51
|
Tropism-modification strategies for targeted gene delivery using adenoviral vectors. Viruses 2010; 2:2290-2355. [PMID: 21994621 PMCID: PMC3185574 DOI: 10.3390/v2102290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Achieving high efficiency, targeted gene delivery with adenoviral vectors is a long-standing goal in the field of clinical gene therapy. To achieve this, platform vectors must combine efficient retargeting strategies with detargeting modifications to ablate native receptor binding (i.e. CAR/integrins/heparan sulfate proteoglycans) and “bridging” interactions. “Bridging” interactions refer to coagulation factor binding, namely coagulation factor X (FX), which bridges hepatocyte transduction in vivo through engagement with surface expressed heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). These interactions can contribute to the off-target sequestration of Ad5 in the liver and its characteristic dose-limiting hepatotoxicity, thereby significantly limiting the in vivo targeting efficiency and clinical potential of Ad5-based therapeutics. To date, various approaches to retargeting adenoviruses (Ad) have been described. These include genetic modification strategies to incorporate peptide ligands (within fiber knob domain, fiber shaft, penton base, pIX or hexon), pseudotyping of capsid proteins to include whole fiber substitutions or fiber knob chimeras, pseudotyping with non-human Ad species or with capsid proteins derived from other viral families, hexon hypervariable region (HVR) substitutions and adapter-based conjugation/crosslinking of scFv, growth factors or monoclonal antibodies directed against surface-expressed target antigens. In order to maximize retargeting, strategies which permit detargeting from undesirable interactions between the Ad capsid and components of the circulatory system (e.g. coagulation factors, erythrocytes, pre-existing neutralizing antibodies), can be employed simultaneously. Detargeting can be achieved by genetic ablation of native receptor-binding determinants, ablation of “bridging interactions” such as those which occur between the hexon of Ad5 and coagulation factor X (FX), or alternatively, through the use of polymer-coated “stealth” vectors which avoid these interactions. Simultaneous retargeting and detargeting can be achieved by combining multiple genetic and/or chemical modifications.
Collapse
|
52
|
Chen CY, May SM, Barry MA. Targeting adenoviruses with factor x-single-chain antibody fusion proteins. Hum Gene Ther 2010; 21:739-49. [PMID: 20331369 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract It has been shown that blood clotting factors, including factor X (FX), bind to the adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) hexon protein and target the virus to liver hepatocytes after intravenous injection. These factors bind to hexon via their conserved vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (GLA) domains with subnanomolar affinity. In this work, we have used this strong interaction to retarget Ad to new receptors, using the GLA domain of FX fused to single-chain antibody variable fragment (ScFv). We demonstrate that fusion of the GLA domain of human FX to receptor-specific ScFvs will target Ad5 vectors to cells expressing these receptors. Fusion of an alphaHer2 ScFv to GLA increased in vitro transduction of Her2-positive versus Her2-negative cells when compared with untargeted virus. Similar results were obtained with ScFvs against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and against the stem cell marker ATP-binding cassette protein G2 (ABCG2). Direct expression of GLA fusion protein from replication-defective or replication-competent Ad increased infection and killing of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. These data demonstrate the potential of using GLA domains to bridge secreted ligands with intracellularly produced Ad5 vectors for vector targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Y Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Short JJ, Rivera AA, Wu H, Walter MR, Yamamoto M, Mathis JM, Curiel DT. Substitution of adenovirus serotype 3 hexon onto a serotype 5 oncolytic adenovirus reduces factor X binding, decreases liver tropism, and improves antitumor efficacy. