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Sharpe MA, Baskin DS. Monoamine oxidase B levels are highly expressed in human gliomas and are correlated with the expression of HiF-1α and with transcription factors Sp1 and Sp3. Oncotarget 2016; 7:3379-93. [PMID: 26689994 PMCID: PMC4823113 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases A and B (MAOA and MAOB) are highly expressed in many cancers. Here we investigated the level of MAOB in gliomas and confirmed its high expression. We found that MAOB levels correlated with tumor grade and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HiF-1α) expression. HiF-1α was localized to the nuclei in high-grade gliomas, but it was primarily cytosolic in low-grade gliomas and normal human astrocytes. Expression of both glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and MAOB are correlated to HiF-1α expression levels. Levels of MAOB are correlated by the levels of transcription factor Sp3 in the majority of GBM examined, but this control of MAOB expression by Sp3 in low grade astrocytic gliomas is significantly different from control in the in the majority of glioblastomas. The current findings support previous suggestions that MAOB can be exploited for the killing of cancer cells. Selective cell toxicity can be achieved by designing non-toxic prodrugs that require MAOB for their catalytic conversion into mature cytotoxic chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn A Sharpe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kenneth R. Peak Brain and Pituitary Tumor Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David S Baskin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kenneth R. Peak Brain and Pituitary Tumor Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Ferdaoussi M, MacDonald PE. Toward Connecting Metabolism to the Exocytotic Site. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 27:163-171. [PMID: 27932063 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Within cells the regulated exocytosis of secretory granules controls multiple physiological functions, including endocrine hormone secretion. Release of the glucose-regulating hormone insulin from pancreatic islet β cells is critical for whole-body metabolic homeostasis. Impaired insulin secretion appears early in the progression to type 2 diabetes (T2D). Key mechanisms that control the β-cell exocytotic response, mediating the long-known but little understood metabolic amplification of insulin secretion, are becoming clearer. Recent insights indicate a convergence of metabolism-driven signals, such as lipid-derived messengers and redox-dependent deSUMOylation, at the plasma membrane to augment Ca2+-dependent insulin exocytosis. These pathways have important implications for the metabolic control of hormone secretion, for the functional compensation that occurs in obesity, and for impaired insulin secretion in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Ferdaoussi
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E1.
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Fukuda T, Kigoshi-Tansho Y, Naganuma T, Kazaana A, Okajima T, Tsuruta F, Chiba T. CACUL1/CAC1 attenuates p53 activity through PML post-translational modification. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 482:863-869. [PMID: 27889610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukaemia (PML) is a tumor suppressor protein covalently conjugated with SUMO family proteins, leading to the formation of PML nuclear bodies (NBs). PML-NBs provide a platform for efficient posttranslational modification of targets and protein-protein interaction, contributing to the adjustment of gene expression and chromatin integrity. Although PML SUMOylation is thought to play important roles in diverse cellular functions, the control mechanisms of adequate modification levels have remained unsolved. Here, we report that Cullin-related protein CACUL1/CAC1 (CACUL1) inhibits PML posttranslational modification. CACUL1 interacts with PML and suppresses PML SUMOylation, leading to the regulation of PML-NB size in the nucleus. We also found that Ubc9, a SUMO-conjugating enzyme, binds to CACUL1 and antagonizes the interaction between CACUL1 and PML. Furthermore, CACUL1 attenuates p53 transcriptional activity. These data suggest that CACUL1 is a novel regulator that negatively controls p53 activity through the regulation of PML SUMOylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Fukuda
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yu Kigoshi-Tansho
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Takao Naganuma
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Akira Kazaana
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Tomomi Okajima
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Fuminori Tsuruta
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan.
| | - Tomoki Chiba
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan.
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Joshi V, Amanullah A, Upadhyay A, Mishra R, Kumar A, Mishra A. A Decade of Boon or Burden: What Has the CHIP Ever Done for Cellular Protein Quality Control Mechanism Implicated in Neurodegeneration and Aging? Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:93. [PMID: 27757073 PMCID: PMC5047891 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells regularly synthesize new proteins to replace old and abnormal proteins for normal cellular functions. Two significant protein quality control pathways inside the cellular milieu are ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy. Autophagy is known for bulk clearance of cytoplasmic aggregated proteins, whereas the specificity of protein degradation by UPS comes from E3 ubiquitin ligases. Few E3 ubiquitin ligases, like C-terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP) not only take part in protein quality control pathways, but also plays a key regulatory role in other cellular processes like signaling, development, DNA damage repair, immunity and aging. CHIP targets misfolded proteins for their degradation through proteasome, as well as autophagy; simultaneously, with the help of chaperones, it also regulates folding attempts for misfolded proteins. The broad range of CHIP substrates and their associations with multiple pathologies make it a key molecule to work upon and focus for future therapeutic interventions. E3 ubiquitin ligase CHIP interacts and degrades many protein inclusions formed in neurodegenerative diseases. The presence of CHIP at various nodes of cellular protein-protein interaction network presents this molecule as a potential candidate for further research. In this review, we have explored a wide range of functionality of CHIP inside cells by a detailed presentation of its co-chaperone, E3 and E4 enzyme like functions, with central focus on its protein quality control roles in neurodegenerative diseases. We have also raised many unexplored but expected fundamental questions regarding CHIP functions, which generate hopes for its future applications in research, as well as drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhuti Joshi
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur Rajasthan, India
| | - Ayeman Amanullah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur Rajasthan, India
| | - Arun Upadhyay
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur Rajasthan, India
| | - Ribhav Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur Rajasthan, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Centre for Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur Rajasthan, India
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Abstract
SUMOylation is a ubiquitin-related transient posttranslational modification pathway catalyzing the conjugation of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins (SUMO1, SUMO2, and SUMO3) to lysine residues of proteins. SUMOylation targets a wide variety of cellular regulators and thereby affects a multitude of different cellular processes. SUMO/sentrin-specific proteases are able to remove SUMOs from targets, contributing to a tight control of SUMOylated proteins. Genetic and cell biological experiments indicate a critical role of balanced SUMOylation/deSUMOylation for proper cardiac development, metabolism, and stress adaptation. Here, we review the current knowledge about SUMOylation/deSUMOylation in the heart and provide an integrated picture of cardiac functions of the SUMO system under physiologic or pathologic conditions. We also describe potential therapeutic approaches targeting the SUMO machinery to combat heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mendler
- From the Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany (L.M., S.M.); Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary (L.M.); and Department I - Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.)
| | - Thomas Braun
- From the Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany (L.M., S.M.); Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary (L.M.); and Department I - Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.).
| | - Stefan Müller
- From the Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany (L.M., S.M.); Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary (L.M.); and Department I - Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.).
