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Panchapakesan U, Pollock C. The Role of Dipeptidyl Peptidase - 4 Inhibitors in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Front Immunol 2015; 6:443. [PMID: 26379674 PMCID: PMC4551869 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite major advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underpin the development of diabetic kidney disease, current best practice still leaves a significant proportion of patients with end-stage kidney disease requiring renal replacement therapy. This is on a background of an increasing diabetes epidemic worldwide. Although kidney failure is a major cause of morbidity the main cause of death remains cardiovascular in nature. Hence, diabetic therapies which are both “cardio-renal” protective seem the logical way forward. In this review, we discuss the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors (DPP4inh), which are glucose-lowering agents used clinically and their role in diabetic kidney disease with specific focus on renoprotection and surrogate markers of cardiovascular disease. We highlight the novel pleiotropic effects of DPP4 that make it an attractive additional target to combat the fibrotic and inflammatory pathways in diabetic kidney disease and also discuss the current literature on the cardiovascular safety profile of DPP4inh. Clearly, these observed renoprotective effects will need to be confirmed by clinical trials to determine whether they translate into beneficial effects to patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Panchapakesan
- Renal Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Carol Pollock
- Renal Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are incretin-based drugs approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The main action of DPP-4 inhibitors is to increase the level of incretin hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), thereby stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells. Recently emerging evidence suggests the pleiotropic extrapancreatic function of GLP-1 or DPP-4 inhibitors, including kidney and cardiovascular protection. Here, we review the effects of DPP-4 inhibitors on progressive kidney disease such as diabetic nephropathy from a therapeutic point of view. RECENT FINDINGS A growing number of studies in animal models and human diseases have shown that DPP-4 inhibition ameliorates kidney disease by a process independent of glucose lowering. Possible mechanisms underlying such protective properties include the facilitation of natriuresis and reduction of blood pressure, and also local effects of the reduction of oxidative stress, inflammation and improvement of endothelial function in the kidney. DPP-4 inhibitors may also restore other DPP-4 substrates which have proven renal effects. SUMMARY Treatment of diabetes with DPP-4 inhibitors is likely to involve a variety of extrapancreatic effects including renal protection. Such pleiotropic action of DPP-4 inhibitors might occur by both incretin-dependent and incretin-independent mechanisms. Conclusive evidence is needed to translate the favorable results from animal models to humans.
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Hsu LW, Nakano T, Huang KT, Chen CC, Chen KD, Lai CY, Yang SM, Lin CC, Wang CC, Cheng YF, Chiu KW, Kuo YR, Goto S, Chen CL. Prolonged survival by combined treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor in a rat small-for-size liver transplantation model. Hepatol Res 2015; 45:804-13. [PMID: 25179290 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM Despite the great advances and excellent outcomes of liver transplantation (LT), small-for-size (SFS) graft syndrome is a life-threatening complication that remains to be overcome. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of combined treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor on SFS liver graft syndrome. METHODS The transplantation of small-sized Lewis donor livers into green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic Wistar rats was performed and the recipients were randomly assigned to one of four groups (without treatment, DPP-IV inhibitor treatment, G-CSF treatment and G-CSF/DPP-IV inhibitor combination). Recombinant human G-CSF was injected s.c. at a dose of 2 μg/kg per day starting 5 days prior to transplantation. G-CSF was combined with the p.o. administration of a DPP-IV inhibitor (2 mg/kg per day) after transplantation until the end of the observation period. RESULTS The post-transplant survival and liver function of rats treated with G-CSF/DPP-IV inhibitor combination therapy were significantly improved with an increased number of recipient-derived GFP positive cells into the liver grafts. A confocal microscopy study showed cytokeratin (CK)-18 and GFP positive hepatic progenitor cells in the parenchyma of the liver allografts. Untreated rats and rats treated with either G-CSF or DPP-IV inhibitor did not exhibit the prolonged survival and had less GFP and CK-18 positive cells in the liver grafts after SFS LT. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that combined treatment with G-CSF and DPP-IV inhibitor may synergistically induce migration and differentiation of recipient-derived stem cells into the hepatic progenitor cells, resulting in the amelioration of SFS liver graft syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wen Hsu
- Liver Transplantation Program and Division of Transplant Immunology, Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Toshiaki Nakano
- Liver Transplantation Program and Division of Transplant Immunology, Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Tzu Huang
- Liver Transplantation Program and Division of Transplant Immunology, Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Den Chen