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:2536-44. [PMID: 20736345 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Following intravascular delivery, an important route of administration for many clinical applications, the liver is the predominant site of adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) sequestration, thereby posing a risk of toxicity. In this regard, it has recently been shown that the Ad5 capsid binds to the blood coagulation factor X (FX) via the Ad5 hexon protein. This interaction mediates the majority of Ad5 liver transduction. Patient FX levels can be diminished by the administration of warfarin, a vitamin K inhibitor in the liver that decreases FX production; however, warfarin is a potent anticoagulant and can have a number of undesired side effects. Therefore, genetic modification of the virus to ablate FX binding is the preferred approach. Modifications of the hexon protein, specifically within the hypervariable 5 (HVR5) and 7 (HVR7) regions, have produced Ad5 vectors that show minimal liver sequestration. Our laboratory has pioneered adenovirus hexon modifications, including insertion of peptide ligands into the hypervariable regions and substitution of the adenovirus hexon with hexon proteins from alternate serotypes. Substitution of the adenovirus serotype 3 (Ad3) hexon protein onto the Ad5 capsid has been further characterized with regard to its interaction with FX and incorporated into an infectivity-enhanced conditionally replicative adenovirus (CRAd). In vitro evaluation of these hexon-modified vectors showed decreased binding to FX and decreased cell transduction via FX-mediated pathways. Furthermore, in vivo biodistribution studies in mice exhibited a decrease in liver sequestration. With the use of xenograft tumor models, the antitumor efficacy of the hexon-modified CRAds was enhanced over nonmodified controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Short
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Lavilla-Alonso S, Bauerschmitz G, Abo-Ramadan U, Halavaara J, Escutenaire S, Diaconu I, Tatlisumak T, Kanerva A, Hemminki A, Pesonen S. Adenoviruses with an αvβ integrin targeting moiety in the fiber shaft or the HI-loop increase tumor specificity without compromising antitumor efficacy in magnetic resonance imaging of colorectal cancer metastases. J Transl Med 2010; 8:80. [PMID: 20727221 PMCID: PMC2936307 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer is often a deadly disease and cannot be cured at metastatic stage. Oncolytic adenoviruses have been considered as a new therapeutic option for treatment of refractory disseminated cancers, including colorectal cancer. The safety data has been excellent but tumor transduction and antitumor efficacy especially in systemic administration needs to be improved. Methods Here, the utility of αvβ integrin targeting moiety Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) in the Lys-Lys-Thr-Lys (KKTK) domain of the fiber shaft or in the HI-loop of adenovirus serotype 5 for increased tumor targeting and antitumor efficacy was evaluated. To this end, novel spleen-to-liver metastatic colorectal cancer mouse model was used and the antitumor efficacy was evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results Both modifications (RGD in the HI-loop or in the fiber shaft) increased gene transfer efficacy in colorectal cancer cell lines and improved tumor-to-normal ratio in systemic administration of the vector. Conclusions Antitumor potency was not compromised with RGD modified viruses suggesting increased safety profile and tumor specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Lavilla-Alonso
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute and Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Wu P, Kudrolli TA, Chowdhury WH, Liu MM, Rodriguez R, Lupold SE. Adenovirus targeting to prostate-specific membrane antigen through virus-displayed, semirandom peptide library screening. Cancer Res 2010; 70:9549-53. [PMID: 20670952 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The convergence of phage-displayed peptide libraries and recombinant viral vectors launched a promising new direction in targeted viral gene therapeutics, but the translation of targeting peptides to functional cancer therapeutic agents has been challenging. Here, we report progress in developing a successful strategy to optimize targeted viral infection through adenovirus-displayed, semirandom peptide libraries. A phage-derived peptide targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) was genetically incorporated into the adenoviral capsid Fiber protein and flanked by random peptide cassettes. The resulting adenovirus library was biopanned against PSMA-expressing cells and tumors to identify a PSMA-retargeted adenovirus. While the initial peptide alone could not target viral infection, the selected virus preferentially infects PSMA-expressing cells through the targeting peptide and infects LNCaP tumors after intravenous injection. Our results indicate that virus-displayed, semirandom peptide libraries can be used to optimize targeting infection. This approach represents a novel principle for developing targeted agents in a variety of disease models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Biodistribution and retargeting of FX-binding ablated adenovirus serotype 5 vectors. Blood 2010; 116:2656-64. [PMID: 20610817 