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Wirsching HG, Zhang H, Szulzewsky F, Arora S, Grandi P, Cimino PJ, Amankulor N, Campbell JS, McFerrin L, Pattwell SS, Ene C, Hicks A, Ball M, Yan J, Zhang J, Kumasaka D, Pierce RH, Weller M, Finer M, Quéva C, Glorioso JC, Houghton AM, Holland EC. Arming oHSV with ULBP3 drives abscopal immunity in lymphocyte-depleted glioblastoma. JCI Insight 2019; 4:128217. [PMID: 31292299 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses induce local tumor destruction and inflammation. Whether virotherapy can also overcome immunosuppression in noninfected tumor areas is under debate. To address this question, we have explored immunologic effects of oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (oHSVs) in a genetically engineered mouse model of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild-type glioblastoma, the most common and most malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Our model recapitulates the genomics, the diffuse infiltrative growth pattern, and the extensive macrophage-dominant immunosuppression of human glioblastoma. Infection with an oHSV that was armed with a UL16-binding protein 3 (ULBP3) expression cassette inhibited distant tumor growth in the absence of viral spreading (abscopal effect) and yielded accumulation of activated macrophages and T cells. There was also abscopal synergism of oHSVULBP3 with anti-programmed cell death 1 (anti-PD-1) against distant, uninfected tumor areas; albeit consistent with clinical trials in patients with glioblastoma, monotherapy with anti-PD-1 was ineffective in our model. Arming oHSV with ULBP3 led to upregulation of antigen processing and presentation gene sets in myeloid cells. The cognate ULBP3 receptor NKG2D, however, is not present on myeloid cells, suggesting a noncanonical mechanism of action of ULBP3. Overall, the myeloid-dominant, anti-PD-1-sensitive abscopal effect of oHSVULBP3 warrants further investigation in patients with IDH wild-type glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Georg Wirsching
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Frank Szulzewsky
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sonali Arora
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Seattle Translational Tumor Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Paola Grandi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and.,Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick J Cimino
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, and
| | - Nduka Amankulor
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Lisa McFerrin
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Seattle Translational Tumor Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Siobhan S Pattwell
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chibawanye Ene
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - James Yan
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jenny Zhang
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Debrah Kumasaka
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Eric C Holland
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Seattle Translational Tumor Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Alvord Brain Tumor Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Liu XQ, Xin HY, Lyu YN, Ma ZW, Peng XC, Xiang Y, Wang YY, Wu ZJ, Cheng JT, Ji JF, Zhong JX, Ren BX, Wang XW, Xin HW. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus tumor targeting and neutralization escape by engineering viral envelope glycoproteins. Drug Deliv 2019; 25:1950-1962. [PMID: 30799657 PMCID: PMC6282442 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1534895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (oHSVs) have been approved for clinical usage and become more and more popular for tumor virotherapy. However, there are still many issues for the oHSVs used in clinics and clinical trials. The main issues are the limited anti-tumor effects, intratumor injection, and some side effects. To overcome such challenges, here we review the genetic engineering of the envelope glycoproteins for oHSVs to target tumors specifically, and at the same time we summarize the many neutralization antibodies against the envelope glycoproteins and align the neutralization epitopes with functional domains of the respective glycoproteins for future identification of new functions of the glycoproteins and future engineering of the epitopes to escape from host neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qin Liu
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,c Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,d Department of Nursing and Medical Imaging Technology , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Hong-Yi Xin
- e Star Array Pte Ltd , JTC Medtech Hub , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Yan-Ning Lyu
- f Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control , Beijing , China
| | - Zhao-Wu Ma
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,c Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,g Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Ying Xiang
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,c Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,c Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Zi-Jun Wu
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,c Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,d Department of Nursing and Medical Imaging Technology , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Jun-Ting Cheng
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,c Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Jia-Fu Ji
- h Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery , Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute , Haidian , Beijing , China
| | - Ji-Xin Zhong
- i Cardiovascular Research Institute , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - Bo-Xu Ren
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,d Department of Nursing and Medical Imaging Technology , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Xian-Wang Wang
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,j Faculty of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
| | - Hong-Wu Xin
- a Faculty of Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine , Yangtze University, Nanhuan , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,b Laboratory of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China.,c Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine , Yangtze University , Jingzhou , Hubei , China
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53
