51
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Gellen TA, Bizimana LA, Carbery WP, Breen I, Turner DB. Ultrabroadband two-quantum two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4960302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A. Gellen
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Laurie A. Bizimana
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - William P. Carbery
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Ilana Breen
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Daniel B. Turner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, USA
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52
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Paul J, Stevens CE, Liu C, Dey P, McIntyre C, Turkowski V, Reno JL, Hilton DJ, Karaiskaj D. Strong Quantum Coherence between Fermi Liquid Mahan Excitons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:157401. [PMID: 27127985 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.157401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In modulation doped quantum wells, the excitons are formed as a result of the interactions of the charged holes with the electrons at the Fermi edge in the conduction band, leading to the so-called "Mahan excitons." The binding energy of Mahan excitons is expected to be greatly reduced and any quantum coherence destroyed as a result of the screening and electron-electron interactions. Surprisingly, we observe strong quantum coherence between the heavy hole and light hole excitons. Such correlations are revealed by the dominating cross-diagonal peaks in both one-quantum and two-quantum two-dimensional Fourier transform spectra. Theoretical simulations based on the optical Bloch equations where many-body effects are included phenomenologically reproduce well the experimental spectra. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations provide insight into the underlying physics and attribute the observed strong quantum coherence to a significantly reduced screening length and collective excitations of the many-electron system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paul
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - C E Stevens
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - C Liu
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - P Dey
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - C McIntyre
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - V Turkowski
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - J L Reno
- CINT, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D J Hilton
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - D Karaiskaj
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
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53
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Dey P, Paul J, Moody G, Stevens CE, Glikin N, Kovalyuk ZD, Kudrynskyi ZR, Romero AH, Cantarero A, Hilton DJ, Karaiskaj D. Biexciton formation and exciton coherent coupling in layered GaSe. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:212422. [PMID: 26049442 DOI: 10.1063/1.4917169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear two-dimensional Fourier transform (2DFT) and linear absorption spectroscopy are used to study the electronic structure and optical properties of excitons in the layered semiconductor GaSe. At the 1s exciton resonance, two peaks are identified in the absorption spectra, which are assigned to splitting of the exciton ground state into the triplet and singlet states. 2DFT spectra acquired for co-linear polarization of the excitation pulses feature an additional peak originating from coherent energy transfer between the singlet and triplet. At cross-linear polarization of the excitation pulses, the 2DFT spectra expose a new peak likely originating from bound biexcitons. The polarization dependent 2DFT spectra are well reproduced by simulations using the optical Bloch equations for a four level system, where many-body effects are included phenomenologically. Although biexciton effects are thought to be strong in this material, only moderate contributions from bound biexciton creation can be observed. The biexciton binding energy of ∼2 meV was estimated from the separation of the peaks in the 2DFT spectra. Temperature dependent absorption and 2DFT measurements, combined with "ab initio" theoretical calculations of the phonon spectra, indicate strong interaction with the A1 (') phonon mode. Excitation density dependent 2DFT measurements reveal excitation induced dephasing and provide a lower limit for the homogeneous linewidth of the excitons in the present GaSe crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dey
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - J Paul
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - G Moody
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colarado 80305, USA
| | - C E Stevens
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - N Glikin
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Z D Kovalyuk
- Chernivtsi Department, Frantsevich Institute of Material Sciences Problems, The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5, Iryna Vilde St., 58001 Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Z R Kudrynskyi
- Chernivtsi Department, Frantsevich Institute of Material Sciences Problems, The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5, Iryna Vilde St., 58001 Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - A H Romero
- Physics Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6315, USA
| | - A Cantarero
- Materials Science Institute, University of Valencia, P.O. Box 2205, 46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - D J Hilton
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - D Karaiskaj
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
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54
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Fuller FD, Ogilvie JP. Experimental implementations of two-dimensional fourier transform electronic spectroscopy. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2015; 66:667-90. [PMID: 25664841 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040513-103623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) reveals connections between an optical excitation at a given frequency and the signals it creates over a wide range of frequencies. These connections, manifested as cross-peak locations and their lineshapes, reflect the underlying electronic and vibrational structure of the system under study. How these spectroscopic signatures evolve in time reveals the system dynamics and provides a detailed picture of coherent and incoherent processes. 2DES is rapidly maturing and has already found numerous applications, including studies of photosynthetic energy transfer and photochemical reactions and many-body interactions in nanostructured materials. Many systems of interest contain electronic transitions spanning the ultraviolet to the near infrared and beyond. Most 2DES measurements to date have explored a relatively small frequency range. We discuss the challenges of implementing 2DES and compare and contrast different approaches in terms of their information content, ease of implementation, and potential for broadband measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin D Fuller