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-12-260026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major limitation for adenoviral transduction in vivo is the profound liver tropism of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5). Recently, we demonstrated that coagulation factor X (FX) binds to Ad5-hexon protein at high affinity to mediate hepatocyte transduction after intravascular delivery. We developed novel genetically FX-binding ablated Ad5 vectors with lower liver transduction. Here, we demonstrate that FX-binding ablated Ad5 predominantly localize to the liver and spleen 1 hour after injection; however, they had highly reduced liver transduction in both control and macrophage-depleted mice compared with Ad5. At high doses in macrophage-depleted mice, FX-binding ablated vectors transduced the spleen more efficiently than Ad5. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated transgene colocalization with CD11c(+), ER-TR7(+), and MAdCAM-1(+) cells in the splenic marginal zone. Systemic inflammatory profiles were broadly similar between FX-binding ablated Ad5 and Ad5 at low and intermediate doses, although higher levels of several inflammatory proteins were observed at the highest dose of FX-binding ablated Ad5. Subsequently, we generated a FX-binding ablated virus containing a high affinity Ad35 fiber that mediated a significant improvement in lung/liver ratio in macrophage-depleted CD46(+) mice compared with controls. Therefore, this study documents the biodistribution and reports the retargeting capacity of FX binding-ablated Ad5 vectors in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
|
57
|
Rogée S, Grellier E, Bernard C, Jouy N, Loyens A, Beauvillain JC, Fender P, Corjon S, Hong SS, Boulanger P, Quesnel B, D'Halluin JC, Colin M. Influence of chimeric human-bovine fibers on adenoviral uptake by liver cells and the antiviral immune response. Gene Ther 2010; 17:880-91. [PMID: 20393506 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdV) are widely used for in vitro and in vivo gene transfer. Viral hepatotropism, inflammatory responses and neutralization by pre-existing antibodies (NAbs) are obstacles for clinical applications of HAdV vectors. Although the multifactorial events leading to innate HAdV toxicity are far from being elucidated, there is a consensus that the majority of intravenously injected-HAdV vectors is sequestered by Kuppfer cells, probably independently of coagulation factors. In this study, we show that the adenoviral-associated humoral and innate cytokine immune responses are significantly reduced when HAdV-5 vector carrying human bovine chimeric fibers (HAdV-5-F2/BAdV-4) is intravenously injected into mice. Fiber pseudotyping modified its interaction with blood coagulation factors, as FIX and FX no longer mediate the infection of liver cells by HAdV-5-F2/BAdV-4. As a consequence, at early time points post-infection, several cytokines and chemokines (IFN-gamma, IL-6, IP-10, MCP-1, RANTES and MP1beta) were found to be present at lower levels in the plasma of mice that had been intravenously injected with HAdV-5-F2/BAdV-4 compared with mice injected with the parental vector HAdV-5. Moreover, genetic modification of the fiber allowed HAdV-5-F2/BAdV-4 to partially escape neutralization by NAbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Rogée
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U837, Place de Verdun, Lille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Jullienne B, Vigant F, Muth E, Chaligné R, Bouquet C, Giraudier S, Perricaudet M, Benihoud K. Efficient delivery of angiostatin K1-5 into tumors following insertion of an NGR peptide into adenovirus capsid. Gene Ther 2010; 16:1405-15. [PMID: 19641530 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad)-mediated delivery of anti-angiogenic molecules into tumors constitutes an appealing approach for growth inhibition. However, lack of expression on tumors of Ad receptors leads to weak tumor transduction. Therefore, to provide Ad with a new entry pathway into tumors, an NGR peptide was inserted into either fiber (AdFNGR) or hexon (AdHNGR) capsid proteins. This strategy provided Ad with a very efficient entry pathway in both endothelial cells and tumor cells, with the highest efficacy observed for AdHNGR. Using pharmacological, biochemical and genetic approaches, AdHNGR and AdFNGR were shown to bind not only to CD13 receptor, but also to alphavbeta3 integrins. Both vectors were efficient tools to deliver angiostatin K1-5 cDNA into endothelial cells, thus leading to a dramatic inhibition of their proliferation and increased cell death. Although AdHNGR and Adwt were found to display similar gene transduction efficacy in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC), pseudotyping AdHNGR with an Ad3-fiber unmasked the ability of NGR-peptide to target these tumors. As a result, delivery of angiostatin K1-5 cDNA into highly aggressive tumors translated into a stronger inhibition of their growth. Altogether, our results suggest that NGR-bearing Ad are valuable tools to realize the potential of this anti-angiogenic approach to anti-tumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Jullienne
