51
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Charbel C, Fontaine RH, Kadlub N, Coulomb-L'Hermine A, Rouillé T, How-Kit A, Moguelet P, Tost J, Picard A, Aractingi S, Guégan S. Clonogenic cell subpopulations maintain congenital melanocytic nevi. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:824-833. [PMID: 25310409 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Large congenital melanocytic nevi (lCMN) are benign melanocytic tumors associated with an increased risk of melanoma transformation. They result predominantly from a post-zygotic somatic NRAS mutation. These lesions persist and even increase after birth proportionally to the child's growth. Therefore, we asked here whether cells with clonogenic and tumorigenic properties persisted postnatally in lCMN. Subpopulations of lCMN cells expressed stem cell/progenitor lineage markers such as Sox10, Nestin, Oct4, and ABCB5. In vitro, 1 in 250 cells from fresh lCMN formed colonies that could be passaged and harbored the same NRAS mutation as the original nevus. In vivo, lCMN specimens xenografted in immunocompromised mice expanded 4-fold. BrdU(+)-proliferating and label-retaining melanocytes were found within the outgrowth skin tissue of these xenografts, which displayed the same benign nested architecture as the original nevus. lCMN cell suspensions were not able to expand when xenografted alone in Rag 2-/- mice. Conversely, when mixed with keratinocytes, these cells reconstituted the architecture of the human nevus with its characteristic melanocyte layout, lentiginous hyperplasia, and nested architecture. Overall, our data demonstrate that, after birth, certain lCMN cell subtypes still display features such as clonogenic potential and expand into nevus-like structures when cooperating with adjacent keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Charbel
- Saint Antoine Research Center, U938, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Romain H Fontaine
- Saint Antoine Research Center, U938, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Natacha Kadlub
- Université René Descartes-Paris V, Paris, France; Department of Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Hôpital Necker, Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Aurore Coulomb-L'Hermine
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris VI, Paris, France; Department of Pathology, Hôpital Trousseau, Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Rouillé
- Saint Antoine Research Center, U938, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre How-Kit
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Fondation Jean Dausset - CEPH, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Moguelet
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Tenon, Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jorg Tost
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Fondation Jean Dausset - CEPH, Paris, France; Laboratory for Epigenetics & Environment, Centre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, France
| | - Arnaud Picard
- Université René Descartes-Paris V, Paris, France; Department of Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Hôpital Necker, Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Selim Aractingi
- Saint Antoine Research Center, U938, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France; Université René Descartes-Paris V, Paris, France; Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Cochin, Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Guégan
- Saint Antoine Research Center, U938, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris VI, Paris, France; Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Tenon, Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
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52
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Benaich N, Woodhouse S, Goldie SJ, Mishra A, Quist SR, Watt FM. Rewiring of an epithelial differentiation factor, miR-203, to inhibit human squamous cell carcinoma metastasis. Cell Rep 2014; 9:104-117. [PMID: 25284788 PMCID: PMC4536294 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic colonization of distant organs underpins the majority of human-cancer-related deaths, including deaths from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We report that miR-203, a miRNA that triggers differentiation in multilayered epithelia, inhibits multiple postextravasation events during HNSCC lung metastasis. Inducible reactivation of miR-203 in already established lung metastases reduces the overall metastatic burden. Using an integrated approach, we reveal that miR-203 inhibits metastasis independently of its effects on differentiation. In vivo genetic reconstitution experiments show that miR-203 inhibits lung metastasis by suppressing the prometastatic activities of three factors involved in cytoskeletal dynamics (LASP1), extracellular matrix remodeling (SPARC), and cell metabolism (NUAK1). Expression of miR-203 and its downstream effectors correlates with HNSCC overall survival outcomes, indicating the therapeutic potential of targeting this signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Benaich
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK; Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, 28(th) Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Samuel Woodhouse
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, 28(th) Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Stephen J Goldie
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Ajay Mishra
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, 28(th) Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Sven R Quist
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK; Clinic of Dermatology and Venereology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Fiona M Watt
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, 28(th) Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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53
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Refining the role for adult stem cells as cancer cells of origin. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 25:11-20. [PMID: 25242116 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made to identify the cells at the foundation of tumorigenesis, the cancer cell of origin (CCO). The majority of data points towards resident adult stem cells (ASCs) or primitive progenitors as the CCO for those cancers studied, highlighting the importance of stem cells not only as propagators but also as initiators of cancer. Recent data suggest tumor initiation at the CCOs can be regulated through both intrinsic and extrinsic signals and that the identity of the CCOs and their propensity to initiate tumorigenesis is context dependent. In this review, we summarize some of the recent findings regarding CCOs and solid tumor initiation and highlight its relation with bona fide human cancer.