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Hua L, Wakimoto H. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus therapy for malignant glioma: current approaches to successful clinical application. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:845-854. [PMID: 31046478 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1614557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With the approval of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) for advanced malignant melanoma, virotherapy using oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) is now emerging as a viable therapeutic option for cancer patients, including malignant gliomas. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the most recent literature to provide cutting-edge knowledge about preclinical and clinical development of oHSV therapy for malignant gliomas, presenting current approaches to overcome obstacles to successful clinical application of oHSV in neuro-oncology. EXPERT OPINION Current strategies to improve the efficacy of oHSV therapy include engineering new viruses, modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, combination with other treatments, and developing new oHSV delivery. All of these could rapidly be translated into clinical investigations, following several clinical trials that are currently ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyang Hua
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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54
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Marzulli M, Mazzacurati L, Zhang M, Goins WF, Hatley ME, Glorioso JC, Cohen JB. A Novel Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus Design based on the Common Overexpression of microRNA-21 in Tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 3. [PMID: 30465046 PMCID: PMC6241327 DOI: 10.13188/2381-3326.1000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Recognition sequences for microRNAs (miRs) that are down-regulated in tumor cells have recently been used to render lytic viruses tumor-specific. Since different tumor types down-regulate different miRs, this strategy requires virus customization to the target tumor. We have explored a feature that is shared by many tumor types, the up-regulation of miR-21, as a means to generate an oncolytic herpes simplex virus (HSV) that is applicable to a broad range of cancers. Methods We assembled an expression construct for a dominant-negative (dn) form of the essential HSV replication factor UL9 and inserted tandem copies of the miR-21 recognition sequence (T21) in the 3' untranslated region. Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) recombineering was used to introduce the dnUL9 construct with or without T21 into the HSV genome. Virus was produced by transfection and replication was assessed in different tumor and control cell lines. Results Virus production was conditional on the presence of the T21 sequence. The dnUL9-T21 virus replicated efficiently in tumor cell lines, less efficiently in cells that contained reduced miR-21 activity, and not at all in the absence of miR-21. Conclusion miR-21-sensitive expression of a dominant-negative inhibitor of HSV replication allows preferential destruction of tumor cells in vitro. This observation provides a basis for further development of a widely applicable oncolytic HSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marzulli
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh
| | - L Mazzacurati
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh
| | - M Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh
| | - W F Goins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh
| | - M E Hatley
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, USA
| | - J C Glorioso
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh
| | - J B Cohen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh
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55
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Herpes Simplex Virus Vectors for Gene Transfer to the Central Nervous System. Diseases 2018; 6:diseases6030074. [PMID: 30110885 PMCID: PMC6164475 DOI: 10.3390/diseases6030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have a profound impact on human health worldwide and their incidence is predicted to increase as the population ages. ND severely limits the quality of life and leads to early death. Aside from treatments that may reduce symptoms, NDs are almost completely without means of therapeutic intervention. The genetic and biochemical basis of many NDs is beginning to emerge although most have complex etiologies for which common themes remain poorly resolved. Largely relying on progress in vector design, gene therapy is gaining increasing support as a strategy for genetic treatment of diseases. Here we describe recent developments in the engineering of highly defective herpes simplex virus (HSV) vectors suitable for transfer and long-term expression of large and/or multiple therapeutic genes in brain neurons in the complete absence of viral gene expression. These advanced vector platforms are safe, non-inflammatory, and persist in the nerve cell nucleus for life. In the near term, it is likely that HSV can be used to treat certain NDs that have a well-defined genetic cause. As further information on disease etiology becomes available, these vectors may take on an expanded role in ND therapies, including gene editing and repair.
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56
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For the Success of Oncolytic Viruses: Single Cycle Cures or Repeat Treatments? (One Cycle Should Be Enough). Mol Ther 2018; 26:1876-1880. [PMID: 30029891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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57
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Menotti L, Avitabile E, Gatta V, Malatesta P, Petrovic B, Campadelli-Fiume G. HSV as A Platform for the Generation of Retargeted, Armed, and Reporter-Expressing Oncolytic Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:E352. [PMID: 29966356 PMCID: PMC6070899 DOI: 10.3390/v10070352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we engineered oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (o-HSVs) retargeted to the HER2 (epidermal growth factor receptor 2) tumor cell specific receptor by the insertion of a single chain antibody (scFv) to HER2 in gD, gH, or gB. Here, the insertion of scFvs to three additional cancer targets—EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), EGFRvIII, and PSMA (prostate specific membrane antigen)—in gD Δ6–38 enabled the generation of specifically retargeted o-HSVs. Viable recombinants resulted from the insertion of an scFv in place of aa 6–38, but not in place of aa 61–218. Hence, only the gD N-terminus accepted all tested scFv inserts. Additionally, the insertion of mIL12 in the US1-US2 intergenic region of the HER2- or EGFRvIII-retargeted o-HSVs, and the further insertion of Gaussia Luciferase, gave rise to viable recombinants capable of secreting the cytokine and the reporter. Lastly, we engineered two known mutations in gB; they increased the ability of an HER2-retargeted recombinant to spread among murine cells. Altogether, current data show that the o-HSV carrying the aa 6–38 deletion in gD serves as a platform for the specific retargeting of o-HSV tropism to a number of human cancer targets, and the retargeted o-HSVs serve as simultaneous vectors for two molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Menotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Elisa Avitabile
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Valentina Gatta
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Paolo Malatesta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa 16132, Italy.