- CNRS UMR 8121, Vectorologie et Transfert de Gènes, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Jacobs F, Wisse E, De Geest B. The role of liver sinusoidal cells in hepatocyte-directed gene transfer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 176:14-21. [PMID: 19948827 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocytes are a key target for gene therapy of inborn errors of metabolism as well as of acquired diseases such as liver cancer and hepatitis. Gene transfer efficiency into hepatocytes is significantly determined by histological and functional aspects of liver sinusoidal cells. On the one hand, uptake of vectors by Kupffer cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells may limit hepatocyte transduction. On the other hand, the presence of fenestrae in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells provides direct access to the space of Disse and allows vectors to bind to receptors on the microvillous surface of hepatocytes. Nevertheless, the diameter of fenestrae may restrict the passage of vectors according to their size. On the basis of lege artis measurements of the diameter of fenestrae in different species, we show that the diameter of fenestrae affects the distribution of transgene DNA between sinusoidal and parenchymal liver cells after adenoviral transfer. The small diameter of fenestrae in humans may underlie low efficiency of adenoviral transfer into hepatocytes in men. The disappearance of the unique morphological features of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in pathological conditions like liver cirrhosis and liver cancer may further affect gene transfer efficiency. Preclinical gene transfer studies should consider species differences in the structure and function of liver sinusoidal cells as important determinants of gene transfer efficiency into hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Jacobs
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Bayo-Puxan N, Gimenez-Alejandre M, Lavilla-Alonso S, Gros A, Cascallo M, Hemminki A, Alemany R. Replacement of Adenovirus Type 5 Fiber Shaft Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan-Binding Domain with RGD for Improved Tumor Infectivity and Targeting. Hum Gene Ther 2009; 20:1214-21. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neus Bayo-Puxan
- Translational Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL)-Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Gimenez-Alejandre
- Translational Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL)-Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Lavilla-Alonso
- University of Helsinki, Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Molecular Cancer Biology Program, and Haartman Institute and Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alena Gros
- Translational Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL)-Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Cascallo
- Translational Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL)-Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- University of Helsinki, Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Molecular Cancer Biology Program, and Haartman Institute and Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ramon Alemany
- Translational Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL)-Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Shashkova EV, May SM, Barry MA. Characterization of human adenovirus serotypes 5, 6, 11, and 35 as anticancer agents. Virology 2009; 394:311-20. [PMID: 19765790 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) has been the most popular platform for the development of oncolytic Ads. Alternative Ad serotypes with low seroprevalence might allow for improved anticancer efficacy in Ad5-immune patients. We studied the safety and efficacy of rare serotypes Ad6, Ad11 and Ad35. In vitro cytotoxicity of the Ads correlated with expression of CAR and CD46 in most but not all cell lines. Among CAR-binding viruses, Ad5 was often more active than Ad6, among CD46-binding viruses Ad35 was generally more cytotoxic than Ad11 in cell culture studies. Ad5, Ad6, and Ad11 demonstrated similar anticancer activity in vivo, whereas Ad35 was not efficacious. Hepatotoxicity developed only in Ad5-injected mice. Predosing with Ad11 and Ad35 did not increase infection of hepatocytes with Ad5-based vector demonstrating different interaction of these Ads with Kupffer cells. Data obtained in this study suggest developing Ad6 and Ad11 as alternative Ads for anticancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Shashkova