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SUMOylation and SENP3 regulate STAT3 activation in head and neck cancer. Oncogene 2016; 35:5826-5838. [PMID: 27181202 PMCID: PMC5116054 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hyperphosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) has been found in various types of human cancers, including head and neck cancer (HNC). Although smoking is critical in the development and progression of HNC, how tobacco components activate STAT3 is unclear. We demonstrated that exposure of HNC cell lines to a tobacco extract induced a rapid Y705 phosphorylation of STAT3 and a rapid increase in the SUMO protease SENP3 that depended on a simultaneous increase in reactive oxygen species. We identified that SUMOylation at the lysine 451 site facilitated STAT3 binding to the phosphatase TC45 through an SUMO-interacting motif of TC45. SENP3 could thus enhance STAT3 phosphorylation by de-conjugating the SUMO2/3 modification of STAT3. Knocking-down of SENP3 greatly impaired basal and induced STAT3 phosphorylation by tobacco extract or interleukin 6. A correlation between SENP3 protein levels and STAT3 Y705 phosphorylation levels in human laryngeal carcinoma specimens was found, which was more significant in the specimens derived from the smoker patients and with poor clinicopathological parameters. Our data identified SUMOylation as a previously undescribed post-translational modification of STAT3 and SENP3 as a critical positive modulator of tobacco- or cytokine-induced STAT3 activation. These findings provide novel insights into the hyperphosphorylation of STAT3 in development of HNC.
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Stankovic-Valentin N, Drzewicka K, König C, Schiebel E, Melchior F. Redox regulation of SUMO enzymes is required for ATM activity and survival in oxidative stress. EMBO J 2016; 35:1312-29. [PMID: 27174643 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201593404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To sense and defend against oxidative stress, cells depend on signal transduction cascades involving redox-sensitive proteins. We previously identified SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) enzymes as downstream effectors of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hydrogen peroxide transiently inactivates SUMO E1 and E2 enzymes by inducing a disulfide bond between their catalytic cysteines. How important their oxidation is in light of many other redox-regulated proteins has however been unclear. To selectively disrupt this redox switch, we identified a catalytically fully active SUMO E2 enzyme variant (Ubc9 D100A) with strongly reduced propensity to maintain a disulfide with the E1 enzyme in vitro and in cells. Replacement of Ubc9 by this variant impairs cell survival both under acute and mild chronic oxidative stresses. Intriguingly, Ubc9 D100A cells fail to maintain activity of the ATM-Chk2 DNA damage response pathway that is induced by hydrogen peroxide. In line with this, these cells are also more sensitive to the ROS-producing chemotherapeutic drugs etoposide/Vp16 and Ara-C. These findings reveal that SUMO E1~E2 oxidation is an essential redox switch in oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Stankovic-Valentin
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Heidelberg University DKFZ - ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Drzewicka
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Heidelberg University DKFZ - ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia König
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Heidelberg University DKFZ - ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elmar Schiebel
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Heidelberg University DKFZ - ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frauke Melchior
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Heidelberg University DKFZ - ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
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Wang M, Sang J, Ren Y, Liu K, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang H, Wang J, Orian A, Yang J, Yi J. SENP3 regulates the global protein turnover and the Sp1 level via antagonizing SUMO2/3-targeted ubiquitination and degradation. Protein Cell 2016; 7:63-77. [PMID: 26511642 PMCID: PMC4707158 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation is recently found to function as a targeting signal for the degradation of substrates through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. RNF4 is the most studied human SUMO-targeted ubiquitin E3 ligase. However, the relationship between SUMO proteases, SENPs, and RNF4 remains obscure. There are limited examples of the SENP regulation of SUMO2/3-targeted proteolysis mediated by RNF4. The present study investigated the role of SENP3 in the global protein turnover related to SUMO2/3-targeted ubiquitination and focused in particular on the SENP3 regulation of the stability of Sp1. Our data demonstrated that SENP3 impaired the global ubiquitination profile and promoted the accumulation of many proteins. Sp1, a cancer-associated transcription factor, was among these proteins. SENP3 increased the level of Sp1 protein via antagonizing the SUMO2/3-targeted ubiquitination and the consequent proteasome-dependent degradation that was mediated by RNF4. De-conjugation of SUMO2/3 by SENP3 attenuated the interaction of Sp1 with RNF4. In gastric cancer cell lines and specimens derived from patients and nude mice, the level of Sp1 was generally increased in parallel to the level of SENP3. These results provided a new explanation for the enrichment of the Sp1 protein in various cancers, and revealed a regulation of SUMO2/3 conjugated proteins whose levels may be tightly controlled by SENP3 and RNF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jing Sang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yanhua Ren
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Kejia Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Haolu Wang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Amir Orian
- Faculty of Medicine, Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | - Jie Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Jing Yi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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CHIP-mediated degradation of transglutaminase 2 negatively regulates tumor growth and angiogenesis in renal cancer. Oncogene 2015; 35:3718-28. [PMID: 26568304 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The multifunctional enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) primarily catalyzes cross-linking reactions of proteins via (γ-glutamyl) lysine bonds. Several recent findings indicate that altered regulation of intracellular TG2 levels affects renal cancer. Elevated TG2 expression is observed in renal cancer. However, the molecular mechanism underlying TG2 degradation is not completely understood. Carboxyl-terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein (CHIP) functions as an ubiquitin E3 ligase. Previous studies reveal that CHIP deficiency mice displayed a reduced life span with accelerated aging in kidney tissues. Here we show that CHIP promotes polyubiquitination of TG2 and its subsequent proteasomal degradation. In addition, TG2 upregulation contributes to enhanced kidney tumorigenesis. Furthermore, CHIP-mediated TG2 downregulation is critical for the suppression of kidney tumor growth and angiogenesis. Notably, our findings are further supported by decreased CHIP expression in human renal cancer tissues and renal cancer cells. The present work reveals that CHIP-mediated TG2 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation represent a novel regulatory mechanism that controls intracellular TG2 levels. Alterations in this pathway result in TG2 hyperexpression and consequently contribute to renal cancer.
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Lennicke C, Rahn J, Lichtenfels R, Wessjohann LA, Seliger B. Hydrogen peroxide - production, fate and role in redox signaling of tumor cells. Cell Commun Signal 2015; 13:39. [PMID: 26369938 PMCID: PMC4570748 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-015-0118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is involved in various signal transduction pathways and cell fate decisions. The mechanism of the so called “redox signaling” includes the H2O2-mediated reversible oxidation of redox sensitive cysteine residues in enzymes and transcription factors thereby altering their activities. Depending on its intracellular concentration and localization, H2O2 exhibits either pro- or anti-apoptotic activities. In comparison to normal cells, cancer cells are characterized by an increased H2O2 production rate and an impaired redox balance thereby affecting the microenvironment as well as the anti-tumoral immune response. This article reviews the current knowledge about the intracellular production of H2O2 along with redox signaling pathways mediating either the growth or apoptosis of tumor cells. In addition it will be discussed how the targeting of H2O2-linked sources and/or signaling components involved in tumor progression and survival might lead to novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lennicke
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Jette Rahn
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Rudolf Lichtenfels
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Ludger A Wessjohann
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle /Saale, Germany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112, Halle/Saale, Germany.
