes in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Participants of this randomized controlled trial included 60 CAD male patients who were categorized into three groups: Group 1 received omega-3 (4 g/day) and vitamin E placebo (OP), group 2 omega-3 (4 g/day) and vitamin E (400 IU/day; OE), and group 3 omega-3 and vitamin E placebos (PP) for 2 months. Gene expression of SIRT1 and PGC1α in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCS) was assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Furthermore, serum antioxidant enzyme and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels were assessed at the beginning and end of the intervention. Gene expression of SIRT1 and PGC1α increased significantly in the OE group (P = 0.039 and P = 0.050, respectively). Catalase and hsCRP levels increased significantly in the OE and OP groups. However, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels did not statistically change in all groups. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) increased significantly in the OE group (P = 0.009) but not in OP and PP groups. CONCLUSION Supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids in combination with vitamin E may have beneficial effects on CAD patients by increasing gene expression of SIRT1 and PGC1α and improving oxidative stress and inflammation in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saboori
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, HojatDoost St, Tehran, Iran; Nutritional Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - F Koohdani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, HojatDoost St, Tehran, Iran
| | - E Nematipour
- Department of Cardiology, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - E Yousefi Rad
- Nutritional Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - A A Saboor-Yaraghi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, HojatDoost St, Tehran, Iran
| | - M H Javanbakht
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, HojatDoost St, Tehran, Iran
| | - M R Eshraghian
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Ramezani
- Department of Basic sciences and Nutrition, Cardiovascular Research Center, School of public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - M Djalali
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, HojatDoost St, Tehran, Iran.
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Rezaei Y, Khademvatani K, Rahimi B, Khoshfetrat M, Arjmand N, Seyyed-Mohammadzad MH. Short-Term High-Dose Vitamin E to Prevent Contrast Medium-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Elective Coronary Angiography: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e002919. [PMID: 27068631 PMCID: PMC4943266 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.002919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Contrast medium–induced acute kidney injury (CIAKI) is a leading cause of acquired renal impairment. The effects of antioxidants have been conflicting regarding the prevention of CIAKI. We performed a study of vitamin E use to decrease CIAKI in patients undergoing elective coronary angiography. Methods and Results In a placebo‐controlled randomized trial at 2 centers in Iran, 300 patients with chronic kidney disease—defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2—were randomized 1:1 to receive 0.9% saline infusion 12 hours prior to and after intervention combined with 600 mg vitamin E 12 hours before plus 400 mg vitamin E 2 hours before coronary angiography or to receive placebo. The primary end point was the development of CIAKI, defined as an increase ≥0.5 mg/dL or ≥25% in serum creatinine that peaked within 72 hours. Based on an intention‐to‐treat analysis, CIAKI developed in 10 (6.7%) and 21 (14.1%) patients in the vitamin E and placebo groups, respectively (P=0.037). Change in white blood cell count from baseline to peak value was greater in the vitamin E group compared with the placebo group (−500 [−1500 to 200] versus 100 [−900 to 600]×103/mL, P=0.001). In multivariate analysis, vitamin E (odds ratio 0.408, 95% CI 0.170–0.982, P=0.045) and baseline Mehran score (odds ratio 1.257, 95% CI 1.007–1.569; P=0.043) predicted CIAKI. Conclusions Prophylactic short‐term high‐dose vitamin E combined with 0.9% saline infusion is superior to placebo for prevention of CIAKI in patients undergoing elective coronary angiography. Clinical Trial Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/. Unique identifier: NCT02070679.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Rezaei
- Seyyed-al-Shohada Heart Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Kamal Khademvatani
- Department of Cardiology, Seyyed-al-Shohada Heart Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Behzad Rahimi
- Department of Cardiology, Taleghani Hospital, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mehran Khoshfetrat
- Department of Cardiology, Seyyed-al-Shohada Heart Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Nasim Arjmand
- Seyyed-al-Shohada Heart Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Raiola A, Tenore GC, Barone A, Frusciante L, Rigano MM. Vitamin E Content and Composition in Tomato Fruits: Beneficial Roles and Bio-Fortification. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:29250-64. [PMID: 26670232 PMCID: PMC4691107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated that high vitamin E intakes are related to a reduced risk of non-communicable diseases, while other dietary antioxidants are not, suggesting that vitamin E exerts specific healthy functions in addition to its antioxidant role. In this regard, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), one of the most consumed vegetables of the whole world population, is an important source of both tocopherols and tocotrienols. However, vitamin E content may strongly depend on several biotic and abiotic factors. In this review we will debate the elements affecting the synthesis of tocopherols and tocotrienols in tomato fruit, such as environmental conditions, genotype, fruit maturity level, and the impact of classical processing methods, such as pasteurization and lyophilization on the amount of these compounds. In addition we will analyze the specific vitamin E mechanisms of action in humans and the consequent functional effects derived from its dietary intake. Finally, we will examine the currently available molecular techniques used to increase the content of vitamin E in tomato fruit, starting from the identification of genetic determinants and quantitative trait loci that control the accumulation of these metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Raiola
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici (Naples) 80055, Italy.
| | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Amalia Barone
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici (Naples) 80055, Italy.
| | - Luigi Frusciante
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici (Naples) 80055, Italy.
| | - Maria Manuela Rigano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici (Naples) 80055, Italy.
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Abstract
Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) is recognised as a key essential lipophilic antioxidant in humans protecting lipoproteins, PUFA, cellular and intra-cellular membranes from damage. The aim of this review was to evaluate the relevant published data about vitamin E requirements in relation to dietary PUFA intake. Evidence in animals and humans indicates a minimal basal requirement of 4–5 mg/d of RRR-α-tocopherol when the diet is very low in PUFA. The vitamin E requirement will increase with an increase in PUFA consumption and with the degree of unsaturation of the PUFA in the diet. The vitamin E requirement related to dietary linoleic acid, which is globally the major dietary PUFA in humans, was calculated to be 0·4–0·6 mg of RRR-α-tocopherol/g of linoleic acid. Animal studies show that for fatty acids with a higher degree of unsaturation, the vitamin E requirement increases almost linearly with the degree of unsaturation of the PUFA in the relative ratios of 0·3, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 for mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexaenoic fatty acids, respectively. Assuming a typical intake of dietary PUFA, a vitamin E requirement ranging from 12 to 20 mg of RRR-α-tocopherol/d can be calculated. A number of guidelines recommend to increase PUFA intake as they have well-established health benefits. It will be prudent to assure an adequate vitamin E intake to match the increased PUFA intake, especially as vitamin E intake is already below recommendations in many populations worldwide.
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