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109;
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55
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Coherent two-dimensional photocurrent spectroscopy in a PbS quantum dot photocell. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5869. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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56
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Paul J, Dey P, Tokumoto T, Reno JL, Hilton DJ, Karaiskaj D. Exploring two-dimensional electron gases with two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:134505. [PMID: 25296819 DOI: 10.1063/1.4896777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The dephasing of the Fermi edge singularity excitations in two modulation doped single quantum wells of 12 nm and 18 nm thickness and in-well carrier concentration of ∼4 × 10(11) cm(-2) was carefully measured using spectrally resolved four-wave mixing (FWM) and two-dimensional Fourier transform (2DFT) spectroscopy. Although the absorption at the Fermi edge is broad at this doping level, the spectrally resolved FWM shows narrow resonances. Two peaks are observed separated by the heavy hole/light hole energy splitting. Temperature dependent "rephasing" (S1) 2DFT spectra show a rapid linear increase of the homogeneous linewidth with temperature. The dephasing rate increases faster with temperature in the narrower 12 nm quantum well, likely due to an increased carrier-phonon scattering rate. The S1 2DFT spectra were measured using co-linear, cross-linear, and co-circular polarizations. Distinct 2DFT lineshapes were observed for co-linear and cross-linear polarizations, suggesting the existence of polarization dependent contributions. The "two-quantum coherence" (S3) 2DFT spectra for the 12 nm quantum well show a single peak for both co-linear and co-circular polarizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paul
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - P Dey
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - T Tokumoto
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - J L Reno
- CINT, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D J Hilton
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - D Karaiskaj
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
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57
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Ma WL, Wolfowicz G, Zhao N, Li SS, Morton JJ, Liu RB. Uncovering many-body correlations in nanoscale nuclear spin baths by central spin decoherence. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4822. [PMID: 25205440 PMCID: PMC4175593 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Central spin decoherence caused by nuclear spin baths is often a critical issue in various quantum computing schemes, and it has also been used for sensing single-nuclear spins. Recent theoretical studies suggest that central spin decoherence can act as a probe of many-body physics in spin baths; however, identification and detection of many-body correlations of nuclear spins in nanoscale systems are highly challenging. Here, taking a phosphorus donor electron spin in a (29)Si nuclear spin bath as our model system, we discover both theoretically and experimentally that many-body correlations in nanoscale nuclear spin baths produce identifiable signatures in decoherence of the central spin under multiple-pulse dynamical decoupling control. We demonstrate that under control by an odd or even number of pulses, the central spin decoherence is principally caused by second- or fourth-order nuclear spin correlations, respectively. This study marks an important step toward studying many-body physics using spin qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures,
Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing
100083, China
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum
Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei,
Anhui
230026, China
| | - Gary Wolfowicz
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College
London, London
WC1H 0AH, UK
- Department of Materials, Oxford University,
Oxford
OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Nan Zhao
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center,
Beijing
100084, China
| | - Shu-Shen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures,
Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing
100083, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum
Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei,
Anhui
230026, China
| | - John J.L. Morton
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College
London, London
WC1H 0AH, UK
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University
College London, London
WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Ren-Bao Liu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Center for Quantum Coherence, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong, China
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58
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Abstract
Nature's highly efficient light-harvesting antennae, such as those found in green sulfur bacteria, consist of supramolecular building blocks that self-assemble into a hierarchy of close-packed structures. In an effort to mimic the fundamental processes that govern nature's efficient systems, it is important to elucidate the role of each level of hierarchy: from molecule, to supramolecular building block, to close-packed building blocks. Here, we study the impact of hierarchical structure. We present a model system that mirrors nature's complexity: cylinders self-assembled from cyanine-dye molecules. Our work reveals that even though close-packing may alter the cylinders' soft mesoscopic structure, robust delocalized excitons are retained: Internal order and strong excitation-transfer interactions--prerequisites for efficient energy transport--are both maintained. Our results suggest that the cylindrical geometry strongly favors robust excitons; it presents a rational design that is potentially key to nature's high efficiency, allowing construction of efficient light-harvesting devices even from soft, supramolecular materials.
