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Zhu J, Wang Q, Yuan M, Tan GYA, Sun F, Wang C, Wu W, Lee PH. Microbiology and potential applications of aerobic methane oxidation coupled to denitrification (AME-D) process: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 90:203-215. [PMID: 26734780 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic methane oxidation coupled to denitrification (AME-D) is an important link between the global methane and nitrogen cycles. This mini-review updates discoveries regarding aerobic methanotrophs and denitrifiers, as a prelude to spotlight the microbial mechanism and the potential applications of AME-D. Until recently, AME-D was thought to be accomplished by a microbial consortium where denitrifying bacteria utilize carbon intermediates, which are excreted by aerobic methanotrophs, as energy and carbon sources. Potential carbon intermediates include methanol, citrate and acetate. This mini-review presents microbial thermodynamic estimations and postulates that methanol is the ideal electron donor for denitrification, and may serve as a trophic link between methanotrophic bacteria and denitrifiers. More excitingly, new discoveries have revealed that AME-D is not only confined to the conventional synergism between methanotrophic bacteria and denitrifiers. Specifically, an obligate aerobic methanotrophic bacterium, Methylomonas denitrificans FJG1, has been demonstrated to couple partial denitrification with methane oxidation, under hypoxia conditions, releasing nitrous oxide as a terminal product. This finding not only substantially advances the understanding of AME-D mechanism, but also implies an important but unknown role of aerobic methanotrophs in global climate change through their influence on both the methane and nitrogen cycles in ecosystems. Hence, further investigation on AME-D microbiology and mechanism is essential to better understand global climate issues and to develop niche biotechnological solutions. This mini-review also presents traditional microbial techniques, such as pure cultivation and stable isotope probing, and powerful microbial techniques, such as (meta-) genomics and (meta-) transcriptomics, for deciphering linked methane oxidation and denitrification. Although AME-D has immense potential for nitrogen removal from wastewater, drinking water and groundwater, bottlenecks and potential issues are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Mengdong Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Giin-Yu Amy Tan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Faqian Sun
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weixiang Wu
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Po-Heng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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52
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Knief C. Diversity and Habitat Preferences of Cultivated and Uncultivated Aerobic Methanotrophic Bacteria Evaluated Based on pmoA as Molecular Marker. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1346. [PMID: 26696968 PMCID: PMC4678205 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methane-oxidizing bacteria are characterized by their capability to grow on methane as sole source of carbon and energy. Cultivation-dependent and -independent methods have revealed that this functional guild of bacteria comprises a substantial diversity of organisms. In particular the use of cultivation-independent methods targeting a subunit of the particulate methane monooxygenase (pmoA) as functional marker for the detection of aerobic methanotrophs has resulted in thousands of sequences representing "unknown methanotrophic bacteria." This limits data interpretation due to restricted information about these uncultured methanotrophs. A few groups of uncultivated methanotrophs are assumed to play important roles in methane oxidation in specific habitats, while the biology behind other sequence clusters remains still largely unknown. The discovery of evolutionary related monooxygenases in non-methanotrophic bacteria and of pmoA paralogs in methanotrophs requires that sequence clusters of uncultivated organisms have to be interpreted with care. This review article describes the present diversity of cultivated and uncultivated aerobic methanotrophic bacteria based on pmoA gene sequence diversity. It summarizes current knowledge about cultivated and major clusters of uncultivated methanotrophic bacteria and evaluates habitat specificity of these bacteria at different levels of taxonomic resolution. Habitat specificity exists for diverse lineages and at different taxonomic levels. Methanotrophic genera such as Methylocystis and Methylocaldum are identified as generalists, but they harbor habitat specific methanotrophs at species level. This finding implies that future studies should consider these diverging preferences at different taxonomic levels when analyzing methanotrophic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Knief
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation – Molecular Biology of the Rhizosphere, University of BonnBonn, Germany
