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Yang Y, Gao Y, Mutter-Rottmayer L, Zlatanou A, Durando M, Ding W, Wyatt D, Ramsden D, Tanoue Y, Tateishi S, Vaziri C. DNA repair factor RAD18 and DNA polymerase Polκ confer tolerance of oncogenic DNA replication stress. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3097-3115. [PMID: 28835467 PMCID: PMC5626543 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201702006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The elevated CDK2 activity of oncogene-expressing cells induces DNA replication stress. Yang et al. show that the DNA repair protein RAD18 facilitates damage-tolerant DNA synthesis via the DNA polymerase κ in cells with aberrantly high CDK2 activity, suggesting an important new role for RAD18 in sustaining neoplastic cell survival. The mechanisms by which neoplastic cells tolerate oncogene-induced DNA replication stress are poorly understood. Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) is a major mediator of oncogenic DNA replication stress. In this study, we show that CDK2-inducing stimuli (including Cyclin E overexpression, oncogenic RAS, and WEE1 inhibition) activate the DNA repair protein RAD18. CDK2-induced RAD18 activation required initiation of DNA synthesis and was repressed by p53. RAD18 and its effector, DNA polymerase κ (Polκ), sustained ongoing DNA synthesis in cells harboring elevated CDK2 activity. RAD18-deficient cells aberrantly accumulated single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) after CDK2 activation. In RAD18-depleted cells, the G2/M checkpoint was necessary to prevent mitotic entry with persistent ssDNA. Rad18−/− and Polκ−/− cells were highly sensitive to the WEE1 inhibitor MK-1775 (which simultaneously activates CDK2 and abrogates the G2/M checkpoint). Collectively, our results show that the RAD18–Polκ signaling axis allows tolerance of CDK2-mediated oncogenic stress and may allow neoplastic cells to breach tumorigenic barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Yanzhe Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Liz Mutter-Rottmayer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Anastasia Zlatanou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Michael Durando
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Weimin Ding
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Oncology Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - David Wyatt
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Curriculumin Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Dale Ramsden
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Curriculumin Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Yuki Tanoue
- Division of Cell Maintenance, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tateishi
- Division of Cell Maintenance, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Curriculumin Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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Bournique E, Dall'Osto M, Hoffmann JS, Bergoglio V. Role of specialized DNA polymerases in the limitation of replicative stress and DNA damage transmission. Mutat Res 2017; 808:62-73. [PMID: 28843435 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Replication stress is a strong and early driving force for genomic instability and tumor development. Beside replicative DNA polymerases, an emerging group of specialized DNA polymerases is involved in the technical assistance of the replication machinery in order to prevent replicative stress and its deleterious consequences. During S-phase, altered progression of the replication fork by endogenous or exogenous impediments induces replicative stress, causing cells to reach mitosis with genomic regions not fully duplicated. Recently, specific mechanisms to resolve replication intermediates during mitosis with the aim of limiting DNA damage transmission to daughter cells have been identified. In this review, we detail the two major actions of specialized DNA polymerases that limit DNA damage transmission: the prevention of replicative stress by non-B DNA replication and the recovery of stalled replication forks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Bournique
- CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, UPS Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer, 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Marina Dall'Osto
- CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, UPS Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer, 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Hoffmann
- CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, UPS Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer, 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Bergoglio
- CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, UPS Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer, 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31037, Toulouse, France.
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53
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The impact of replication stress on replication dynamics and DNA damage in vertebrate cells. Nat Rev Genet 2017; 18:535-550. [DOI: 10.1038/nrg.2017.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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54
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Wang Z, Zhu WG, Xu X. Ubiquitin-like modifications in the DNA damage response. Mutat Res 2017; 803-805:56-75. [PMID: 28734548 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genomic DNA is damaged at an extremely high frequency by both endogenous and environmental factors. An improper response to DNA damage can lead to genome instability, accelerate the aging process and ultimately cause various human diseases, including cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. The mechanisms that underlie the cellular DNA damage response (DDR) are complex and are regulated at many levels, including at the level of post-translational modification (PTM). Since the discovery of ubiquitin in 1975 and ubiquitylation as a form of PTM in the early 1980s, a number of ubiquitin-like modifiers (UBLs) have been identified, including small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs), neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 8 (NEDD8), interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-F adjacent transcript 10 (FAT10), ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 (UFRM1), URM1 ubiquitin-related modifier-1 (URM1), autophagy-related protein 12 (ATG12), autophagy-related protein 8 (ATG8), fan ubiquitin-like protein 1 (FUB1) and histone mono-ubiquitylation 1 (HUB1). All of these modifiers have known roles in the cellular response to various forms of stress, and delineating their underlying molecular mechanisms and functions is fundamental in enhancing our understanding of human disease and longevity. To date, however, the molecular mechanisms and functions of these UBLs in the DDR remain largely unknown. This review summarizes the current status of PTMs by UBLs in the DDR and their implication in cancer diagnosis, therapy and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response, Capital Normal University College of Life Sciences, Beijing 100048, China.