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Shashkova EV, May SM, Doronin K, Barry MA. Expanded anticancer therapeutic window of hexon-modified oncolytic adenovirus. Mol Ther 2009; 17:2121-30. [PMID: 19755961 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the significant hurdles toward safe and efficacious systemic treatment of cancer with oncolytic adenoviruses (Ads) is dose-limiting hepatotoxicity that prevents the increase of a therapeutic dose. In this study, we expanded the therapeutic window of oncolytic serotype 5 Ad (Ad5) by a genetic modification of hypervariable loop 5 (HVR5) in the capsid protein hexon that prevented infection of hepatocytes due to ablation of binding to blood factors. This oncolytic virus, Ad-GL-HB, had significantly reduced levels of hepatocyte transduction in immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice as compared to parental virus Ad-GL. The hepatocyte detargeting decreased liver damage and increased the maximum tolerated dose of Ad-GL-HB tenfold relative to that of Ad-GL. Intravenous (i.v.) injection of Ad-GL or Ad-GL-HB into tumor-bearing mice produced equally increased survival rates demonstrating that while Ad-GL-HB detargeted hepatocytes, it sustained tumor cell infection after systemic administration. The significantly improved safety of the virus allowed it to be used at increased doses for improved systemic antitumor efficacy. Our results suggest that hexon modifications provide valuable strategies for systemic oncolytic Ad therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Shashkova
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Liu Y, Wang H, Yumul R, Gao W, Gambotto A, Morita T, Baker A, Shayakhmetov D, Lieber A. Transduction of liver metastases after intravenous injection of Ad5/35 or Ad35 vectors with and without factor X-binding protein pretreatment. Hum Gene Ther 2009; 20:621-9. [PMID: 19245296 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2008.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inefficient tumor transduction with targeted adenoviral vectors is largely due to unspecific virus sequestration by blood components, including coagulation factor X, and Kupffer cell scavenging. In this study, we show that preinjection of snake venom factor X-binding protein (X-bp) reduces hepatocyte transduction and increases the circulation time in blood of an intravenously injected, fiber-chimeric Ad5/35 vector. X-bp pretreatment resulted in improved Ad5/35 transduction of liver metastases and increased the antitumor efficacy of an Ad5/35-based oncolytic adenovirus. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a vector based on adenoviral serotype 35, which is less sequestered by factor X, is efficient in tumor targeting. This gives a rationale for using Ad35-based vectors in virotherapy of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Greig JA, Buckley SM, Waddington SN, Parker AL, Bhella D, Pink R, Rahim AA, Morita T, Nicklin SA, McVey JH, Baker AH. Influence of coagulation factor x on in vitro and in vivo gene delivery by adenovirus (Ad) 5, Ad35, and chimeric Ad5/Ad35 vectors. Mol Ther 2009; 17:1683-91. [PMID: 19603000 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of coagulation factor X (FX) to the hexon of adenovirus (Ad) 5 is pivotal for hepatocyte transduction. However, vectors based on Ad35, a subspecies B Ad, are in development for cancer gene therapy, as Ad35 utilizes CD46 (which is upregulated in many cancers) for transduction. We investigated whether interaction of Ad35 with FX influenced vector tropism using Ad5, Ad35, and Ad5/Ad35 chimeras: Ad5/fiber(f)35, Ad5/penton(p)35/f35, and Ad35/f5. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) revealed that Ad35 and Ad35/f5 bound FX with approximately tenfold lower affinities than Ad5 hexon-containing viruses, and electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) demonstrated a direct Ad35 hexon:FX interaction. The presence of physiological levels of FX significantly inhibited transduction of vectors containing Ad35 fibers (Ad5/f35, Ad5/p35/f35, and Ad35) in CD46-positive cells. Vectors were intravenously administered to CD46 transgenic mice in the presence and absence of FX-binding protein (X-bp), resulting in reduced liver accumulation for all vectors. Moreover, Ad5/f35 and Ad5/p35/f35 efficiently accumulated in the lung, whereas Ad5 demonstrated poor lung targeting. Additionally, X-bp significantly reduced lung genome accumulation for Ad5/f35 and Ad5/p35/f35, whereas Ad35 was significantly enhanced. In summary, vectors based on the full Ad35 serotype will be useful vectors for selective gene transfer via CD46 due to a weaker FX interaction compared to Ad5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny A Greig