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59
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Tahara H, Ogawa Y, Minami F, Akahane K, Sasaki M. Long-time correlation in non-Markovian dephasing of an exciton-phonon system in InAs quantum dots. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:147404. [PMID: 24766013 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.147404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We have observed a time-correlated frequency fluctuation in non-Markovian dephasing of excitons in InAs quantum dots using a six-wave mixing technique. In this measurement, the arrival times of the excitation pulses were controlled to eliminate the influence of Markovian dephasing and to measure the pure non-Markovian behavior. The experimental result shows that the time correlation of the frequency fluctuation due to exciton-phonon interactions was maintained in the quantum dots for over 10 ps. This long-time correlation is caused by the modification of the phonon coupling distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tahara
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Oh-Okayama 2-12-1, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Y Ogawa
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Oh-Okayama 2-12-1, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - F Minami
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Oh-Okayama 2-12-1, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - K Akahane
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 4-2-1 Nukui-kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan
| | - M Sasaki
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 4-2-1 Nukui-kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan
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60
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Coherent multidimensional optical spectra measured using incoherent light. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2298. [PMID: 23985989 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Four-wave mixing measurements can reveal spectral and dynamics information that is hidden in linear spectra by the interactions among light-absorbing molecules and with their environment. Coherent multidimensional optical spectroscopy is an important variant of four-wave mixing because it resolves a map of interactions and correlations between absorption bands. Previous coherent multidimensional optical spectroscopy measurements have used femtosecond pulses with great success, and it may seem that femtosecond pulses are necessary for such measurements. Here we present coherent two-dimensional electronic spectra measured using incoherent light. The spectra of model molecular systems using broadband spectrally incoherent light are similar but not identical to those expected from measurements using femtosecond pulses. Specifically, the spectra show particular sensitivity to long-lived intermediates such as photoisomers. The results will motivate the design of similar experiments in spectral ranges where femtosecond pulses are difficult to produce.
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61
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Tollerud JO, Hall CR, Davis JA. Isolating quantum coherence using coherent multi-dimensional spectroscopy with spectrally shaped pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:6719-6733. [PMID: 24664021 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.006719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate how spectral shaping in coherent multidimensional spectroscopy can isolate specific signal pathways and directly access quantitative details. By selectively exciting pathways involving a coherent superposition of exciton states we are able to identify, isolate and analyse weak coherent coupling between spatially separated excitons in an asymmetric double quantum well. Analysis of the isolated signal elucidates details of the coherent interactions between the spatially separated excitons. With a dynamic range exceeding 10(4) in electric field amplitude, this approach facilitates quantitative comparisons of different signal pathways and a comprehensive description of the electronic states and their interactions.