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Dedysh SN, Didriksen A, Danilova OV, Belova SE, Liebner S, Svenning MM. Methylocapsa palsarum sp. nov., a methanotroph isolated from a subArctic discontinuous permafrost ecosystem. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65:3618-3624. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.000465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An aerobic methanotrophic bacterium was isolated from a collapsed palsa soil in northern Norway and designated strain NE2T. Cells of this strain were Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-pigmented, slightly curved thick rods that multiplied by normal cell division. The cells possessed a particulate methane monooxygenase enzyme (pMMO) and utilized methane and methanol. Strain NE2T grew in a wide pH range of 4.1–8.0 (optimum pH 5.2–6.5) at temperatures between 6 and 32 °C (optimum 18–25 °C), and was capable of atmospheric nitrogen fixation under reduced oxygen tension. The major cellular fatty acids were C18 : 1ω7c, C16 : 0 and C16 : 1ω7c, and the DNA G+C content was 61.7 mol%. The isolate belonged to the family Beijerinckiaceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria and was most closely related to the facultative methanotroph Methylocapsa aurea KYGT (98.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and 84 % PmoA sequence identity). However, strain NE2T differed from Methylocapsa aurea KYGT by cell morphology, the absence of pigmentation, inability to grow on acetate, broader pH growth range, and higher tolerance to NaCl. Therefore, strain NE2T represents a novel species of the genus Methylocapsa, for which we propose the name Methylocapsa palsarum sp. nov. The type strain is NE2T ( = LMG 28715T = VKM B-2945T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana N. Dedysh
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - Alena Didriksen
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Olga V. Danilova
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - Svetlana E. Belova
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - Susanne Liebner
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 4.5 Geomicrobiology, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mette M. Svenning
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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54
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Roles of Thermophiles and Fungi in Bitumen Degradation in Mostly Cold Oil Sands Outcrops. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26209669 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02221-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oil sands are surface exposed in river valley outcrops in northeastern Alberta, where flat slabs (tablets) of weathered, bitumen-saturated sandstone can be retrieved from outcrop cliffs or from riverbeds. Although the average yearly surface temperature of this region is low (0.7°C), we found that the temperatures of the exposed surfaces of outcrop cliffs reached 55 to 60°C on sunny summer days, with daily maxima being 27 to 31°C. Analysis of the cooccurrence of taxa derived from pyrosequencing of 16S/18S rRNA genes indicated that an aerobic microbial network of fungi and hydrocarbon-, methane-, or acetate-oxidizing heterotrophic bacteria was present in all cliff tablets. Metagenomic analyses indicated an elevated presence of fungal cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in these samples. This network was distinct from the heterotrophic community found in riverbeds, which included fewer fungi. A subset of cliff tablets had a network of anaerobic and/or thermophilic taxa, including methanogens, Firmicutes, and Thermotogae, in the center. Long-term aerobic incubation of outcrop samples at 55°C gave a thermophilic microbial community. Analysis of residual bitumen with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer indicated that aerobic degradation proceeded at 55°C but not at 4°C. Little anaerobic degradation was observed. These results indicate that bitumen degradation on outcrop surfaces is a largely aerobic process with a minor anaerobic contribution and is catalyzed by a consortium of bacteria and fungi. Bitumen degradation is stimulated by periodic high temperatures on outcrop cliffs, which cause significant decreases in bitumen viscosity.
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55
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Kalyuzhnaya MG, Puri AW, Lidstrom ME. Metabolic engineering in methanotrophic bacteria. Metab Eng 2015; 29:142-152. [PMID: 25825038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Methane, as natural gas or biogas, is the least expensive source of carbon for (bio)chemical synthesis. Scalable biological upgrading of this simple alkane to chemicals and fuels can bring new sustainable solutions to a number of industries with large environmental footprints, such as natural gas/petroleum production, landfills, wastewater treatment, and livestock. Microbial biocatalysis with methane as a feedstock has been pursued off and on for almost a half century, with little enduring success. Today, biological engineering and systems biology provide new opportunities for metabolic system modulation and give new optimism to the concept of a methane-based bio-industry. Here we present an overview of the most recent advances pertaining to metabolic engineering of microbial methane utilization. Some ideas concerning metabolic improvements for production of acetyl-CoA and pyruvate, two main precursors for bioconversion, are presented. We also discuss main gaps in the current knowledge of aerobic methane utilization, which must be solved in order to release the full potential of methane-based biosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina G Kalyuzhnaya
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, United States; Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Aaron W Puri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Mary E Lidstrom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
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56
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Draft Genome Sequence of Methyloferula stellata AR4, an Obligate Methanotroph Possessing Only a Soluble Methane Monooxygenase. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/2/e01555-14. [PMID: 25745010 PMCID: PMC4358397 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01555-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Methyloferula stellata AR4 is an aerobic acidophilic methanotroph, which, in contrast to most known methanotrophs but similar to Methylocella spp., possesses only a soluble methane monooxygenase. However, it differs from Methylocella spp. by its inability to grow on multicarbon substrates. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of this bacterium.