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Abstract
α-Synuclein inclusion bodies are a pathological hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, and contain aggregated α-synuclein and a variety of recruited factors, including protein chaperones, proteasome components, ubiquitin and the small ubiquitin-like modifier, SUMO-1. Cell culture and animal model studies suggest that misfolded, aggregated α-synuclein is actively translocated via the cytoskeletal system to a region of the cell where other factors that help to lessen the toxic effects can also be recruited. SUMO-1 covalently conjugates to various intracellular target proteins in a way analogous to ubiquitination to alter cellular distribution, function and metabolism and also plays an important role in a growing list of cellular pathways, including exosome secretion and apoptosis. Furthermore, SUMO-1 modified proteins have recently been linked to cell stress responses, such as oxidative stress response and heat shock response, with increased SUMOylation being neuroprotective in some cases. Several recent studies have linked SUMOylation to the ubiquitin-proteasome system, while other evidence implicates the lysosomal pathway. Other reports depict a direct mechanism whereby sumoylation reduced the aggregation tendency of α-synuclein, and reduced the toxicity. However, the precise role of SUMO-1 in neurodegeneration remains unclear. In this review, we explore the potential direct or indirect role(s) of SUMO-1 in the cellular response to misfolded α-synuclein in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Yang YQ, Li H, Zhang XS, Li W, Huang LT, Yu Z, Jiang TW, Chen Q, Hang CH. Inhibition of SENP3 by lentivirus induces suppression of apoptosis in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Brain Res 2015; 1622:270-8. [PMID: 26151898 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is one of the life-threatening diseases with high morbidity and mortality rates. SUMO-specific proteases 3 (SENP3), a member of the small ubiquitin-like modifier specific protease family, was identified as an isopeptidase that deconjugates SUMOylation (The covalent modification by SUMO) of modified protein substrates. It is reported that SUMO-2/3 conjugation, a member of SUMOylation, presented neuroprotection. The study aimed to evaluate the expression of SENP3 and to explore its potential role in SAH. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 108 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 2 parts experiment and 9 subgroups (part 1:Sham group, SAH group, SAH+NAC group, SAH+vehicle group; part 2: Sham group, SAH group, SAH+lv-SENP3 group, SAH+lv-null group, SAH+NS group). 7 days before SAH, lentivirus was administrated into rats׳ left lateral ventricle to down-regulate SENP3. Experimental SAH was imitated by injection with 0.3ml nonheparinized autoblood into the prechiasmatic cistern. MDA levels, SOD activities, and GSH contents were detected to evaluate oxidative stress level. SENP3 and cleaved caspase 3 were detected by western blot, apoptosis was observed by TUNEL staining. RESULTS High oxidative stress level following SAH induced rising of SENP3. And inhibition of SENP3 by lentivirus induces suppression of apoptosis in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. CONCLUSION When SENP3 accumulated by high oxidative stress, caspase 3 activated subsequently. And it leads to more severe apoptosis than physiological.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qing Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-Tian Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tian-Wei Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Hua Hang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Ren YH, Liu KJ, Wang M, Yu YN, Yang K, Chen Q, Yu B, Wang W, Li QW, Wang J, Hou ZY, Fang JY, Yeh ET, Yang J, Yi J. De-SUMOylation of FOXC2 by SENP3 promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer cells. Oncotarget 2015; 5:7093-104. [PMID: 25216525 PMCID: PMC4196186 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of cellular oxidative stress in promoting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been noticed. Our previous study shows that SENP3, a redox-sensitive SUMO2/3-specific protease, accumulates in a variety of cancers, but whether SENP3 and SUMOylation involve in the regulation of EMT is unclear. The present study uncovers a novel role of SENP3 in promoting the EMT process in gastric cancer via regulating an EMT-inducing transcription factor, forkhead box C2 (FOXC2). We demonstrate that the expression of mesenchymal marker genes and cell migration ability are enhanced in SENP3-overexpressing gastric cancer cells and attenuated in SENP3-knockdown cells. A nude mouse model and a set of patient's specimens suggest the correlation between SENP3 and gastric cancer metastasis. Biochemical assays identify FOXC2 as a substrate of SENP3. Meanwhile N-cadherin is verified as a target gene of FOXC2, which is transcriptionally activated by a SUMO-less FOXC2. Additionally, reactive oxygen species-induced de-SUMOylation of FOXC2 can be blocked by silencing endogenous SENP3. In conclusion, SENP3, which is increased in gastric cancer cells, potentiates the transcriptional activity of FOXC2 through de-SUMOylation, in favor of the induction of specific mesenchymal gene expression in gastric cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-hua Ren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China. These authors contribute equally to the work
| | - Ke-jia Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. These authors contribute equally to the work
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-nan Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biliary- Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-wei Li
- Department of Biliary- Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Biliary- Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-yuan Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-yuan Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Edward T Yeh
- Department of Cardiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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64
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Expression and Cell Distribution of SENP3 in Brain Tissue After Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice: A Pilot Study. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 35:733-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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65
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Kim HJ, Ha S, Lee HY, Lee KJ. ROSics: chemistry and proteomics of cysteine modifications in redox biology. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:184-208. [PMID: 24916017 PMCID: PMC4340047 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) occurring in proteins determine their functions and regulations. Proteomic tools are available to identify PTMs and have proved invaluable to expanding the inventory of these tools of nature that hold the keys to biological processes. Cysteine (Cys), the least abundant (1-2%) of amino acid residues, are unique in that they play key roles in maintaining stability of protein structure, participating in active sites of enzymes, regulating protein function and binding to metals, among others. Cys residues are major targets of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are important mediators and modulators of various biological processes. It is therefore necessary to identify the Cys-containing ROS target proteins, as well as the sites and species of their PTMs. Cutting edge proteomic tools which have helped identify the PTMs at reactive Cys residues, have also revealed that Cys residues are modified in numerous ways. These modifications include formation of disulfide, thiosulfinate and thiosulfonate, oxidation to sulfenic, sulfinic, sulfonic acids and thiosulfonic acid, transformation to dehydroalanine (DHA) and serine, palmitoylation and farnesylation, formation of chemical adducts with glutathione, 4-hydroxynonenal and 15-deoxy PGJ2, and various other chemicals. We present here, a review of relevant ROS biology, possible chemical reactions of Cys residues and details of the proteomic strategies employed for rapid, efficient and sensitive identification of diverse and novel PTMs involving reactive Cys residues of redox-sensitive proteins. We propose a new name, "ROSics," for the science which describes the principles of mode of action of ROS at molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jung Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans UniversitySeoul, 120-750, Korea
| | - Sura Ha
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST)Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Hee Yoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST)Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Kong-Joo Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans UniversitySeoul, 120-750, Korea
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66
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Yuan K, Liu Y, Chen HN, Zhang L, Lan J, Gao W, Dou Q, Nice EC, Huang C. Thiol-based redox proteomics in cancer research. Proteomics 2014; 15:287-99. [PMID: 25251260 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells maintain their intracellular ROS concentrations at required levels for their survival. Changes in ROS concentrations can regulate biochemical signaling mechanisms that control cell function. It has been demonstrated that ROS regulate the cellular events through redox regulation of redox-sensitive proteins (redox sensors). Upon oxidative stress, redox sensors undergo redox modifications that cause the allosteric changes of these proteins and endow them with different functions. Understanding the altered functions of redox sensors and the underlying mechanisms is critical for the development of novel cancer therapeutics. Recently, a series of high-throughput proteomics approaches have been developed for screening redox processes. In this manuscript, we review these methodologies and discuss the important redox sensors recently identified that are related to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefei Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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67