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62
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Almand-Hunter AE, Li H, Cundiff ST, Mootz M, Kira M, Koch SW. Quantum droplets of electrons and holes. Nature 2014; 506:471-5. [DOI: 10.1038/nature12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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63
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Mančal T, Dostál J, Pšenčík J, Zigmantas D. Transfer of vibrational coherence through incoherent energy transfer process in Förster limit. CAN J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2013-0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We study transfer of coherent nuclear oscillations between an excitation energy donor and an acceptor in a simple dimeric electronic system coupled to an unstructured thermodynamic bath and some pronounced vibrational intramolecular mode. Our focus is on the nonlinear optical response of such a system, i.e., we study both excited state energy transfer and the compensation of the so-called ground-state bleach signal. The response function formalism enables us to investigate a heterodimer with monomers coupled strongly to the bath and by a weak resonance coupling to each other (Förster rate limit). Our work is motivated by recent observation of various vibrational signatures in two-dimensional coherent spectra of energy-transferring systems including large structures with a fast energy diffusion. We find that the vibrational coherence can be transferred from donor to acceptor molecules provided the transfer rate is sufficiently fast. The ground-state bleach signal of the acceptor molecules does not show any oscillatory signatures, and oscillations in ground-state bleaching signal of the donor prevail with the amplitude, which is not decreasing with the relaxation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Mančal
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, Ke Karlovu 5, CZ-121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Dostál
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, Ke Karlovu 5, CZ-121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Getingevägen 60, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jakub Pšenčík
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, Ke Karlovu 5, CZ-121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Donatas Zigmantas
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Getingevägen 60, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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64
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Gelin MF, Rao BJ, Nest M, Domcke W. Domain of validity of the perturbative approach to femtosecond optical spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:224107. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4836636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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65
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Krčmář J, Gelin MF, Domcke W. Calculation of third-order signals via driven Schrödinger equations: General results and application to electronic 2D photon echo spectroscopy. Chem Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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66
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Wen P, Nelson KA. Selective Enhancements in 2D Fourier Transform Optical Spectroscopy with Tailored Pulse Shapes. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:6380-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp401150d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Keith A. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02139, United States
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67
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Tyagi P, Saari JI, Walsh B, Kabir A, Crozatier V, Forget N, Kambhampati P. Two-Color Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy Using Dual Acousto-Optic Pulse Shapers for Complete Amplitude, Phase, and Polarization Control of Femtosecond Laser Pulses. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:6264-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp400603r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Tyagi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Jonathan I. Saari
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Brenna Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Amin Kabir
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Vincent Crozatier
- Fastlite, Centre scientifique d’Orsay
- Bât.503, Plateau du
Moulon - BP 45, Orsay, France
| | - Nicolas Forget
- Fastlite, Centre scientifique d’Orsay
- Bât.503, Plateau du
Moulon - BP 45, Orsay, France
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68
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Gelin MF, Egorova D, Domcke W. Strong-pump strong-probe spectroscopy: effects of higher excited electronic states. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:8119-31. [PMID: 23588665 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp44454f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present paper is devoted to the simulation of (integral and dispersed) pump-probe signals in the nonperturbative regime for a series of material systems with multiple electronic states and excited-state absorption. We show that strong-pump strong-probe spectroscopy permits the probing of vibrational wavepackets in high-lying and/or short-lived excited electronic states with a time resolution which is not limited by the pulse durations. The field strength can be regarded as an additional experimentally controllable parameter, which can be tuned to maximize the spectroscopic information for a given material system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim F Gelin
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany.