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57
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Milucka J, Kirf M, Lu L, Krupke A, Lam P, Littmann S, Kuypers MMM, Schubert CJ. Methane oxidation coupled to oxygenic photosynthesis in anoxic waters. ISME JOURNAL 2015; 9:1991-2002. [PMID: 25679533 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater lakes represent large methane sources that, in contrast to the Ocean, significantly contribute to non-anthropogenic methane emissions to the atmosphere. Particularly mixed lakes are major methane emitters, while permanently and seasonally stratified lakes with anoxic bottom waters are often characterized by strongly reduced methane emissions. The causes for this reduced methane flux from anoxic lake waters are not fully understood. Here we identified the microorganisms and processes responsible for the near complete consumption of methane in the anoxic waters of a permanently stratified lake, Lago di Cadagno. Interestingly, known anaerobic methanotrophs could not be detected in these waters. Instead, we found abundant gamma-proteobacterial aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria active in the anoxic waters. In vitro incubations revealed that, among all the tested potential electron acceptors, only the addition of oxygen enhanced the rates of methane oxidation. An equally pronounced stimulation was also observed when the anoxic water samples were incubated in the light. Our combined results from molecular, biogeochemical and single-cell analyses indicate that methane removal at the anoxic chemocline of Lago di Cadagno is due to true aerobic oxidation of methane fuelled by in situ oxygen production by photosynthetic algae. A similar mechanism could be active in seasonally stratified lakes and marine basins such as the Black Sea, where light penetrates to the anoxic chemocline. Given the widespread occurrence of seasonally stratified anoxic lakes, aerobic methane oxidation coupled to oxygenic photosynthesis might have an important but so far neglected role in methane emissions from lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Milucka
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Mathias Kirf
- Department of Surface Waters-Research and Management, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Lu Lu
- 1] Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany [2] State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China [3] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Andreas Krupke
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Phyllis Lam
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sten Littmann
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Marcel M M Kuypers
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Carsten J Schubert
- Department of Surface Waters-Research and Management, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
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58
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Lima AB, Muniz AW, Dumont MG. Activity and abundance of methane-oxidizing bacteria in secondary forest and manioc plantations of Amazonian Dark Earth and their adjacent soils. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:550. [PMID: 25374565 PMCID: PMC4205850 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidation of atmospheric CH4 in upland soils is mostly mediated by uncultivated groups of microorganisms that have been identified solely by molecular markers, such as the sequence of the pmoA gene encoding the β-subunit of the particulate methane monooxygenase enzyme. The objective of this work was to compare the activity and diversity of methanotrophs in Amazonian Dark Earth soil (ADE, Hortic Anthrosol) and their adjacent non-anthropic soil. Secondly, the effect of land use in the form of manioc cultivation was examined by comparing secondary forest and plantation soils. CH4 oxidation potentials were measured and the structure of the methanotroph communities assessed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and amplicon pyrosequencing of pmoA genes. The oxidation potentials at low CH4 concentrations (10 ppm of volume) were relatively high in all the secondary forest sites of both ADE and adjacent soils. CH4 oxidation by the ADE soil only recently converted to a manioc plantation was also relatively high. In contrast, both the adjacent soils used for manioc cultivation and the ADE soil with a long history of agriculture displayed lower CH4 uptake rates. Amplicon pyrosequencing of pmoA genes indicated that USCα, Methylocystis and the tropical upland soil cluster (TUSC) were the dominant groups depending on the site. By qPCR analysis it was found that USCα pmoA genes, which are believed to belong to atmospheric CH4 oxidizers, were more abundant in ADE than adjacent soil. USCα pmoA genes were abundant in both forested and cultivated ADE soil, but were below the qPCR detection limit in manioc plantations of adjacent soil. The results indicate that ADE soils can harbor high abundances of atmospheric CH4 oxidizers and are potential CH4 sinks, but as in other upland soils this activity can be inhibited by the conversion of forest to agricultural plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Lima