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54
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Atlasi Y, Looijenga L, Fodde R. Cancer stem cells, pluripotency, and cellular heterogeneity: a WNTer perspective. Curr Top Dev Biol 2014; 107:373-404. [PMID: 24439813 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416022-4.00013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to represent the "beating heart" of malignant growth as they continuously fuel tumors through their ability to self-renew and differentiate. Moreover, they are also believed to underlie malignant behavior, local invasion, and metastasis in distal organ sites upon reversible epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs). Nevertheless, the CSC concept has been the object of controversy, mainly due to the absence of robust operational definitions and to the lack of consistency in the use of the often incorrect nomenclature employed to refer to these cells. Notwithstanding the controversies, it is now generally accepted that primary cancers are organized in hierarchical fashion with neoplastic stem-like cells able to give rise to new CSCs and to more committed malignant cells. Notably, these hierarchical structures are not unidirectional, but are rather characterized by a more dynamic equilibrium where stem-like and more committed cancer cells transit from one meta-state to the other partly because of cues from the microenvironment (niche), but also because of intrinsic and yet incompletely understood characteristics in the activation/silencing of specific signal transduction pathways. Here, we will focus on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway as one of the major regulator of stemness in homeostasis and cancer, and on germ cell tumors as the type of malignancy that most closely mimics normal embryonic development and as such serve as a unique model to study the role of stem cells in neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Atlasi
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leendert Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Fodde
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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55
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Huang PY, Balmain A. Modeling cutaneous squamous carcinoma development in the mouse. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a013623. [PMID: 25183851 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a013623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most common cancers in Caucasian populations and is associated with a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. The classic mouse model for studying SCC involves two-stage chemical carcinogenesis, which has been instrumental in the evolution of the concept of multistage carcinogenesis, as widely applied to both human and mouse cancers. Much is now known about the sequence of biological and genetic events that occur in this skin carcinogenesis model and the factors that can influence the course of tumor development, such as perturbations in the oncogene/tumor-suppressor signaling pathways involved, the nature of the target cell that acquires the first genetic hit, and the role of inflammation. Increasingly, studies of tumor-initiating cells, malignant progression, and metastasis in mouse skin cancer models will have the potential to inform future approaches to treatment and chemoprevention of human squamous malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillips Y Huang
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Allan Balmain
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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56
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Hsu YC, Li L, Fuchs E. Emerging interactions between skin stem cells and their niches. Nat Med 2014; 20:847-56. [PMID: 25100530 PMCID: PMC4358898 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The skin protects mammals from insults, infection and dehydration and enables thermoregulation and sensory perception. Various skin-resident cells carry out these diverse functions. Constant turnover of cells and healing upon injury necessitate multiple reservoirs of stem cells. Thus, the skin provides a model for studying interactions between stem cells and their microenvironments, or niches. Advances in genetic and imaging tools have brought new findings about the lineage relationships between skin stem cells and their progeny and about the mutual influences between skin stem cells and their niches. Such knowledge may offer novel avenues for therapeutics and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chieh Hsu
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA. [2]
| | - Lishi Li
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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57
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SOX2 is a cancer-specific regulator of tumour initiating potential in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4511. [PMID: 25077433 PMCID: PMC4207965 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the principles that balance stem cell self-renewal and
differentiation in normal tissue homeostasis are beginning to emerge, it is
still unclear whether cancer cells with tumor initiating potential are similarly
governed, or whether they have acquired distinct mechanisms to sustain
self-renewal and long-term tumor growth. Here we show that the transcription
factor Sox2, which is not expressed in normal skin epithelium and is dispensable
for epidermal homeostasis, marks tumor initiating cells (TICs) in cutaneous
squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). We demonstrate that Sox2 is required for SCC
growth in mouse and human, where it enhances Nrp1/Vegf signaling to promote the
expansion of TICs along the tumor-stroma interface. Our findings suggest that
distinct transcriptional programs govern self-renewal and long-term growth of
TICs and normal skin epithelial stem and progenitor cells. These programs
present promising diagnostic markers and targets for cancer specific
therapies.
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58
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Blanpain C, Fuchs E. Stem cell plasticity. Plasticity of epithelial stem cells in tissue regeneration. Science 2014; 344:1242281. [PMID: 24926024 DOI: 10.1126/science.1242281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tissues rely upon stem cells for homeostasis and repair. Recent studies show that the fate and multilineage potential of epithelial stem cells can change depending on whether a stem cell exists within its resident niche and responds to normal tissue homeostasis, whether it is mobilized to repair a wound, or whether it is taken from its niche and challenged to de novo tissue morphogenesis after transplantation. In this Review, we discuss how different populations of naturally lineage-restricted stem cells and committed progenitors can display remarkable plasticity and reversibility and reacquire long-term self-renewing capacities and multilineage differentiation potential during physiological and regenerative conditions. We also discuss the implications of cellular plasticity for regenerative medicine and for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Blanpain
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels B-1070, Belgium. Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels B-1070, Belgium.