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Yang YQ, Li H, Zhang X, Wang CX, Sun Q, Li S, Li W, Li W, Ding K, Liu M, Yu Z, Hang CH. Expression and Cell Distribution of SENP3 in the Cerebral Cortex After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats: A Pilot Study. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 35:407-416. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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68
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Paul I, Ghosh MK. A CHIPotle in physiology and disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 58:37-52. [PMID: 25448416 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The carboxy-terminus of Hsc70 interacting protein (CHIP) is known to function as a chaperone associated E3 ligase for several proteins and regulates a variety of physiological processes. Being a connecting link between molecular chaperones and 26S proteasomes, it is widely regarded as the central player in the cellular protein quality control system. Recent analyses have provided new insights on the biochemical and functional dynamics of CHIP. In this review article, we give a comprehensive account of our current knowledge on the biology of CHIP, which apart from shedding light on fundamental biological questions promises to provide a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Paul
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Mrinal K Ghosh
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
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69
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Westman BJ, Lamond AI. A role for SUMOylation in snoRNP biogenesis revealed by quantitative proteomics. Nucleus 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/nucl.14437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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70
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mTOR signaling regulates nucleolar targeting of the SUMO-specific isopeptidase SENP3. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:4474-84. [PMID: 25288641 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00801-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome biogenesis is a multistep cellular pathway that involves more than 200 regulatory components to ultimately generate translation-competent 80S ribosomes. The initial steps of this process, particularly rRNA processing, take place in the nucleolus, while later stages occur in the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. One critical factor of 28S rRNA maturation is the SUMO-isopeptidase SENP3. SENP3 tightly interacts with the nucleolar scaffold protein NPM1 and is associated with nucleolar 60S preribosomes. A central question is how changes in energy supply feed into the regulation of ribosome maturation. Here, we show that the nutrient-sensing mTOR kinase pathway controls the nucleolar targeting of SENP3 by regulating its interaction with NPM1. We define an N-terminal domain in SENP3 as the critical NPM1 binding region and provide evidence that mTOR-mediated phosphorylation of serine/threonine residues within this region fosters the interaction of SENP3 with NPM1. The inhibition of mTOR triggers the nucleolar release of SENP3, thereby likely compromising its activity in rRNA processing. Since mTOR activity is tightly coupled to nutrient availability, we propose that this pathway contributes to the adaptation of ribosome maturation in response to the cellular energy status.
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71
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Henley JM, Craig TJ, Wilkinson KA. Neuronal SUMOylation: mechanisms, physiology, and roles in neuronal dysfunction. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:1249-85. [PMID: 25287864 PMCID: PMC4187031 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein SUMOylation is a critically important posttranslational protein modification that participates in nearly all aspects of cellular physiology. In the nearly 20 years since its discovery, SUMOylation has emerged as a major regulator of nuclear function, and more recently, it has become clear that SUMOylation has key roles in the regulation of protein trafficking and function outside of the nucleus. In neurons, SUMOylation participates in cellular processes ranging from neuronal differentiation and control of synapse formation to regulation of synaptic transmission and cell survival. It is a highly dynamic and usually transient modification that enhances or hinders interactions between proteins, and its consequences are extremely diverse. Hundreds of different proteins are SUMO substrates, and dysfunction of protein SUMOylation is implicated in a many different diseases. Here we briefly outline core aspects of the SUMO system and provide a detailed overview of the current understanding of the roles of SUMOylation in healthy and diseased neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Henley
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tim J Craig
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin A Wilkinson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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72
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Abstract
We summarize the evolutionary relationship, structure and subcellular distribution of SUMO proteases (or SUMO isopeptidases). We also discuss their functions and allude to their involvement in human disease.
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73
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Dysregulation of histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases in cardiovascular diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:641979. [PMID: 24693336 PMCID: PMC3945289 DOI: 10.1155/2014/641979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide despite advances in its prevention and management. A comprehensive understanding of factors which contribute to CVD is required in order to develop more effective treatment options. Dysregulation of epigenetic posttranscriptional modifications of histones in chromatin is thought to be associated with the pathology of many disease models, including CVD. Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and deacetylases (HDACs) are regulators of histone lysine acetylation. Recent studies have implicated a fundamental role of reversible protein acetylation in the regulation of CVDs such as hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, diabetic cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, arrhythmia, and heart failure. This reversible acetylation is governed by enzymes that HATs add or HDACs remove acetyl groups respectively. New evidence has revealed that histone acetylation regulators blunt cardiovascular and related disease states in certain cellular processes including myocyte hypertrophy, apoptosis, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The accumulating evidence of the detrimental role of histone acetylation in cardiac disease combined with the cardioprotective role of histone acetylation regulators suggests that the use of histone acetylation regulators may serve as a novel approach to treating the millions of patients afflicted by cardiac diseases worldwide.
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74
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Guo C, Henley JM. Wrestling with stress: roles of protein SUMOylation and deSUMOylation in cell stress response. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:71-7. [PMID: 24470405 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
How cell fate is determined following extreme stress is a core question in cell biology. This is particularly important in the brain where neuronal death following ischemic stroke is a major cause of disability. Over the last few years it has emerged that the SUMOylation status of an increasing number of substrate proteins plays a crucial role in cellular responses to environmental and metabolic stress. SUMOylation is a post-translational modification in which the 97-residue protein, SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-related MOdifier) is covalently attached to specific lysine residues in a target protein. Despite being covalent, it is a highly transient modification because of the actions of deSUMOylation enzymes, so SUMO conjugation acts as a rapidly reversible switch that can promote or inhibit protein interactions with the substrate protein. Overall, it appears that increased SUMOylation represents a cellular protective response. Here we discuss recent progress toward understanding the mechanisms, pathways, and roles of SUMOylation during and after severe metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Guo
- School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
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75
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Abstract
Posttranslational modification with small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) proteins is now established as one of the key regulatory protein modifications in eukaryotic cells. Hundreds of proteins involved in processes such as chromatin organization, transcription, DNA repair, macromolecular assembly, protein homeostasis, trafficking, and signal transduction are subject to reversible sumoylation. Hence, it is not surprising that disease links are beginning to emerge and that interference with sumoylation is being considered for intervention. Here, we summarize basic mechanisms and highlight recent developments in the physiology of sumoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Flotho
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany.
