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Malek E, Jagannathan S, Driscoll JJ. Correlation of long non-coding RNA expression with metastasis, drug resistance and clinical outcome in cancer. Oncotarget 2014; 5:8027-38. [PMID: 25275300 PMCID: PMC4226665 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic response and clinical outcome of patients diagnosed with the same cancer type and that receive identical treatment is highly variable to reflect the genetic heterogeneity within tumor cells. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are recently discovered molecules that regulate eukaryotic gene expression and represent a significant advance towards a better understanding of the mechanisms that govern cellular growth. NcRNAs are essential for the proper regulation of cell proliferation and survival under physiologic conditions and are deregulated in many pathologies, e.g., human cancers. NcRNAs have been associated with cancer diagnosis, staging, treatment response, metastasis and survival and include distinct subtypes, e.g., long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs). LncRNAs have been linked to essential growth-promoting activities and their deregulation contributes to tumor cell survival. A prominent example is the Hox transcript antisense intergenic lncRNA, HOTAIR, that cooperates with the polycomb repressive complex to reprogram chromatin organization. HOTAIR expression is deregulated in a spectrum of cancers and HOTAIR expression correlates with patient survival. Here, we highlight emerging evidence that supports a role for lncRNAs in cancer with implications for the development of novel diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Malek
- The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Sajjeev Jagannathan
- The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - James J. Driscoll
- The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
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Jagannathan S, Vad N, Vallabhapurapu S, Vallabhapurapu S, Anderson KC, Driscoll JJ. MiR-29b replacement inhibits proteasomes and disrupts aggresome+autophagosome formation to enhance the antimyeloma benefit of bortezomib. Leukemia 2014; 29:727-38. [PMID: 25234165 PMCID: PMC4360212 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Evading apoptosis is a cancer hallmark that remains a serious obstacle in current treatment approaches. Although proteasome inhibitors (PIs) have transformed management of multiple myeloma (MM), drug resistance emerges through induction of the aggresome+autophagy pathway as a compensatory protein clearance mechanism. Genome-wide profiling identified microRNAs (miRs) differentially expressed in bortezomib-resistant myeloma cells compared with drug-naive cells. The effect of individual miRs on proteasomal degradation of short-lived fluorescent reporter proteins was then determined in live cells. MiR-29b was significantly reduced in bortezomib-resistant cells as well as in cells resistant to second-generation PIs carfilzomib and ixazomib. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that miR-29b targeted PSME4 that encodes the proteasome activator PA200. Synthetically engineered miR-29b replacements impaired the growth of myeloma cells, patient tumor cells and xenotransplants. MiR-29b replacements also decreased PA200 association with proteasomes, reduced the proteasome's peptidase activity and inhibited ornithine decarboxylase turnover, a proteasome substrate degraded through ubiquitin-independent mechanisms. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that miR-29b replacements enhanced the bortezomib-induced accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins but did not reveal aggresome or autophagosome formation. Taken together, our study identifies miR-29b replacements as the first-in-class miR-based PIs that also disrupt the autophagy pathway and highlight their potential to synergistically enhance the antimyeloma effect of bortezomib.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jagannathan
- 1] The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA [2] Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - N Vad
- 1] The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA [2] Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - S Vallabhapurapu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - S Vallabhapurapu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - K C Anderson
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center and LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J J Driscoll
- 1] The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA [2] Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA [3] Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Abrantes JLF, Tornatore TF, Pelizzaro-Rocha KJ, de Jesus MB, Cartaxo RT, Milani R, Ferreira-Halder CV. Crosstalk between kinases, phosphatases and miRNAs in cancer. Biochimie 2014; 107 Pt B:167-87. [PMID: 25230087 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reversible phosphorylation of proteins, performed by kinases and phosphatases, is the major post translational protein modification in eukaryotic cells. This intracellular event represents a critical regulatory mechanism of several signaling pathways and can be related to a vast array of diseases, including cancer. Cancer research has produced increasing evidence that kinase and phosphatase activity can be compromised by mutations and also by miRNA silencing, performed by small non-coding and endogenously produced RNA molecules that lead to translational repression. miRNAs are believed to target about one-third of human mRNAs while a single miRNA may target about 200 transcripts simultaneously. Regulation of the phosphorylation balance by miRNAs has been a topic of intense research over the last years, spanning topics going as far as cancer aggressiveness and chemotherapy resistance. By addressing recent studies that have shown miRNA expression patterns as phenotypic signatures of cancers and how miRNA influence cellular processes such as apoptosis, cell cycle control, angiogenesis, inflammation and DNA repair, we discuss how kinases, phosphatases and miRNAs cooperatively act in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia L F Abrantes
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thaís F Tornatore
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo B de Jesus
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo T Cartaxo
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Renato Milani
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil
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Alsidawi S, Malek E, Driscoll JJ. MicroRNAs in brain metastases: potential role as diagnostics and therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:10508-26. [PMID: 24921708 PMCID: PMC4100165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150610508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases remain a daunting adversary that negatively impact patient survival. Metastatic brain tumors affect up to 45% of all cancer patients with systemic cancer and account for ~20% of all cancer-related deaths. A complex network of non-coding RNA molecules, microRNAs (miRNAs), regulate tumor metastasis. The brain micro-environment modulates metastatic tumor growth; however, defining the precise genetic events that promote metastasis in the brain niche represents an important, unresolved problem. Understanding these events will reveal disease-based targets and offer effective strategies to treat brain metastases. Effective therapeutic strategies based upon the biology of brain metastases represent an urgent, unmet need with immediate potential for clinical impact. Studies have demonstrated the ability of miRNAs to distinguish normal from cancerous cells, primary from secondary brain tumors, and correctly categorize metastatic brain tumor tissue of origin based solely on miRNA profiles. Interestingly, manipulation of miRNAs has proven effective in cancer treatment. With the promise of reduced toxicity, increased efficacy and individually directed personalized anti-cancer therapy, using miRNA in the treatment of metastatic brain tumors may prove very useful and improve patient outcome. In this review, we focus on the potential of miRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic targets for the treatment of metastatic brain lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Alsidawi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
| | - Ehsan Malek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
| | - James J Driscoll
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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