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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59
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SOX2 controls tumour initiation and cancer stem-cell functions in squamous-cell carcinoma. Nature 2014; 511:246-50. [PMID: 24909994 DOI: 10.1038/nature13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been reported in various cancers, including in skin squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC). The molecular mechanisms regulating tumour initiation and stemness are still poorly characterized. Here we find that Sox2, a transcription factor expressed in various types of embryonic and adult stem cells, was the most upregulated transcription factor in the CSCs of squamous skin tumours in mice. SOX2 is absent in normal epidermis but begins to be expressed in the vast majority of mouse and human pre-neoplastic skin tumours, and continues to be expressed in a heterogeneous manner in invasive mouse and human SCCs. In contrast to other SCCs, in which SOX2 is frequently genetically amplified, the expression of SOX2 in mouse and human skin SCCs is transcriptionally regulated. Conditional deletion of Sox2 in the mouse epidermis markedly decreases skin tumour formation after chemical-induced carcinogenesis. Using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter of Sox2 transcriptional expression (SOX2-GFP knock-in mice), we showed that SOX2-expressing cells in invasive SCC are greatly enriched in tumour-propagating cells, which further increase upon serial transplantations. Lineage ablation of SOX2-expressing cells within primary benign and malignant SCCs leads to tumour regression, consistent with the critical role of SOX2-expressing cells in tumour maintenance. Conditional Sox2 deletion in pre-existing skin papilloma and SCC leads to tumour regression and decreases the ability of cancer cells to be propagated upon transplantation into immunodeficient mice, supporting the essential role of SOX2 in regulating CSC functions. Transcriptional profiling of SOX2-GFP-expressing CSCs and of tumour epithelial cells upon Sox2 deletion uncovered a gene network regulated by SOX2 in primary tumour cells in vivo. Chromatin immunoprecipitation identified several direct SOX2 target genes controlling tumour stemness, survival, proliferation, adhesion, invasion and paraneoplastic syndrome. We demonstrate that SOX2, by marking and regulating the functions of skin tumour-initiating cells and CSCs, establishes a continuum between tumour initiation and progression in primary skin tumours.
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60
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Song IY, Balmain A. Cellular reprogramming in skin cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 32:32-9. [PMID: 24721247 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Early primitive stem cells have long been viewed as the cancer cells of origin (tumor initiating target cells) due to their intrinsic features of self-renewal and longevity. However, emerging evidence suggests a surprising capacity for normal committed cells to function as reserve stem cells upon reprogramming as a consequence of tissue damage resulting in inflammation and wound healing. This results in an alternative concept positing that tumors may originate from differentiated cells that can re-acquire stem cell properties due to genetic or epigenetic reprogramming. It is likely that both models are correct, and that a continuum of potential cells of origin exists, ranging from early primitive stem cells to committed progenitor or even terminally differentiated cells. A combination of the nature of the target cell and the specific types of gene mutations introduced determine tumor cell lineage, as well as potential for malignant conversion. Evidence from mouse skin models of carcinogenesis suggests that initiated cells at different stages within a stem cell hierarchy have varying degrees of requirement for reprogramming (e.g. inflammation stimuli), depending on their degree of differentiation. This article will present evidence in favor of these concepts that has been developed from studies of several mouse models of skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihn Young Song
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Allan Balmain
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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61
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Singh R, Chen C, Phelps RG, Elston DM. Stem cells in the skin and their role in oncogenesis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013; 28:542-9. [PMID: 24118325 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells generate great interest because they hold the promise for treatment of various incurable diseases. Several distinct stem cell populations have been identified in each organ, including the skin. As the skin is the largest organ in the body and is easily accessible, cutaneous stem cells have raised significant hopes for being a rich source of easily available multipotent stem cells. Genetic alterations and mutations in stem cells are being proposed as initiation step in multiple cancers. Small populations of oncogenic stem cells termed as cancer stem cells or tumour-initiating cells have been identified in multiple tumours, including squamous cell carcinomas, and melanomas that can sustain tumour growth, underlie its malignant behaviour and initiate distant metastases. These cells are controlled and regulated by the same pathways that are also responsible for maintenance and differentiation of normal stem cells. Developing a targeted therapy against the oncogenic stem cells and dysregulated members of the signalling pathways may be the key to understanding and treating skin cancers like melanomas, for which we still do not have an effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Singh
- Department of Dermatology and Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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62
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Abstract