- Liver Transplantation Program and Division of Transplant Immunology, Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yun Lai
- Liver Transplantation Program and Division of Transplant Immunology, Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ming Yang
- Liver Transplantation Program and Division of Transplant Immunology, Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Che Lin
- Liver Transplantation Program and Division of Transplant Immunology, Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chi Wang
- Liver Transplantation Program and Division of Transplant Immunology, Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fan Cheng
- Liver Transplantation Program and Division of Transplant Immunology, Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - King-Wah Chiu
- Liver Transplantation Program and Division of Transplant Immunology, Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yur-Ren Kuo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shigeru Goto
- Liver Transplantation Program and Division of Transplant Immunology, Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Long Chen
- Liver Transplantation Program and Division of Transplant Immunology, Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Gemigliptin improves renal function and attenuates podocyte injury in mice with diabetic nephropathy. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 761:116-24. [PMID: 25977232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Podocytes participate in the formation and regulation of the glomerular filtration barrier. Loss of podocytes occurs during the early stages of diabetic nephropathy and impairs glomerular filtration. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are widely used as anti-diabetic agents in clinical practice. In this study, we showed that gemigliptin, a novel DPP-4 inhibitor, reduced podocyte apoptosis in type 2 diabetic db/db mice without reducing hyperglycemia. Gemigliptin (100mg/kg/day) was administered orally for 12 weeks in db/db mice. Blood glucose levels and albuminuria were measured. The renal cortex was collected for histological examination, and molecular assays were used to detect 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), and integrin-linked kinase (ILK). Type 2 diabetic db/db mice exhibited albuminuria, renal histopathological changes, and podocyte loss. Administration of gemigliptin to db/db mice suppressed albuminuria, enzyme activity and expression of DPP-4, and podocyte apoptosis. The effect of gemigliptin on diabetes-induced podocyte loss was associated with the suppression of oxidative damage, AOPP accumulation, RAGE expression, and ILK expression. These results indicate the possible benefits of using gemigliptin in diabetes patients to treat renal impairment without affecting glycemic control.
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Sakai M, Uchii M, Myojo K, Kitayama T, Kunori S. Critical role of renal dipeptidyl peptidase-4 in ameliorating kidney injury induced by saxagliptin in Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 761:109-15. [PMID: 25936515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Saxagliptin, a potent dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, is currently used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus, and it has been reported to exhibit a slower rate of dissociation from DPP-4 compared with another DPP-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin. In this study, we compared the effects of saxagliptin and sitagliptin on hypertension-related renal injury and the plasma and renal DPP-4 activity levels in Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive (Dahl-S) rats. The high-salt diet (8% NaCl) significantly increased the blood pressure and quantity of urinary albumin excretion and induced renal glomerular injury in the Dahl-S rats. Treatment with saxagliptin (14mg/kg/day via drinking water) for 4 weeks significantly suppressed the increase in urinary albumin excretion and tended to ameliorate glomerular injury without altering the blood glucose levels and systolic blood pressure. On the other hand, the administration of sitagliptin (140mg/kg/day via drinking water) did not affect urinary albumin excretion and glomerular injury in the Dahl-S rats. Meanwhile, the high-salt diet increased the renal DPP-4 activity but did not affect the plasma DPP-4 activity in the Dahl-S rats. Both saxagliptin and sitagliptin suppressed the plasma DPP-4 activity by 95% or more. Although the renal DPP-4 activity was also inhibited by both drugs, the inhibitory effect of saxagliptin was more potent than that of sitagliptin. These results indicate that saxagliptin has a potent renoprotective effect in the Dahl-S rats, independent of its glucose-lowering actions. The inhibition of the renal DPP-4 activity induced by saxagliptin may contribute to ameliorating renal injury in hypertension-related renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Sakai
- Nephrology Research Laboratories, Nephrology R&D unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8731, Japan
| | - Masako Uchii
- Nephrology Research Laboratories, Nephrology R&D unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8731, Japan
| | - Kensuke Myojo
- Translational Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8731, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kitayama
- Nephrology Research Laboratories, Nephrology R&D unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8731, Japan
| | - Shunji Kunori
- Nephrology Research Laboratories, Nephrology R&D unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8731, Japan.
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