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76
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Wang Z, Hou Y, Guo X, van der Voet M, Boxem M, Dixon JE, Chisholm AD, Jin Y. The EBAX-type Cullin-RING E3 ligase and Hsp90 guard the protein quality of the SAX-3/Robo receptor in developing neurons. Neuron 2013; 79:903-16. [PMID: 24012004 PMCID: PMC3779136 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although protein quality control (PQC) is generally perceived as important for the development of the nervous system, the specific mechanisms of neuronal PQC have remained poorly understood. Here, we report that C. elegans Elongin BC-binding axon regulator (EBAX-1), a conserved BC-box protein, regulates axon guidance through PQC of the SAX-3/Robo receptor. EBAX-1 buffers guidance errors against temperature variations. As a substrate-recognition subunit in the Elongin BC-containing Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL), EBAX-1 also binds to DAF-21, a cytosolic Hsp90 chaperone. The EBAX-type CRL and DAF-21 collaboratively regulate SAX-3-mediated axon pathfinding. Biochemical and imaging assays indicate that EBAX-1 specifically recognizes misfolded SAX-3 and promotes its degradation in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, vertebrate EBAX also shows substrate preference toward aberrant Robo3 implicated in horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis (HGPPS). Together, our findings demonstrate a triage PQC mechanism mediated by the EBAX-type CRL and DAF-21/Hsp90 that maintains the accuracy of neuronal wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Wang
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Yanli Hou
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, UC Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Xing Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | | | - Mike Boxem
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jack E. Dixon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Andrew D. Chisholm
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Yishi Jin
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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77
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Droescher M, Chaugule VK, Pichler A. SUMO rules: regulatory concepts and their implication in neurologic functions. Neuromolecular Med 2013; 15:639-60. [PMID: 23990202 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-013-8258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modification of proteins by the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is a potent regulator of various cellular events. Hundreds of substrates have been identified, many of them involved in vital processes like transcriptional regulation, signal transduction, protein degradation, cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, chromatin organization, and nuclear transport. In recent years, protein sumoylation increasingly attracted attention, as it could be linked to heart failure, cancer, and neurodegeneration. However, underlying mechanisms involving how modification by SUMO contributes to disease development are still scarce thus necessitating further research. This review aims to critically discuss currently available concepts of the SUMO pathway, thereby highlighting regulation in the healthy versus diseased organism, focusing on neurologic aspects. Better understanding of differential regulation in health and disease may finally allow to uncover pathogenic mechanisms and contribute to the development of disease-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Droescher
- Department of Epigenetics, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
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78
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Wang CM, Brennan VC, Gutierrez NM, Wang X, Wang L, Yang WH. SUMOylation of ATF3 alters its transcriptional activity on regulation of TP53 gene. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:589-98. [PMID: 22991139 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor-3 (ATF3), a stress sensor, plays an essential role in cells to maintain homeostasis and has diverse functions in cellular survival and death signal pathways. ATF3 is a novel regulator of p53 protein stability and function. The activities of ATF3 are modulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as ubiquitination, but whether it is modified by small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ATF3 is post-translationally modified by SUMO proteins and also to elucidate SUMOylation of ATF3 on TP53 gene activity. Here we report that ATF3 is clearly defined as a SUMO target protein both in vitro SUMOylation assay using recombinant proteins and at the cellular levels. Furthermore, ATF3 interacted with UBE2I, the only SUMO E2 enzyme found so far. In addition, PIAS3β (a SUMO E3 ligase) enhanced and SENP2 and SENP7 (two SUMOylation proteases) decreased SUMOylation of ATF3, respectively. Finally, we found that ATF3 is selectively SUMOylated at lysine residue 42 but the SUMOylation does not alter subcellular localization of ATF3. We then characterized the functional role of ATF3 SUMOylation on TP53 gene expression. We found that SUMOylation of ATF3 is required for full repression of TP53 gene. Overall, we provide the first evidence that ATF3 is post-translationally modified by SUMO and SUMOylation of ATF3 plays a functional role in regulation of TP53 gene activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Min Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
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79
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Watts FZ. Starting and stopping SUMOylation. What regulates the regulator? Chromosoma 2013; 122:451-63. [PMID: 23812602 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-013-0422-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A large number of proteins are modified post-translationally by the ubiquitin-like protein (Ubl) SUMO. This process, known as sumoylation, regulates the function, localisation and activity of target proteins as part of normal cellular metabolism, e.g., during development, and through the cell cycle, as well as in response to a range of stresses. In order to be effective, the sumoylation pathway itself must also be regulated. This review describes how the SUMOylation process is regulated. In particular, regulation of the SUMO conjugation and deconjugation machinery at the level of transcription and by post-translational modifications is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity Z Watts
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK,
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80
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CHIP has a protective role against oxidative stress-induced cell death through specific regulation of endonuclease G. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e666. [PMID: 23764847 PMCID: PMC3698548 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated in carcinogenesis, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases. The E3 ligase C terminus of Hsc-70 interacting protein (CHIP) has a protective role against various stresses by targeting damaged proteins for proteasomal degradation, and thus maintains protein quality control. However, the detailed mechanism by which CHIP protects cells from oxidative stress has not been demonstrated. Here, we show that depletion of CHIP led to elevated Endonuclease G (EndoG) levels and enhanced cell death upon oxidative stress. In contrast, CHIP overexpression reduced EndoG levels, and resulted in reduced or no oxidative stress-induced cell death in cancer cells and primary rat cortical neurons. Under normal conditions Hsp70 mediated the interaction between EndoG and CHIP, downregulating EndoG levels in a Hsp70/proteasome-dependent manner. However, under oxidative stress Hsp70 no longer interacted with EndoG, and the stabilized EndoG translocated to the nucleus and degraded chromosomal DNA. Our data suggest that regulation of the level of EndoG by CHIP in normal conditions may determine the sensitivity to cell death upon oxidative stress. Indeed, injection of H2O2 into the rat brain markedly increased cell death in aged mice compared with young mice, which correlated with elevated levels of EndoG and concurrent downregulation of CHIP in aged mice. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a novel protective mechanism of CHIP against oxidative stress through regulation of EndoG, and provide an opportunity to modulate oxidative stress-induced cell death in cancer and aging.
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81
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Wang CM, Yang WH. Loss of SUMOylation on ATF3 inhibits proliferation of prostate cancer cells by modulating CCND1/2 activity. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:8367-80. [PMID: 23591848 PMCID: PMC3645748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14048367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation plays an important role in regulating a wide range of cellular processes. Previously, we showed that ATF3, a stress response mediator, can be SUMOylated and lysine 42 is the major SUMO site. However, the significance of ATF3 SUMOylation in biological processes is still poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the role of ATF3 SUMOylation on CCND activity and cellular proliferation in human prostate cancer cells. First, we showed that ATF3 can be SUMOylated endogenously in the overexpression system, and lysine 42 is the major SUMO site. Unlike normal prostate tissue and androgen-responsive LNCaP cancer cells, androgen-independent PC3 and DU145 cancer cells did not express ATF3 endogenously. Overexpression of ATF3 increased CCND1/2 expression in PC3 and DU145 cancer cells. Interestingly, we observed that SUMOylation is essential for ATF3-mediated CCND1/2 activation. Finally, we observed that SUMOylation plays a functional role in ATF3-mediated cellular proliferation in PC3 and DU145 cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that SUMO modification of ATF3 influences CCND1/2 activity and cellular proliferation of prostate cancer PC3 and DU145 cells and explains at least in part how ATF3 functions to regulate cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Min Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA.