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-IRCCS per l'Oncologia, Genoa 16132, Italy.
| | - Biljana Petrovic
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
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58
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Kitada T, DiAndreth B, Teague B, Weiss R. Programming gene and engineered-cell therapies with synthetic biology. Science 2018; 359:359/6376/eaad1067. [PMID: 29439214 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gene and engineered-cell therapies promise to treat diseases by genetically modifying cells to carry out therapeutic tasks. Although the field has had some success in treating monogenic disorders and hematological malignancies, current approaches are limited to overexpression of one or a few transgenes, constraining the diseases that can be treated with this approach and leading to potential concerns over safety and efficacy. Synthetic gene networks can regulate the dosage, timing, and localization of gene expression and therapeutic activity in response to small molecules and disease biomarkers. Such "programmable" gene and engineered-cell therapies will provide new interventions for incurable or difficult-to-treat diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Kitada
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Breanna DiAndreth
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brian Teague
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ron Weiss
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Bommareddy PK, Peters C, Saha D, Rabkin SD, Kaufman HL. Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Viruses as a Paradigm for the Treatment of Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030617-050254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Praveen K. Bommareddy
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - Cole Peters
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Dipongkor Saha
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Samuel D. Rabkin
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Howard L. Kaufman
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
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Russell SJ, Peng KW. Oncolytic Virotherapy: A Contest between Apples and Oranges. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1107-1116. [PMID: 28392162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses can be engineered or adapted for selective propagation in neoplastic tissues and further modified for therapeutic transgene expression to enhance their antitumor potency and druggability. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) can be administered locally or intravenously and spread to a variable degree at sites of tumor growth. OV-infected tumor cells die in situ, releasing viral and tumor antigens that are phagocytosed by macrophages, transported to regional lymph nodes, and presented to antigen-reactive T cells, which proliferate before dispersing to kill uninfected tumor cells at distant sites. Several OVs are showing clinical promise, and one of them, talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), was recently granted marketing approval for intratumoral therapy of nonresectable metastatic melanoma. T-VEC also appears to substantially enhance clinical responsiveness to checkpoint inhibitor antibody therapy. Here, we examine the T-VEC paradigm and review some of the approaches currently being pursued to develop the next generation of OVs for both local and systemic administration, as well as for use in combination with other immunomodulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Russell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Kah-Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Maroun J, Muñoz-Alía M, Ammayappan A, Schulze A, Peng KW, Russell S. Designing and building oncolytic viruses. Future Virol 2017; 12:193-213. [PMID: 29387140 PMCID: PMC5779534 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are engineered and/or evolved to propagate selectively in cancerous tissues. They have a dual mechanism of action; direct killing of infected cancer cells cross-primes anticancer immunity to boost the killing of uninfected cancer cells. The goal of the field is to develop OVs that are easily manufactured, efficiently delivered to disseminated sites of cancer growth, undergo rapid intratumoral spread, selectively kill tumor cells, cause no collateral damage and pose no risk of transmission in the population. Here we discuss the many virus engineering strategies that are being pursued to optimize delivery, intratumoral spread and safety of OVs derived from different virus families. With continued progress, OVs have the potential to transform the paradigm of cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Maroun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Miguel Muñoz-Alía
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Arun Ammayappan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Autumn Schulze
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kah-Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Stephen Russell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Abstract
The receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGFR) is a prime target for cancer therapy across a broad variety of tumor types. As it is a tyrosine kinase, small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting signal transduction, as well as monoclonal antibodies against the EGFR, have been investigated as anti-tumor agents. However, despite the long-known enigmatic EGFR gene amplification and protein overexpression in glioblastoma, the most aggressive intrinsic human brain tumor, the potential of EGFR as a target for this tumor type has been unfulfilled. This review analyses the attempts to use TKIs and monoclonal antibodies against glioblastoma, with special consideration given to immunological approaches, the use of EGFR as a docking molecule for conjugates with toxins, T-cells, oncolytic viruses, exosomes and nanoparticles. Drug delivery issues associated with therapies for intracerebral diseases, with specific emphasis on convection enhanced delivery, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Westphal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Cecile L. Maire