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69
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Arias DH, Stone KW, Vlaming SM, Walker BJ, Bawendi MG, Silbey RJ, Bulović V, Nelson KA. Thermally-Limited Exciton Delocalization in Superradiant Molecular Aggregates. J Phys Chem B 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3086717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan H. Arias
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Excitonics and ‡Research Laboratory of Electronics
and Center for Excitonics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
United States
| | - Katherine W. Stone
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Excitonics and ‡Research Laboratory of Electronics
and Center for Excitonics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
United States
| | - Sebastiaan M. Vlaming
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Excitonics and ‡Research Laboratory of Electronics
and Center for Excitonics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
United States
| | - Brian J. Walker
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Excitonics and ‡Research Laboratory of Electronics
and Center for Excitonics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
United States
| | - Moungi G. Bawendi
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Excitonics and ‡Research Laboratory of Electronics
and Center for Excitonics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
United States
| | - Robert J. Silbey
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Excitonics and ‡Research Laboratory of Electronics
and Center for Excitonics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
United States
| | - Vladimir Bulović
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Excitonics and ‡Research Laboratory of Electronics
and Center for Excitonics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
United States
| | - Keith A. Nelson
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Excitonics and ‡Research Laboratory of Electronics
and Center for Excitonics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
United States
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70
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Turner DB, Howey DJ, Sutor EJ, Hendrickson RA, Gealy MW, Ulness DJ. Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy using incoherent light: theoretical analysis. J Phys Chem A 2012; 117:5926-54. [PMID: 23176195 DOI: 10.1021/jp310477y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Electronic energy transfer in photosynthesis occurs over a range of time scales and under a variety of intermolecular coupling conditions. Recent work has shown that electronic coupling between chromophores can lead to coherent oscillations in two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy measurements of pigment-protein complexes measured with femtosecond laser pulses. A persistent issue in the field is to reconcile the results of measurements performed using femtosecond laser pulses with physiological illumination conditions. Noisy-light spectroscopy can begin to address this question. In this work we present the theoretical analysis of incoherent two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy, I((4)) 2D ES. Simulations reveal diagonal peaks, cross peaks, and coherent oscillations similar to those observed in femtosecond two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy experiments. The results also expose fundamental differences between the femtosecond-pulse and noisy-light techniques; the differences lead to new challenges and new opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Turner
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Optical Sciences, and Centre for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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71
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Sakaibara H, Ikegaya Y, Katayama I, Takeda J. Single-shot time-frequency imaging spectroscopy using an echelon mirror. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:1118-1120. [PMID: 22446244 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.001118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate single-shot time-frequency imaging spectroscopy with an echelon mirror for measuring ultrashort laser pulses as well as ultrafast responses of materials using the same optical setup. The echelon mirror produces a spatially encoded time delay for the probe pulse whereby both the probe and pump pulses are focused on samples with small spot size. Using the optical Kerr gate apparatus, we successfully mapped the time-frequency images of ultrashort laser pulses and subsequently evaluated the chirp characteristics with the phase-retrieval procedure on a single-shot basis. By simply replacing the Kerr medium with samples, we could also visualize the phonon-polariton oscillations in ferroelectric LiNbO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sakaibara
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
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72
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Lewis KLM, Ogilvie JP. Probing Photosynthetic Energy and Charge Transfer with Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:503-10. [PMID: 26286055 DOI: 10.1021/jz201592v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) has emerged as a powerful method for elucidating the structure-function relationship in photosynthetic systems. In this Perspective, we discuss features of two-dimensional spectroscopy that make it highly suited to address questions about the underlying electronic structure that guides energy- and charge-transfer processes in light-harvesting materials. We briefly describe a pulse-shaping-based implementation of two-dimensional spectroscopy that is making the method widely accessible to problems spanning frequency regimes from the ultraviolet to the mid-infrared. We illustrate the utility of 2DES in the context of our recent studies of the primary energy-transfer and charge separation events in the photosystem II reaction center, discussing remaining challenges and speculating about exciting future directions for the field of multidimensional spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L M Lewis