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Dhar D, Spencer JF, Toth K, Wold WSM. Pre-existing immunity and passive immunity to adenovirus 5 prevents toxicity caused by an oncolytic adenovirus vector in the Syrian hamster model. Mol Ther 2009; 17:1724-32. [PMID: 19602998 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used Syrian hamsters to examine the role of pre-existing immunity to adenovirus (Ad) 5 in the toxicity of the oncolytic Ad vector INGN 007. Groups of hamsters were or were not immunized with Ad5. Half the hamsters were immunosuppressed using cyclophosphamide (CP), then injected intravenously (i.v.) with 3x the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of INGN 007 (in immunocompetent hamsters), and toxicity and vector replication in the liver were quantitated. In nonimmunized immunocompetent hamsters, toxicity was observed early but the hamsters recovered by day 6 after vector injection. In nonimmunized immunosuppressed hamsters, the vector was lethal by 3 days. Pre-existing neutralizing antibody (NAb) prevented liver infection and hepatotoxicity in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hamsters. In another study, passive immunization of immunosuppressed hamsters 1 day before a lethal dose (1x MTD) of INGN 007 prevented liver infection and replication, but immunization 1 day after vector administration was barely effective. When immunosuppressed hamsters were passively immunized 1 day after injection of 1/3rd the MTD of INGN 007, then significant protection was observed against liver infection and toxicity. Therefore, serum NAb are sufficient to prevent oncolytic Ad vector liver infection and toxicity. We saw no evidence that pre-existing immunity was associated with increased vector toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Dhar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Thacker EE, Timares L, Matthews QL. Strategies to overcome host immunity to adenovirus vectors in vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:761-77. [PMID: 19485756 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The first clinical evaluations of adenovirus (Ad)-based vectors for gene therapy were initiated in the mid-1990s and led to great anticipation for future utility. However, excitement surrounding gene therapy, particularly Ad-based therapy, was diminished upon the death of Jesse Gelsinger, and recent discouraging results from the HIV vaccine STEP trial have brought efficacy and safety issues to the forefront again. Even so, Ad vectors are still considered among the safest and most effective vaccine vectors. Innate and pre-existing immunity to Ad mediate much of the acute toxicities and reduced therapeutic efficacies observed following vaccination with this vector. Thus, innovative strategies must continue to be developed to reduce Ad-specific antigenicity and immune recognition. This review provides an overview and critique of the most promising strategies, including results from preclinical trials in mice and nonhuman primates, which aim to revive the future of Ad-based vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Thacker
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, BMR2 470, 901 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294-32172, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Identification of coagulation factor (F)X binding sites on the adenovirus serotype 5 hexon: effect of mutagenesis on FX interactions and gene transfer. Blood 2009; 114:965-71. [PMID: 19429866 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-03-208835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of coagulation factor X (FX) in adenovirus (Ad) serotype 5-mediated liver transduction in vivo. FX binds to the adenovirus hexon hypervariable regions (HVRs). Here, we perform a systematic analysis of FX binding to Ad5 HVRs 5 and 7, identifying domains and amino acids critical for this interaction. We constructed a model of the Ad5-FX interaction using crystallographic and cryo-electron microscopic data to identify contact points. Exchanging Ad5 HVR5 or HVR7 from Ad5 to Ad26 (which does not bind FX) diminished FX binding as analyzed by surface plasmon resonance, gene delivery in vitro, and liver transduction in vivo. Exchanging Ad5-HVR5 for Ad26-HVR5 produced deficient virus maturation. Importantly, defined mutagenesis of just 2 amino acids in Ad5-HVR5 circumvented this and was sufficient to block liver gene transfer. In addition, mutation of 4 amino acids in Ad5-HVR7 or a single mutation at position 451 also blocked FX-mediated effects in vitro and in vivo. We therefore define the regions and amino acids on the Ad5 hexon that bind with high affinity to FX thereby better defining adenovirus infectivity pathways. These vectors may be useful for gene therapy applications where evasion of liver transduction is a prerequisite.