- 0000 0001 2180 3484grid.13648.38Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Lamszus
- 0000 0001 2180 3484grid.13648.38Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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63
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Syncytial Mutations Do Not Impair the Specificity of Entry and Spread of a Glycoprotein D Receptor-Retargeted Herpes Simplex Virus. J Virol 2016; 90:11096-11105. [PMID: 27707922 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01456-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane fusion, which is the key process for both initial cell entry and subsequent lateral spread of herpes simplex virus (HSV), requires the four envelope glycoproteins gB, gD, gH, and gL. Syncytial mutations, predominantly mapped to the gB and gK genes, confer hyperfusogenicity on HSV and cause multinucleated giant cells, termed syncytia. Here we asked whether interaction of gD with a cognate entry receptor remains indispensable for initiating membrane fusion of syncytial strains. To address this question, we took advantage of mutant viruses whose viral entry into cells relies on the uniquely specific interaction of an engineered gD with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We introduced selected syncytial mutations into gB and/or gK of the EGFR-retargeted HSV and found that these mutations, especially when combined, enabled formation of extensive syncytia by human cancer cell lines that express the target receptor; these syncytia were substantially larger than the plaques formed by the parental retargeted HSV strain. We assessed the EGFR dependence of entry and spread separately by using direct entry and infectious center assays, respectively, and we found that the syncytial mutations did not override the receptor specificity of the retargeted viruses at either stage. We discuss the implications of these results for the development of more effective targeted oncolytic HSV vectors. IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is investigated not only as a human pathogen but also as a promising agent for oncolytic virotherapy. We previously showed that both the initial entry and subsequent lateral spread of HSV can be retargeted to cells expressing tumor-associated antigens by single-chain antibodies fused to a receptor-binding-deficient envelope glycoprotein D (gD). Here we introduced syncytial mutations into the gB and/or gK gene of gD-retargeted HSVs to determine whether viral tropism remained dependent on the interaction of gD with the target receptor. Entry and spread profiles of the recombinant viruses indicated that gD retargeting does not abolish the hyperfusogenic activity of syncytial mutations and that these mutations do not eliminate the dependence of HSV entry and spread on a specific gD-receptor interaction. These observations suggest that syncytial mutations may be valuable for increasing the tumor-specific spreading of retargeted oncolytic HSV vectors.
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Geekiyanage H, Galanis E. MiR-31 and miR-128 regulates poliovirus receptor-related 4 mediated measles virus infectivity in tumors. Mol Oncol 2016; 10:1387-1403. [PMID: 27507538 PMCID: PMC5100694 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic measles virus strains are currently being evaluated in several clinical trials, as a promising novel oncolytic platform. Poliovirus receptor-related 4 (PVRL4) was recently identified as a potent measles virus (MV) receptor; however, its regulation is not yet understood. Increased levels of PVRL4 protein were observed in cell membrane, cytoplasm and nuclei of glioblastoma, breast and ovarian tumor clinical samples with no significant change in PVRL4 mRNA levels in glioblastoma and breast cancer compared with their corresponding control samples, suggesting that PVRL4 is likely post-transcriptionally regulated. Therefore, we sought to investigate the potential role of miRNAs in PVRL4 regulation and thus MV infectivity. We demonstrated that miR-31 and miR-128 can bind to the 3'UTR of PVRL4 and decrease PVRL4 levels while anti-miR-31/128 increase PVRL4 levels suggesting that PVRL4 is miRNA targeted. Furthermore, miR-31/128 expression levels were down-regulated in glioblastoma and breast tumor samples and showed significant negative correlations with PVRL4 levels. Infection with an MV strain that exclusively utilizes PVRL4 as its receptor showed that over-expression of miR-31/128 decreases MV infectivity while inhibition of the respective miRNAs via anti-miRs increase MV infectivity and reduce tumor size in mouse xenograft models of glioblastoma, breast and ovarian cancer. Additionally, miR-128 levels showed significant correlations with MV infection and in vivo anti-tumor effect, while MV infection increased miR-31 expression and thereby contributed to the observed decrease in PVRL4 levels. This study suggests that PVRL4 is post-transcriptionally regulated by miR-128 and miR-31 and harbors possible miRNA targets that could modulate MV infectivity and in turn enhance MV based oncolytic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirosha Geekiyanage
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | - Evanthia Galanis
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
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65
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Glorioso JC, Cohen JB, Carlisle DL, Munoz-Sanjuan I, Friedlander RM. Moving toward a gene therapy for Huntington's disease. Gene Ther 2016; 22:931-3. [PMID: 26633828 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2015.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J C Glorioso
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J B Cohen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D L Carlisle
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - I Munoz-Sanjuan