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, United States
| | - Jennifer P Ogilvie
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, United States
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73
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Abramavicius D, Nemeth A, Milota F, Sperling J, Mukamel S, Kauffmann HF. Weak exciton scattering in molecular nanotubes revealed by double-quantum two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:067401. [PMID: 22401120 PMCID: PMC3721760 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.067401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The two-exciton manifold of a double-wall cylindrical molecular aggregate is studied using a coherent third order optical technique. Experiments reveal the anharmonic character of the exciton bands. Atomistic simulations of the exciton-exciton scattering show that the excitons can be treated as weakly coupled hard-core bosons. The weak coupling stems from the extended exciton delocalization made possible by the nanotube geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Abramavicius
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 9-III, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Franz Milota
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
| | - Harald F. Kauffmann
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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74
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Turner DB, Hassan Y, Scholes GD. Exciton superposition states in CdSe nanocrystals measured using broadband two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:880-886. [PMID: 22201519 DOI: 10.1021/nl2039502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Coherent superpositions among eigenstates are of interest in fields as diverse as photosynthesis and quantum computation. In this report, we used two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2D ES) to measure the decoherence time of a superposition of the two lowest-energy excitons in colloidal CdSe nanocrystals (cubic phase) in solution at room temperature. In the electron-hole representation, the quantum coherence is, remarkably, a twelve-particle correlation. By comparing the measured 2D ES to simulations, we also explored the effects of inhomogeneous broadening and examined the spectroscopic signatures of biexcitons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Turner
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6 Canada
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75
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Sytina OA, Novoderezhkin VI, van Grondelle R, Groot ML. Modeling of multi-exciton transient absorption spectra of protochlorophyllide aggregates in aqueous solution. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:11944-51. [PMID: 21936513 DOI: 10.1021/jp204395z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) is a natural porphyrin, a precursor of chlorophyll, synthesized by plants for its photosynthetic apparatus. The pigment spontaneously forms aggregates when dissolved in neat water solution. We present here calculations of the transient absorption spectra and its comprising components (ground-state bleach, stimulated emission, and excited-state absorption) for a strongly excitonically coupled linear chain of four Pchlide chromophores, using exciton theory with phenomenological Gaussian line shapes and without energetic disorder. A refined multiexciton model that includes static disorder is applied to fit the experimental power-dependent transient absorption spectra of aqueous protochlorophyllide and the kinetics for delay times up to 20 ps after photoexcitation. We show that population up to the 4-exciton manifold is sufficient to explain the pronounced saturation of the bleaching and the shape changes in the instantaneous, t = 0.2 ps transient spectra when the pulse energy is increased from 10 to 430 nJ per pulse. The decay of the multiexciton manifold is relatively slow and is preceded by a spectroscopically distinct process. We suggest that the exciton states in the Pchlide aggregates are mixed with charge-transfer states (CTS) and that the population and repopulation of the CTS coupled to the exciton states explains the relatively slow decay of the multiexciton manifold. The relevance of our results to the optical properties and dynamics of natural photosynthetic complexes and the possible physical origin of CTS formation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Sytina
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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76
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Turner DB, Stone KW, Gundogdu K, Nelson KA. Invited article: The coherent optical laser beam recombination technique (COLBERT) spectrometer: coherent multidimensional spectroscopy made easier. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:081301. [PMID: 21895226 DOI: 10.1063/1.3624752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an efficient spectrometer capable of performing a wide variety of coherent multidimensional measurements at optical wavelengths. The two major components of the largely automated device are a spatial beam shaper which controls the beam geometry and a spatiotemporal pulse shaper which controls the temporal waveform of the femtosecond pulse in each beam. We describe how to construct, calibrate, and operate the device, and we discuss its limitations. We use the exciton states of a semiconductor nanostructure as a working example. A series of complex multidimensional spectra-displayed in amplitude and real parts-reveals increasingly intricate correlations among the excitons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Turner
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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77