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Abstract
Life as we know it, simply would not exist without DNA replication. All living organisms utilize a complex machinery to duplicate their genomes and the central role in this machinery belongs to replicative DNA polymerases, enzymes that are specifically designed to copy DNA. "Hassle-free" DNA duplication exists only in an ideal world, while in real life, it is constantly threatened by a myriad of diverse challenges. Among the most pressing obstacles that replicative polymerases often cannot overcome by themselves are lesions that distort the structure of DNA. Despite elaborate systems that cells utilize to cleanse their genomes of damaged DNA, repair is often incomplete. The persistence of DNA lesions obstructing the cellular replicases can have deleterious consequences. One of the mechanisms allowing cells to complete replication is "Translesion DNA Synthesis (TLS)". TLS is intrinsically error-prone, but apparently, the potential downside of increased mutagenesis is a healthier outcome for the cell than incomplete replication. Although most of the currently identified eukaryotic DNA polymerases have been implicated in TLS, the best characterized are those belonging to the "Y-family" of DNA polymerases (pols η, ι, κ and Rev1), which are thought to play major roles in the TLS of persisting DNA lesions in coordination with the B-family polymerase, pol ζ. In this review, we summarize the unique features of these DNA polymerases by mainly focusing on their biochemical and structural characteristics, as well as potential protein-protein interactions with other critical factors affecting TLS regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Vaisman
- a Laboratory of Genomic Integrity , National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Roger Woodgate
- a Laboratory of Genomic Integrity , National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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Risks at the DNA Replication Fork: Effects upon Carcinogenesis and Tumor Heterogeneity. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8010046. [PMID: 28117753 PMCID: PMC5295039 DOI: 10.3390/genes8010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of all organisms to copy their genetic information via DNA replication is a prerequisite for cell division and a biological imperative of life. In multicellular organisms, however, mutations arising from DNA replication errors in the germline and somatic cells are the basis of genetic diseases and cancer, respectively. Within human tumors, replication errors additionally contribute to mutator phenotypes and tumor heterogeneity, which are major confounding factors for cancer therapeutics. Successful DNA replication involves the coordination of many large-scale, complex cellular processes. In this review, we focus on the roles that defects in enzymes that normally act at the replication fork and dysregulation of enzymes that inappropriately damage single-stranded DNA at the fork play in causing mutations that contribute to carcinogenesis. We focus on tumor data and experimental evidence that error-prone variants of replicative polymerases promote carcinogenesis and on research indicating that the primary target mutated by APOBEC (apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like) cytidine deaminases is ssDNA present at the replication fork. Furthermore, we discuss evidence from model systems that indicate replication stress and other cancer-associated metabolic changes may modulate mutagenic enzymatic activities at the replication fork.
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Barnes R, Eckert K. Maintenance of Genome Integrity: How Mammalian Cells Orchestrate Genome Duplication by Coordinating Replicative and Specialized DNA Polymerases. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8010019. [PMID: 28067843 PMCID: PMC5295014 DOI: 10.3390/genes8010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise duplication of the human genome is challenging due to both its size and sequence complexity. DNA polymerase errors made during replication, repair or recombination are central to creating mutations that drive cancer and aging. Here, we address the regulation of human DNA polymerases, specifically how human cells orchestrate DNA polymerases in the face of stress to complete replication and maintain genome stability. DNA polymerases of the B-family are uniquely adept at accurate genome replication, but there are numerous situations in which one or more additional DNA polymerases are required to complete genome replication. Polymerases of the Y-family have been extensively studied in the bypass of DNA lesions; however, recent research has revealed that these polymerases play important roles in normal human physiology. Replication stress is widely cited as contributing to genome instability, and is caused by conditions leading to slowed or stalled DNA replication. Common Fragile Sites epitomize “difficult to replicate” genome regions that are particularly vulnerable to replication stress, and are associated with DNA breakage and structural variation. In this review, we summarize the roles of both the replicative and Y-family polymerases in human cells, and focus on how these activities are regulated during normal and perturbed genome replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Barnes
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Kristin Eckert
- Departments of Pathology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Villa-Hernández S, Bueno A, Bermejo R. The Multiple Roles of Ubiquitylation in Regulating Challenged DNA Replication. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1042:395-419. [PMID: 29357068 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6955-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA replication is essential for the propagation of life and the development of complex organisms. However, replication is a risky process as it can lead to mutations and chromosomal alterations. Conditions challenging DNA synthesis by replicative polymerases or DNA helix unwinding, generally termed as replication stress, can halt replication fork progression. Stalled replication forks are unstable, and mechanisms exist to protect their integrity, which promote an efficient restart of DNA synthesis and counteract fork collapse characterized by the accumulation of DNA lesions and mutagenic events. DNA replication is a highly regulated process, and several mechanisms control replication timing and integrity both during unperturbed cell cycles and in response to replication stress. Work over the last two decades has revealed that key steps of DNA replication are controlled by conjugation of the small peptide ubiquitin. While ubiquitylation was traditionally linked to protein degradation, the complexity and flexibility of the ubiquitin system in regulating protein function have recently emerged. Here we review the multiple roles exerted by ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes and ubiquitin-specific proteases, as well as readers of ubiquitin chains, in the control of eukaryotic DNA replication and replication-coupled DNA damage tolerance and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avelino Bueno
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (USAL/CSIC), Salamanca, Spain.,Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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