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82
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Sun Z, Hu S, Luo Q, Ye D, Hu D, Chen F. Overexpression of SENP3 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its association with differentiation. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1701-6. [PMID: 23467634 PMCID: PMC3658864 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) modification is an important post-translational protein modification that can be reversed by SUMO-specific proteases (SENPs); however, the physiological function of SENPs remains largely unexplored, and little is known about the regulation of SENPs themselves. As one of the crucial members of the SUMO system, SENP3 is essential for rRNA processing and cell proliferation. In the present study, we analysed the expression of SENP3 in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and investigated the correlation between its expression and clinicopathological parameters in OSCC patients. The expression of SENP3 was higher in OSCC tissues than that in the normal mucosa adjacent to the tumor, and a modest increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulated SENP3 stability and localization. ROS induced SENP3 redistribution from the nucleoli to the nucleoplasm. Taken together, these results indicated that the expression level of SENP3 may be associated with the differentiation of OSCC and that SENP3 may play an important role in the development of OSCC under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zujun Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratories, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, PR China
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83
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Hickey CM, Wilson NR, Hochstrasser M. Function and regulation of SUMO proteases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013; 13:755-66. [PMID: 23175280 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Covalent attachment of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to proteins is highly dynamic, and both SUMO-protein conjugation and cleavage can be regulated. Protein desumoylation is carried out by SUMO proteases, which control cellular mechanisms ranging from transcription and cell division to ribosome biogenesis. Recent advances include the discovery of two novel classes of SUMO proteases, insights regarding SUMO protease specificity, and revelations of previously unappreciated SUMO protease functions in several key cellular pathways. These developments, together with new connections between SUMO proteases and the recently discovered SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases (STUbLs), make this an exciting period to study these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Hickey
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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84
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Dangoumau A, Veyrat-Durebex C, Blasco H, Praline J, Corcia P, Andres CR, Vourc'h P. Protein SUMOylation, an emerging pathway in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Int J Neurosci 2013; 123:366-74. [PMID: 23289752 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2012.761984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The covalent attachment of SUMO proteins (small ubiquitin-like modifier) to specific proteins or SUMOylation regulates their functional properties in the nucleus and cytoplasm of neurons. Recent studies reported dysfunction of the SUMO pathway in molecular and cellular abnormalities associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Furthermore, several observations support a direct role for SUMOylation in diverse pathogenic mechanisms involved in ALS, such as response to hypoxia, oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity and proteasome impairment. Recent results also suggest that SUMO modifications of superoxide dismutase 1, transactive response DNA-binding protein 43, CTE (COOH terminus of EAAT2) (proteolytic C-terminal fragment of the glutamate transporter excitatory amino acid transporter 2, EAAT2) and proteins regulating the turnover of ALS-related proteins can participate in the pathogenesis of ALS. Moreover, the fused in sarcoma (FUS) gene, mutated in ALS, encodes a protein with a SUMO E3 ligase activity. In this review, we summarize the functioning of the SUMO pathway in normal conditions and in response to stresses, its action on ALS-related proteins and discuss the need for further research on this pathway in ALS.
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85
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Chiocca S, Seiser C. Lifting the threshold between life and death: SUMO and HDAC fine-tune HIPK2 to sense redox status. Mol Cell 2012; 46:382-3. [PMID: 22633485 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In the current issue of Molecular Cell, de la Vega et al. (2012) propose an intriguing model for HIPK2 posttranslational modifications in response to oxidative stress, explaining how HIPK2 can possess both prosurvival as well as proapoptotic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Chiocca
- European Institute of Oncology, Department of Experimental Oncology, IFOM-IEO Campus, Milan, Italy.
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86
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Wang Y, Yang J, Yang K, Cang H, Huang XZ, Li H, Yi J. The biphasic redox sensing of SENP3 accounts for the HIF-1 transcriptional activity shift by oxidative stress. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:953-63. [PMID: 22684029 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the mechanisms underlying the biphasic redox regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) transcriptional activity under different levels of oxidative stress caused by reactive oxidative species (ROS). METHODS HeLa cells were exposed to different concentrations of H(2)O(2) as a simple model for mild and severe oxidative stress. Luciferase reporter assay and/or quantitative real-time PCR were used to investigate the transcriptional activity. Immunoblot was used to detect protein expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was used to detect HIF-1/DNA binding. The interaction of p300 with HIF-1α or with SENP3, and the SUMO2/3 conjugation states of p300 were examined by coimmunoprecipitation. RESULTS HIF-1 transcriptional activity in HeLa cells was enhanced by low doses (0.05-0.5 mmol/L) of H(2)O(2), but suppressed by high doses (0.75-8.0 mmol/L) of H(2)O(2). The amount of co-activator p300 bound to HIF-1α in HeLa cells was increased under mild oxidative stress, but decreased under severe oxidative stress. The ROS levels differentially modified cysteines 243 and 532 in the cysteine protease SENP3, regulating the interaction of SENP3 with p300 to cause different SUMOylation of p300, thus shifting HIF-1 transcriptional activity. CONCLUSION The shift of HIF-1 transactivation by ROS is correlated with and dependent on the biphasic redox sensing of SENP3 that leads to the differential SENP3/p300 interaction and the consequent fluctuation in the p300 SUMOylation status.
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87
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A redox-regulated SUMO/acetylation switch of HIPK2 controls the survival threshold to oxidative stress. Mol Cell 2012; 46:472-83. [PMID: 22503103 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Moderate concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) serve as coregulatory signaling molecules, whereas exceedingly high concentrations trigger cell death. Here, we identify ROS-induced acetylation of the proapoptotic kinase HIPK2 as a molecular mechanism that controls the threshold discerning sensitivity from resistance toward ROS-mediated cell death. SUMOylation of HIPK2 at permissive ROS concentrations allows the constitutive association of HDAC3 and keeps HIPK2 in the nonacetylated state. Elevated ROS concentrations prevent SUMOylation of HIPK2 and, consequently, reduce association of HDAC3, thus leading to the acetylation of HIPK2. Reconstitution experiments showed that HIPK2-dependent genes cause decreased ROS levels. Although a nonacetylatable HIPK2 mutant enhanced ROS-induced cell death, an acetylation-mimicking variant ensured cell survival even under conditions of high oxidative stress.