The maintenance and repair of many adult tissues are ensured by stem cells (SCs), which reside at the top of the cellular hierarchy of these tissues. Functional assays, such as in vitro clonogenic assays, transplantation and in vivo lineage tracing, have been used to assess the renewing and differentiation potential of normal SCs. Similar strategies have suggested that solid tumours may also be hierarchically organized and contain cancer SCs (CSCs) that sustain tumour growth and relapse after therapy. In this Opinion article, we discuss the different parallels that can be drawn between adult SCs and CSCs in solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Beck
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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63
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EGFR-ras-raf signaling in epidermal stem cells: roles in hair follicle development, regeneration, tissue remodeling and epidermal cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:19361-84. [PMID: 24071938 PMCID: PMC3821561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141019361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian skin is the largest organ of the body and its outermost layer, the epidermis, undergoes dynamic lifetime renewal through the activity of somatic stem cell populations. The EGFR-Ras-Raf pathway has a well-described role in skin development and tumor formation. While research mainly focuses on its role in cutaneous tumor initiation and maintenance, much less is known about Ras signaling in the epidermal stem cells, which are the main targets of skin carcinogenesis. In this review, we briefly discuss the properties of the epidermal stem cells and review the role of EGFR-Ras-Raf signaling in keratinocyte stem cells during homeostatic and pathological conditions.
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64
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Ghazvini M, Sonneveld P, Kremer A, Franken P, Sacchetti A, Atlasi Y, Roth S, Joosten R, Smits R, Fodde R. Cancer stemness in Apc- vs. Apc/KRAS-driven intestinal tumorigenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73872. [PMID: 24069241 PMCID: PMC3775784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutive activation of the Wnt pathway leads to adenoma formation, an obligatory step towards intestinal cancer. In view of the established role of Wnt in regulating stemness, we attempted the isolation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) from Apc- and Apc/KRAS-mutant intestinal tumours. Whereas CSCs are present in Apc/KRAS tumours, they appear to be very rare (<10−6) in the Apc–mutant adenomas. In contrast, the Lin−CD24hiCD29+ subpopulation of adenocarcinoma cells appear to be enriched in CSCs with increased levels of active β-catenin. Expression profiling analysis of the CSC-enriched subpopulation confirmed their enhanced Wnt activity and revealed additional differential expression of other signalling pathways, growth factor binding proteins, and extracellular matrix components. As expected, genes characteristic of the Paneth cell lineage (e.g. defensins) are co-expressed together with stem cell genes (e.g. Lgr5) within the CSC-enriched subpopulation. This is of interest as it may indicate a cancer stem cell niche role for tumor-derived Paneth-like cells, similar to their role in supporting Lgr5+ stem cells in the normal intestinal crypt. Overall, our results indicate that oncogenic KRAS activation in Apc-driven tumours results in the expansion of the CSCs compartment by increasing ®-catenin intracellular stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Ghazvini
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Sonneveld
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Kremer
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Franken
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Sacchetti
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yaser Atlasi
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Roth
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalie Joosten
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Smits
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Fodde
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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65
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Wong CE, Yu JS, Quigley DA, To MD, Jen KY, Huang PY, Del Rosario R, Balmain A. Inflammation and Hras signaling control epithelial-mesenchymal transition during skin tumor progression. Genes Dev 2013; 27:670-82. [PMID: 23512660 PMCID: PMC3613613 DOI: 10.1101/gad.210427.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is thought to be an important, possibly essential, component of the process of tumor dissemination and metastasis. About 20%-30% of Hras mutant mouse skin carcinomas induced by chemical initiation/promotion protocols have undergone EMT. Reduced exposure to TPA-induced chronic inflammation causes a dramatic reduction in classical papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), but the mice still develop highly invasive carcinomas with EMT properties, reduced levels of Hras and Egfr signaling, and frequent Ink4/Arf deletions. Deletion of Hras from the mouse germline also leads to a strong reduction in squamous tumor development, but tumors now acquire activating Kras mutations and exhibit more aggressive metastatic properties. We propose that invasive carcinomas can arise by different genetic and biological routes dependent on exposure to chronic inflammation and possibly from different target cell populations within the skin. Our data have implications for the use of inhibitors of inflammation or of Ras/Egfr pathway signaling for prevention or treatment of invasive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Wong
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - David A. Quigley
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Minh D. To
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Kuang-Yu Jen
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Phillips Y. Huang
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Reyno Del Rosario
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Allan Balmain
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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