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Yuen-Zhou J, Aspuru-Guzik A. Quantum process tomography of excitonic dimers from two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. I. General theory and application to homodimers. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:134505. [PMID: 21476762 DOI: 10.1063/1.3569694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Is it possible to infer the time evolving quantum state of a multichromophoric system from a sequence of two-dimensional electronic spectra (2D-ES) as a function of waiting time? Here we provide a positive answer for a tractable model system: a coupled dimer. After exhaustively enumerating the Liouville pathways associated to each peak in the 2D-ES, we argue that by judiciously combining the information from a series of experiments varying the polarization and frequency components of the pulses, detailed information at the amplitude level about the input and output quantum states at the waiting time can be obtained. This possibility yields a quantum process tomography (QPT) of the single-exciton manifold, which completely characterizes the open quantum system dynamics through the reconstruction of the process matrix. In this manuscript, we present the general theory as well as specific and numerical results for a homodimer, for which we prove that signals stemming from coherence to population transfer and vice versa vanish upon isotropic averaging, therefore, only allowing for a partial QPT in such case. However, this fact simplifies the spectra, and it follows that only two polarization controlled experiments (and no pulse-shaping requirements) suffice to yield the elements of the process matrix, which survive under isotropic averaging. Redundancies in the 2D-ES amplitudes allow for the angle between the two site transition dipole moments to be self-consistently obtained, hence simultaneously yielding structural and dynamical information of the dimer. Model calculations are presented, as well as an error analysis in terms of the angle between the dipoles and peak amplitude extraction. In the second article accompanying this study, we numerically exemplify the theory for heterodimers and carry out a detailed error analysis for such case. This investigation reveals an exciting quantum information processing (QIP) approach to spectroscopic experiments of excitonic systems, and hence, bridges an important gap between theoretical studies on excitation energy transfer from the QIP standpoint and experimental methods to study such systems in the chemical physics community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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78
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Davis JA, Hall CR, Dao LV, Nugent KA, Quiney HM, Tan HH, Jagadish C. Three-dimensional electronic spectroscopy of excitons in asymmetric double quantum wells. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:044510. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3613679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-Ray Science, Australia
- Centre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - C. R. Hall
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-Ray Science, Australia
- Centre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - L. V. Dao
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-Ray Science, Australia
- Centre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - K. A. Nugent
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-Ray Science, Australia
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - H. M. Quiney
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-Ray Science, Australia
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - H. H. Tan
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
| | - C. Jagadish
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
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79
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Karadimitriou ME, Kavousanaki EG, Dani KM, Fromer NA, Perakis IE. Strong electronic correlation effects in coherent multidimensional nonlinear optical spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:5634-47. [PMID: 21395320 DOI: 10.1021/jp1118794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We discuss a many-body theory of the coherent ultrafast nonlinear optical response of systems with a strongly correlated electronic ground state that responds unadiabatically to photoexcitation. We introduce a truncation of quantum kinetic density matrix equations of motion that does not rely on an expansion in terms of the interactions and thus applies to strongly correlated systems. For this we expand in terms of the optical field, separate out contributions to the time-evolved many-body state due to correlated and uncorrelated multiple optical transitions, and use "Hubbard operator" density matrices to describe the exact dynamics of the individual contributions within a subspace of strongly coupled states, including "pure dephasing". Our purpose is to develop a quantum mechanical tool capable of exploring how, by coherently photoexciting selected modes, one can trigger nonlinear dynamics of strongly coupled degrees of freedom. Such dynamics could lead to photoinduced phase transitions. We apply our theory to the nonlinear response of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in a magnetic field. We coherently photoexcite the two lowest Landau level (LL) excitations using three time-delayed optical pulses. We identify some striking temporal and spectral features due to dynamical coupling of the two LLs facilitated by inter-Landau-level magnetoplasmon and magnetoroton excitations and compare to three-pulse four-wave-mixing (FWM) experiments. We show that these features depend sensitively on the dynamics of four-particle correlations between an electron-hole pair and a magnetoplasmon/magnetoroton, reminiscent of exciton-exciton correlations in undoped semiconductors. Our results shed light into unexplored coherent dynamics and relaxation of the quantum Hall system (QHS) and can provide new insight into non-equilibrium co-operative phenomena in strongly correlated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Karadimitriou