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88
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Abstract
The response to changes in the redox state of the cell environment is closely coupled with the ability of living organisms to sense changing conditions. Protein-based redox sensors utilize cofactors, that is, iron-sulfur clusters, flavins, or hemes, for environmental sensing. Under oxidizing conditions a cofactor-mediated post-translational modification (i.e., thiol-oxidation, carbonylation, or dityrosine formation) accompanied by a structural change in the protein occurs that results in an appropriate reaction, mostly in terms of expression of genes involved in antioxidative stress responses. In addition to these well-studied cofactors, researchers have recently discovered and described redox-active metabolites that play a role in redox sensing. Furthermore, not only proteins but also nucleic acids are able to sense redox-stressing events and to elucidate the corresponding response. With these all sensors, organisms are well equipped to sense redox-stress signals generated extracellularly as well as cytoplasmatically. To analyze the molecular mechanisms of all these redox sensors as well as to describe the paradigms involved, a number of sophisticated tools have been applied. These include development of novel protein fluorescence resonance energy transfer probes to microscopically analyze redox signaling in cells or the application of X-ray crystallography combined with spectroscopic studies to monitor dynamics of conformational changes within redox sensors. In this Forum, novel redox-sensing systems, novel avenues, and recent technical advances in the emerging field of redox sensing are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío Ortiz de Orué Lucana
- Department of Applied Genetics of Microorganisms, Faculty Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
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89
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Wang Y, Yang J, Yi J. Redox sensing by proteins: oxidative modifications on cysteines and the consequent events. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:649-57. [PMID: 21967570 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are not only essential for the cell's normal functions, but also mediate many pathological effects. When cells experience oxidative stress, proteins are modulated by redox changes and ultimately generate novel signaling patterns. It remains elusive how proteins are modulated, rather than simply damaged, by ROS and then mediate the diverse cellular responses. RECENT ADVANCES During the past decade, researchers frequently used "redox sensor" for proteins. However, the term "redox sensing" has not been clearly defined to date. Thiols of cysteines are subjected to oxidative modifications. The conformation changes and the various types of post-translational modifications (PTMs) may result from thiol oxidation of the same protein or other proteins. The molecular effects of redox sensing include changes in protein activity, abundance, localization, and interaction with other biomacromolecules. CRITICAL ISSUES We discuss the emerging concept of cysteine-based redox sensing, emphasizing "sensing redox changes by proteins using their thiols." ROS are an input, and the conformation changes and/or the other PTMs after thiol oxidation are the output of redox sensing. Among dozens of redox sensing proteins listed in this article, SENP3 and caspase-9, which have been investigated in our work, are given particular attention. We also introduce the notion of biphasic and compartment-specific redox sensing by nuclear factor kappa B. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Understanding chemical modifications and conformational changes following protein redox sensing requires more studies in mass spectrometry and crystallography. Redox-indicative probes in live cells and tissues will help monitor redox-related biological and pathological progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Education Ministry for Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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90
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Wang J, Wang Y, Lu L. De-SUMOylation of CCCTC binding factor (CTCF) in hypoxic stress-induced human corneal epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:12469-79. [PMID: 22354964 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.286641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic factor CCCTC binding factor (CTCF) plays important roles in the genetic control of cell fate. Previous studies found that CTCF is positively and negatively regulated at the transcriptional level by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and ultraviolet (UV) stimulation, respectively. However, it is unknown whether other stresses modify the CTCF protein. Here, we report that regulation of CTCF by de-SUMOylation is dependent upon hypoxic and oxidative stresses. We found that stimulation of human corneal epithelial cells with hypoxic stress suppressed a high molecular mass form of CTCF (150 kDa), but not a lower molecular weight form of CTCF (130 kDa). Further investigation revealed that the hypoxic stress-suppressed 150-kDa CTCF was a small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO)ylated form of the protein. Hypoxic stress-induced de-SUMOylation of human CTCF was associated with lysine 74 and 689 residues, but not to the phosphorylation of CTCF. Overexpression of SENP1 induced de-SUMOylation of CTCF. However, knockdown of SENP1 could not rescue hypoxic stress-induced CTCF de-SUMOylation. Overexpression of SUMO1 and SUMO2 increased SUMOylation of CTCF and partially blocked hypoxic stress-induced CTCF de-SUMOylation, suggesting that free cellular SUMO proteins play roles in regulating hypoxia-induced CTCF de-SUMOylation. In addition, hypoxic stress significantly inhibited PAX6 mRNA and protein expressions by suppression of PAX6-P0 promoter activity. The result was further supported by data showing that knockdown of CTCF significantly enhanced expression of PAX6 and abolished hypoxia-induced suppression of PAX6. Thus, we conclude that hypoxic stress induces de-SUMOylation of CTCF to functionally regulate CTCF activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Torrance, California 90502, USA
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91
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Thr90 phosphorylation of Hsp90α by protein kinase A regulates its chaperone machinery. Biochem J 2012; 441:387-97. [PMID: 21919888 DOI: 10.1042/bj20110855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hsp90 (heat-shock protein 90) is one of the most important molecular chaperones in eukaryotes. Hsp90 facilitates the maturation, activation or degradation of its client proteins. It is now well accepted that both ATP binding and co-chaperone association are involved in regulating the Hsp90 chaperone machinery. However, other factors such as post-translational modifications are becoming increasingly recognized as being involved in this process. Recent studies have reported that phosphorylation of Hsp90 plays an unanticipated role in this process. In the present study, we systematically investigated the impact of phosphorylation of a single residue (Thr90) of Hsp90α (pThr90-Hsp90α) on its chaperone machinery. We demonstrate that protein kinase A specifically phosphorylates Hsp90α at Thr90, and that the pThr9090-Hsp90α level is significantly elevated in proliferating cells. Thr90 phosphorylation affects the binding affinity of Hsp90α to ATP. Subsequent examination of the interactions of Hsp90α with co-chaperones reveals that Thr90 phosphorylation specifically regulates the association of a subset of co-chaperones with Hsp90α. The Hsp90α T90E phosphor-mimic mutant exhibits increased association with Aha1 (activator of Hsp90 ATPase homologue 1), p23, PP5 (protein phosphatase 5) and CHIP (C-terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein), and decreased binding affinity with Hsp70, Cdc37 (cell division cycle 37) and Hop [Hsc70 (heat-shock cognate protein 70)/Hsp90-organizing protein], whereas its interaction with FKBP52 (FK506-binding protein 4) is only moderately affected. Moreover, we find that the ability of the T90E mutant to form complexes with its clients, such as Src, Akt or PKCγ (protein kinase Cγ), is dramatically impaired, suggesting that phosphorylation affects its chaperoning activity. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate that Thr90 phosphorylation is actively engaged in the regulation of the Hsp90α chaperone machinery and should be a generic determinant for the cycling of Hsp90α chaperone function.