- CHDI Foundation/CHDI Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA. E-mail:
| | - R M Friedlander
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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66
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Campadelli-Fiume G, Petrovic B, Leoni V, Gianni T, Avitabile E, Casiraghi C, Gatta V. Retargeting Strategies for Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Viruses. Viruses 2016; 8:63. [PMID: 26927159 PMCID: PMC4810253 DOI: 10.3390/v8030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) exhibit a high safety profile achieved through attenuation. They carry defects in virulence proteins that antagonize host cell response to the virus, including innate response, apoptosis, authophagy, and depend on tumor cell proliferation. They grow robustly in cancer cells, provided that these are deficient in host cell responses, which is often the case. To overcome the attenuation limits, a strategy is to render the virus highly cancer-specific, e.g., by retargeting their tropism to cancer-specific receptors, and detargeting from natural receptors. The target we selected is HER-2, overexpressed in breast, ovarian and other cancers. Entry of wt-HSV requires the essential glycoproteins gD, gH/gL and gB. Here, we reviewed that oncolytic HSV retargeting was achieved through modifications in gD: the addition of a single-chain antibody (scFv) to HER-2 coupled with appropriate deletions to remove part of the natural receptors' binding sites. Recently, we showed that also gH/gL can be a retargeting tool. The insertion of an scFv to HER-2 at the gH N-terminus, coupled with deletions in gD, led to a recombinant capable to use HER-2 as the sole receptor. The retargeted oncolytic HSVs can be administered systemically by means of carrier cells-forcedly-infected mesenchymal stem cells. Altogether, the retargeted oncolytic HSVs are highly cancer-specific and their replication is not dependent on intrinsic defects of the tumor cells. They might be further modified to express immunomodulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Biljana Petrovic
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Tatiana Gianni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Elisa Avitabile
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Costanza Casiraghi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Valentina Gatta
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
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Development of an oncolytic HSV vector fully retargeted specifically to cellular EpCAM for virus entry and cell-to-cell spread. Gene Ther 2016; 23:479-88. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2016.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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68
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Peters C, Rabkin SD. Designing Herpes Viruses as Oncolytics. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2015; 2:S2372-7705(16)30012-2. [PMID: 26462293 PMCID: PMC4599707 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2015.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) was one of the first genetically-engineered oncolytic viruses. Because herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a natural human pathogen that can cause serious disease, it is incumbent that it be genetically-engineered or significantly attenuated for safety. Here we present a detailed explanation of the functions of HSV-1 genes frequently mutated to endow oncolytic activity. These genes are non-essential for growth in tissue culture cells but are important for growth in post-mitotic cells, interfering with intrinsic antiviral and innate immune responses or causing pathology, functions dispensable for replication in cancer cells. Understanding the function of these genes leads to informed creation of new oHSVs with better therapeutic efficacy. Virus infection and replication can also be directed to cancer cells through tumor-selective receptor binding and transcriptional- or post-transcriptional miRNA-targeting, respectively. In addition to the direct effects of oHSV on infected cancer cells and tumors, oHSV can be 'armed' with transgenes that are: reporters, to track virus replication and spread; cytotoxic, to kill uninfected tumor cells; immune modulatory, to stimulate anti-tumor immunity; or tumor microenvironment altering, to enhance virus spread or to inhibit tumor growth. In addition to HSV-1, other alphaherpesviruses are also discussed for their oncolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Peters
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Samuel D Rabkin
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
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69
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Ruiz AJ, Russell SJ. MicroRNAs and oncolytic viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 13:40-8. [PMID: 25863717 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs regulate gene expression in mammalian cells and often exhibit tissue-specific expression patterns. Incorporation of microRNA target sequences can be used to control exogenous gene expression and viral tropism in specific tissues to enhance the therapeutic indices of oncolytic viruses expressing therapeutic transgenes. Continued development of this targeting strategy has resulted in the generation of unattenuated oncolytic viruses with enhanced potency, broad species-tropisms and reduced off-target toxicities in multiple-tissues simultaneously. Furthermore, oncolytic viruses have been used to enhance the delivery, duration and therapeutic efficacy of microRNA-based therapeutics designed to either restore or inhibit the function of dysregulated microRNAs in cancer cells. Recent efforts focused on combining oncolytic virotherapy and microRNA regulation have generated increasingly potent and safe cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn J Ruiz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Stephen J Russell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
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