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 71003, Greece
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80
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Gelin MF, Egorova D, Domcke W. Optical N-wave-mixing spectroscopy with strong and temporally well-separated pulses: the doorway-window representation. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:5648-58. [PMID: 21425818 DOI: 10.1021/jp112055h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have extended the doorway-window representation of optical pump-probe spectroscopy with weak pulses toward N-wave-mixing spectroscopy with temporally well-separated pulses of arbitrary strength. The expressions for the signals in the strong-pulse doorway-window representation are derived in the framework of the nonperturbative theory of N-wave-mixing spectroscopy. The strong-pulse doorway-window representation is complementary to the equation-of-motion phase-matching approach. The latter fully accounts for pulse-overlap effects in signals induced by weak pulses but is computationally more expensive. The performance of the doorway-window approximation for temporally well-separated strong pulses is illustrated for an electronic two-level system with an underdamped Condon-active vibrational mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim F Gelin
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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81
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Lienemann J, Schüller A, Blauth D, Seifert J, Wethekam S, Busch M, Maass K, Winter H. Coherence during scattering of fast H atoms from a LiF(001) surface. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:067602. [PMID: 21405497 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.067602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The coherence for diffraction effects during grazing scattering of fast hydrogen and helium atoms from a LiF(001) surface with energies up to some keV is investigated via the coincident detection of two-dimensional angular distributions for scattered projectiles with their energy loss. For keV H atoms, we identify electronic excitations of the target surface as the dominant mechanism for decoherence, whereas for He atoms this contribution is small. The suppression of electronic excitations owing to the band gap of insulators plays an essential role for preserving quantum coherence and thus for the application of fast atom diffraction as a surface analytical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lienemann
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 6, D-12489 Berlin-Adlershof, Germany
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82
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Gelin MF, Egorova D, Domcke W. Strong and Long Makes Short: Strong-Pump Strong-Probe Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2011; 2:114-119. [PMID: 26295529 DOI: 10.1021/jz1015247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new time-domain spectroscopic technique that is based on strong pump and probe pulses. The strong-pump strong-probe (SPSP) technique provides temporal resolution that is not limited by the durations of the pump and probe pulses. By numerically exact simulations of SPSP signals for a multilevel vibronic model, we show that the SPSP signals exhibit electronic and vibrational beatings on time scales which are significantly shorter than the pulse durations. This suggests the possible application of SPSP spectroscopy for the real-time investigation of molecular processes that cannot be temporally resolved by pump-probe spectroscopy with weak pump and probe pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim F Gelin
- †Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Dassia Egorova
- ‡Institute of Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Domcke
- †Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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83
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Davis JA, Calhoun TR, Nugent KA, Quiney HM. Ultrafast optical multidimensional spectroscopy without interferometry. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:024504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3528985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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84
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Kuehn W, Reimann K, Woerner M, Elsaesser T, Hey R. Two-dimensional terahertz correlation spectra of electronic excitations in semiconductor quantum wells. J Phys Chem B 2010; 115:5448-55. [PMID: 21171588 DOI: 10.1021/jp1099046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We discuss a novel approach for nonlinear two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy in the terahertz (THz) frequency range which is based on a collinear interaction geometry of a sequence of THz pulses with the sample. The nonlinear polarization is determined by a phase-resolved measurement of the electric field transmitted through the sample as a function of the delay τ between two phase-locked pulses and the "real" time t. The information provided by a single 2D scan along the τ and t axes is equivalent to that from a noncollinear photon-echo setup equipped with four local oscillators, each interacting with a different diffracted order. We address basic concepts of collinear 2D THz spectroscopy, in particular data analysis and phasing issues. Different rephasing and nonrephasing contributions to the third-order response are separated and 2D correlation spectra derived. As a prototype application, 2D correlation spectra of intersubband excitations of electrons in semiconductor quantum wells are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kuehn
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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85
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