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92
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Westman BJ, Lamond AI. A role for SUMOylation in snoRNP biogenesis revealed by quantitative proteomics. Nucleus 2012; 2:30-7. [PMID: 21647297 DOI: 10.4161/nucl.2.1.14437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A role for SUMOylation in the biogenesis and/or function of Box C/D snoRNPs has been reported, mediated via SUMO2 conjugation to the core snoRNP protein, Nop58. A quantitative proteomics screen, based on SILAC (stable-isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture) and mass spectrometry using extracts prepared from cultured mammalian cells expressing either 6His-SUMO1 or -SUMO2, revealed that the snoRNP-related proteins Nop58, Nhp2, DKC1 and NOLC1 are amongst the main SUMO-modified proteins in the nucleolus. SUMOylation of Nhp2 and endogenous Nop58 was confirmed using a combination of in vitro and cell-based assays and the modified lysines identified by site-directed mutagenesis. SUMOylation of Nop58 was found to be important for high-affinity Box C/D snoRNA binding and the localization of newly transcribed snoRNAs to the nucleolus. Here, these findings are reviewed and a model for understanding Nop58 SUMOylation in the context of Box C/D snoRNP biogenesis is presented. Given the essential role of snoRNPs in the modification of pre-ribosomal RNA, this work suggests that SUMO, snoRNPs and ribosome assembly, and thus cellular translation, growth and proliferation, may be linked via novel mechanisms which warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda J Westman
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK
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93
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da Silva VCH, Ramos CHI. The network interaction of the human cytosolic 90 kDa heat shock protein Hsp90: A target for cancer therapeutics. J Proteomics 2012; 75:2790-802. [PMID: 22236519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In the cell, proteins interact within a network in which a small number of proteins are highly connected nodes or hubs. A disturbance in the hub proteins usually has a higher impact on the cell physiology than a disturbance in poorly connected nodes. In eukaryotes, the cytosolic Hsp90 is considered to be a hub protein as it interacts with molecular chaperones and co-chaperones, and has key regulatory proteins as clients, such as transcriptional factors, protein kinases and hormone receptors. The large number of Hsp90 partners suggests that Hsp90 is involved in very important functions, such as signaling, proteostasis and epigenetics. Some of these functions are dysregulated in cancer, making Hsp90 a potential target for therapeutics. The number of Hsp90 interactors appears to be so large that a precise answer to the question of how many proteins interact with this chaperone has no definitive answer yet, not even if the question refers to specific Hsp90s as one of the human cytosolic forms. Here we review the major chaperones and co-chaperones that interact with cytosolic Hsp90s, highlighting the latest findings regarding client proteins and the role that posttranslational modifications have on the function and interactions of these molecular chaperones. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteomics: The clinical link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane C H da Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP. P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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94
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Abstract
The control of ribosome biogenesis is a critical cellular nodal point, which ensures that protein synthesis is coordinated with cell growth and proliferation. Prior to their cytoplasmic assembly the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits pass through the nucleolus and the nucleoplasm via a maturation pathway that involves a set of non-coding RNAs and non-ribosomal regulatory trans-acting factors. In mammalian cells the inventory of the required protein components is still fragmentary and it is largely unclear what drives the subcellular transitions and the exchange of protein components along the maturation pathway. However, recent data indicate that the dynamic post-translational modification by the ubiquitin-like SUMO modifier is critically involved in these processes. In particular, removal of SUMO from trans-acting factors by the SUMO-specific isopeptidase SENP3 is instrumental in the 60S maturation pathway in mammals. In an attempt to pinpoint the relevant targets of SENP3 we identified a novel SENP3-associated protein complex comprised of PELP1, TEX10 and WDR18. We demonstrated that this complex is involved in the nucleolar steps of 28S rRNA maturation and the subsequent nucleoplasmic transit of the 60S ribosomal subunit. Importantly, we found that PELP1 is a SENP3-sensitive target of SUMO and observed that lack of SENP3-mediated desumoylation prevents the nucleolar partitioning of the PELP1-TEX10-WDR18 complex. SUMO-dependent subnuclear trafficking may thus assist in coordinating the rate of ribosome formation. Here we propose that sumoylation of PELP1 serves as a quality control mechanism that restricts pre-mature loading of the PELP1-WDR18-TEX10 complex to 60S particles thereby limiting ribosome maturation. We further hypothesize that the PELP1-associated AAA-ATPase MDN1 may be part of this surveillance pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Finkbeiner
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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95
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Guttmann RP, Ghoshal S. Thiol-protease oxidation in age-related neuropathology. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:282-8. [PMID: 21565267 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress is a hallmark of every major neurodegenerative disease that has been studied. Numerous biomarkers of oxidative stress have been found, indicating that waves of oxidation had, at one time or another, overwhelmed antioxidant defenses, leaving behind a host of oxidized DNA, lipids, and proteins in their path. Although some level of oxidation may be beneficial, perhaps mediated by a hormetic response, the extent and types of oxidation detected in neuropathological states would suggest that oxidative stress contributes to a loss of homeostasis and cellular dysfunction. Although there are many targets of oxidants, this review emphasizes protein oxidation with a focus on an important group of redox-sensitive enzymes, the thiol-proteases. Both the direct and the indirect effects of oxidation and their potential importance in neurodegeneration are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney P Guttmann
- Department of Gerontology, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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96
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SUMOylation and de-SUMOylation in response to DNA damage. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:2891-6. [PMID: 21486569 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To maintain genomic integrity, a cell must utilize multiple mechanisms to protect its DNA from the damage generated by environmental agents or DNA metabolism. SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) can regulate protein stability, protein cellular location, and protein-protein interactions. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the roles of SUMOylation and de-SUMOylation in DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair with a specific focus on the role of RPA SUMOylation in homologous recombination (HR).
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97
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SUMO2 and SUMO3 transcription is differentially regulated by oxidative stress in an Sp1-dependent manner. Biochem J 2011; 435:489-98. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20101474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein SUMOylation (SUMO is small ubiquitin-related modifier) is a dynamic process that is strictly regulated under physiological and pathological conditions. However, little is known about how various intra- or extra-cellular stimuli regulate expression levels of components in the SUMO system. SUMO isoforms SUMO2 and SUMO3 can rapidly convert to be conjugated in response to a variety of cellular stresses. Owing to the limitations of sequence homology, SUMO2 and SUMO3 cannot be differentiated between and are thus referred to as SUMO2/3. Whether these two isoforms are regulated in distinct manners has never been addressed. In the present paper we report that the expression of SUMO3, but not SUMO2, can be down-regulated at the transcription level by cellular oxidative stress. In the present study, we checked SUMO2 and SUMO3 mRNA levels in cells exposed to various doses of H2O2 and in cells bearing different levels of ROS (reactive oxygen species). We found an inverse relationship between SUMO3 transcription and ROS levels. We characterized a promoter region specific for the mouse Sumo3 gene that is bound by the redox-sensitive transcription factor Sp1 (specificity protein 1) and demonstrated oxidation of Sp1, as well as suppression of Sp1–DNA binding upon oxidative stress. This revealed for the first time that the expression of SUMO2 and SUMO3 is regulated differently by ROS. These findings may enhance our understanding about the regulation of SUMOylation and also shed light on the functions of Sp1.
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98
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Chymkowitch P, Le May N, Charneau P, Compe E, Egly JM. The phosphorylation of the androgen receptor by TFIIH directs the ubiquitin/proteasome process. EMBO J 2010; 30:468-79. [PMID: 21157430 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to hormonal stimuli, a cascade of hierarchical post-translational modifications of nuclear receptors are required for the correct expression of target genes. Here, we show that the transcription factor TFIIH, via its cdk7 kinase, phosphorylates the androgen receptor (AR) at position AR/S515. Strikingly, this phosphorylation is a key step for an accurate transactivation that includes the cyclic recruitment of the transcription machinery, the MDM2 E3 ligase, the subsequent ubiquitination of AR at the promoter of target genes and its degradation by the proteasome machinery. Impaired phosphorylation disrupts the transactivation, as observed in cells either overexpressing the non-phosphorylated AR/S515A, isolated from xeroderma pigmentosum patient (bearing a mutation in XPD subunit of TFIIH), or in which cdk7 kinase was silenced. Indeed, besides affecting the cyclic recruitment of the transcription machinery, the AR phosphorylation defect favourizes to the recruitment of the E3 ligase CHIP instead of MDM2, at the PSA promoter, that will further attract the proteasome machinery. These observations illustrate how the TFIIH phosphorylation might participate to the transactivation by regulating the nuclear receptors turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Chymkowitch
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch cedex, France
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99
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Pashkov BM. [Peculiarities of the clinical picture of some dermatoses localized in the buccal mucosa]. Exp Cell Res 1970; 353:46-53. [PMID: 28279658 PMCID: PMC5381905 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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