Collapse
|
68
|
Improved adenovirus type 5 vector-mediated transduction of resistant cells by piggybacking on coxsackie B-adenovirus receptor-pseudotyped baculovirus. J Virol 2009; 83:6048-66. [PMID: 19357170 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00012-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Taking advantage of the wide tropism of baculoviruses (BVs), we constructed a recombinant BV (BV(CAR)) pseudotyped with human coxsackie B-adenovirus receptor (CAR), the high-affinity attachment receptor for adenovirus type 5 (Ad5), and used the strategy of piggybacking Ad5-green fluorescent protein (Ad5GFP) vector on BV(CAR) to transduce various cells refractory to Ad5 infection. We found that transduction of all cells tested, including human primary cells and cancer cell lines, was significantly improved using the BV(CAR)-Ad5GFP biviral complex compared to that obtained with Ad5GFP or BV(CAR)GFP alone. We determined the optimal conditions for the formation of the complex and found that a high level of BV(CAR)-Ad5GFP-mediated transduction occurred at relatively low adenovirus vector doses, compared with transduction by Ad5GFP alone. The increase in transduction was dependent on the direct coupling of BV(CAR) to Ad5GFP via CAR-fiber knob interaction, and the cell attachment of the BV(CAR)-Ad5GFP complex was mediated by the baculoviral envelope glycoprotein gp64. Analysis of the virus-cell binding reaction indicated that the presence of BV(CAR) in the complex provided kinetic benefits to Ad5GFP compared to the effects with Ad5GFP alone. The endocytic pathway of BV(CAR)-Ad5GFP did not require Ad5 penton base RGD-integrin interaction. Biodistribution of BV(CAR)-Ad5Luc complex in vivo was studied by intravenous administration to nude BALB/c mice and compared to Ad5Luc injected alone. No significant difference in viscerotropism was found between the two inocula, and the liver remained the preferred localization. In vitro, coagulation factor X drastically increased the Ad5GFP-mediated transduction of CAR-negative cells but had no effect on the efficiency of transduction by the BV(CAR)-Ad5GFP complex. Various situations in vitro or ex vivo in which our BV(CAR)-Ad5 duo could be advantageously used as gene transfer biviral vector are discussed.
Collapse
|
69
|
Szelechowski M, Fournier A, Richardson J, Eloit M, Klonjkowski B. Functional organization of the major late transcriptional unit of canine adenovirus type 2. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:1215-1223. [PMID: 19264594 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.007773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vectors derived from canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) are attractive candidates for gene therapy and live recombinant vaccines. CAV-2 vectors described thus far have been generated by modifying the virus genome, most notably early regions 1 and 3 or the fiber gene. Modification of these genes was underpinned by previous descriptions of their mRNA and protein-coding sequences. Similarly, the construction of new CAV-2 vectors bearing changes in other genomic regions, in particular many of those expressed late in the viral cycle, will require prior characterization of the corresponding transcriptional units. In this study, we provide a detailed description of the late transcriptional organization of the CAV-2 genome. We examined the major late transcription unit (MLTU) and determined its six families of mRNAs controlled by the putative major late promoter (MLP). All mRNAs expressed from the MLTU had a common non-coding tripartite leader (224 nt) at their 5' end. In transient transfection assays, the predicted MLP sequence was able to direct luciferase gene expression and the TPL sequence yielded a higher amount of transgene product. Identification of viral transcriptional products following in vitro infection confirmed most of the predicted protein-coding regions that were deduced from computer analysis of the CAV-2 genome. These findings contribute to a better understanding of gene expression in CAV-2 and lay the foundation required for genetic modifications aimed at vector optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Szelechowski
- UMR 1161 Virologie, INRA AFSSA ENVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 av. du Général de Gaulle, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Annie Fournier
- UMR 1161 Virologie, INRA AFSSA ENVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 av. du Général de Gaulle, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Jennifer Richardson