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology Marburg, Germany
| | - Aleksander W Muniz
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marc G Dumont
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology Marburg, Germany
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59
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Sharp CE, Martínez-Lorenzo A, Brady AL, Grasby SE, Dunfield PF. Methanotrophic bacteria in warm geothermal spring sediments identified using stable-isotope probing. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014; 90:92-102. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Sharp
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | | | - Allyson L. Brady
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | | | - Peter F. Dunfield
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
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60
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Dunfield PF, Dedysh SN. Methylocella: a gourmand among methanotrophs. Trends Microbiol 2014; 22:368-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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61
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Kulichevskaya IS, Danilova OV, Tereshina VM, Kevbrin VV, Dedysh SN. Descriptions of Roseiarcus fermentans gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacteriochlorophyll a-containing fermentative bacterium related phylogenetically to alphaproteobacterial methanotrophs, and of the family Roseiarcaceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:2558-2565. [PMID: 24812364 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.064576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A light-pink-pigmented, microaerophilic bacterium was obtained from a methanotrophic consortium enriched from acidic Sphagnum peat and designated strain Pf56(T). Cells of this bacterium were Gram-negative, non-motile, thick curved rods that contained a vesicular intracytoplasmic membrane system characteristic of some purple non-sulfur alphaproteobacteria. The absorption spectrum of acetone/methanol extracts of cells grown in the light showed maxima at 363, 475, 505, 601 and 770 nm; the peaks at 363 and 770 nm are characteristic of bacteriochlorophyll a. However, in contrast to purple non-sulfur bacteria, strain Pf56(T) was unable to grow phototrophically under anoxic conditions in the light. Best growth occurred on some sugars and organic acids under micro-oxic conditions by means of fermentation. The fermentation products were propionate, acetate and hydrogen. Slow chemo-organotrophic growth was also observed under fully oxic conditions. Light stimulated growth. C1 substrates were not utilized. Strain Pf56(T) grew at pH 4.0-7.0 (optimum pH 5.5-6.5) and at 15-30 °C (optimum 22-28 °C). The major cellular fatty acids were 19 : 0 cyclo ω8c and 18 : 1ω7c; quinones were represented by ubiquinone Q-10. The G+C content of the DNA was 70.0 mol%. Strain Pf56 displays 93.6-94.7 and 92.7-93.7% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to members of the families Methylocystaceae and Beijerinckiaceae, respectively, and belongs to a large cluster of environmental sequences retrieved from various wetlands and forest soils in cultivation-independent studies. Phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics of strain Pf56(T) suggest that it represents a novel genus and species of bacteriochlorophyll a-containing fermentative bacteria, for which the name Roseiarcus fermentans gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. Strain Pf56(T) ( = DSM 24875(T) = VKM B-2876(T)) is the type strain of Roseiarcus fermentans, and is also the first characterized member of a novel family within the class Alphaproteobacteria, Roseiarcaceae fam. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina S Kulichevskaya
- S. N. Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - Olga V Danilova
- S. N. Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - Vera M Tereshina
- S. N. Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - Vadim V Kevbrin
- S. N. Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - Svetlana N Dedysh
- S. N. Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117312, Russia
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62
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Krause S, van Bodegom PM, Cornwell WK, Bodelier PLE. Weak phylogenetic signal in physiological traits of methane-oxidizing bacteria. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1240-7. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Krause
- Department of Microbial Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Wageningen The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Washington; Seattle WA USA
| | - P. M. van Bodegom
- Department of Ecological Sciences; Subdepartment of Systems Ecology; VU University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - W. K. Cornwell
- Department of Ecological Sciences; Subdepartment of Systems Ecology; VU University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - P. L. E. Bodelier
- Department of Microbial Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Wageningen The Netherlands
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