- UMR 1161 Virologie, INRA AFSSA ENVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 av. du Général de Gaulle, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Marc Eloit
- UMR 1161 Virologie, INRA AFSSA ENVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 av. du Général de Gaulle, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Bernard Klonjkowski
- UMR 1161 Virologie, INRA AFSSA ENVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 av. du Général de Gaulle, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Drug-virus interaction: effect of administration of recombinant adenoviruses on the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel in a rat model. Cancer Gene Ther 2008; 16:405-14. [PMID: 19110543 PMCID: PMC2765861 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2008.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Modern cancer therapy combines recombinant viruses with traditional chemotherapeutic agents that are metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). A single dose of recombinant adenovirus (Ad) expressing beta-galactosidase (AdlacZ) significantly alters CYP3A2, the correlate of CYP3A4, in rats for 14 days. Recombinant adenovirus expressing human p53 (Adp53) also suppresses CYP3A2. Plasma clearance of docetaxel (DTX) in animals given AdlacZ (3.38 ± 0.22 L/h/kg) was significantly lower than that of those given DTX alone (6.41 ± 1.10 L/h/kg, p≤0.05). Area under the plasma concentration-time curve of DTX in rats given AdlacZ (2,987.37 ± 197.97 ng/ml/h) was significantly greater than those given drug alone (1,666.59 ± 317.04 ng/ml/h, p≤0.05). Both viruses prolonged DTX half-life (t1/2). Ad infection may cause significant variability in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-cancer agents and should be considered when designing therapeutic regimens for patients with viral infection and those enrolled in clinical trials employing recombinant viruses.
Collapse
|
71
|
Effect of neutralizing sera on factor x-mediated adenovirus serotype 5 gene transfer. J Virol 2008; 83:479-83. [PMID: 18945780 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01878-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The deployment of adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5)-based vectors is hampered by preexisting immunity. When such vectors are delivered intravenously, hepatocyte transduction is mediated by the hexon-coagulation factor X (FX) interaction. Here, we demonstrate that human sera efficiently block FX-mediated cellular binding and transduction of Ad5-based vectors in vitro. Neutralizing activity correlated well with the ability to inhibit Ad5-mediated liver transduction, suggesting that prescreening patient sera in this manner accurately predicts the efficacy of Ad5-based gene therapies. Neutralization in vitro can be partially bypassed by pseudotyping with Ad45 fiber protein, indicating that a proportion of neutralizing antibodies are directed against the Ad5 fiber.
Collapse
|
72
|
Matthews QL, Yang P, Wu Q, Belousova N, Rivera AA, Stoff-Khalili MA, Waehler R, Hsu HC, Li Z, Li J, Mountz JD, Wu H, Curiel DT. Optimization of capsid-incorporated antigens for a novel adenovirus vaccine approach. Virol J 2008; 5:98. [PMID: 18718011 PMCID: PMC2535600 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the many potential advantages of Ad vectors for vaccine application, the full utility of current Ad vaccines may be limited by the host anti-vector immune response. Direct incorporation of antigens into the adenovirus capsid offers a new and exciting approach for vaccination strategies; this strategy exploits the inherent antigenicity of the Ad vector. Critical to exploiting Ad in this new context is the placement of antigenic epitopes within the major Ad capsid protein, hexon. In our current study we illustrate that we have the capability to place a range of antigenic epitopes within Ad5 capsid protein hexon hypervariable regions (HVRs) 2 or 5, thus producing viable Ad virions. Our data define the maximal incorporation size at HVR2 or HVR5 as it relates to identical antigenic epitopes. In addition, this data suggests that Ad5 HVR5 is more permissive to a range of insertions. Most importantly, repeated administration of our hexon-modified viruses resulted in a secondary anti-antigen response, whereas minimal secondary effect was present after administration of Ad5 control. Our study describes antigen placement and optimization within the context of the capsid incorporation approach of Ad vaccine employment, thereby broadening this new methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiana L Matthews
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|