51
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Schienbein P, Marx D. Investigation concerning the uniqueness of separatrix lines separating liquidlike from gaslike regimes deep in the supercritical phase of water with a focus on Widom line concepts. Phys Rev E 2018; 98:022104. [PMID: 30253513 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.98.022104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The supercritical phase of fluids has long been known to feature significantly different liquidlike and gaslike regimes. However, it is textbook knowledge that the supercritical state is a homogeneous fluid phase where properties change continuously. Nevertheless, there has been an increasing amount of evidence published that suggests that there might exist a unique line that rigorously separates different regimes in supercritical phases, particularly in the case of water. Here, we use the quasiexact IAPWS95 equation of state to rigorously assess the macroscopic thermodynamic properties of supercritical water without invoking any water model or related approximations. We focus on how these properties change deep in the supercritical phase, in particular if they allow one to introduce a unique "thermodynamic separatrix." Our rigorous thermodynamic analysis, which relies exclusively on accurate experimental data, makes clear that there is no unique separatrix in real supercritical water-such as the recently much-invoked "Widom line." A comparison to the van der Waals equation of state reproduces qualitatively all our findings for real water, thereby suggesting that our analysis should be transferable to other fluids and critical points. Topological analysis of the H-bond network structure of supercritical water, as obtained from molecular-dynamics simulations using a standard water model, demonstrates that also the percolation line does not provide a meaningful separatrix to rigorously distinguish liquidlike from gaslike regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schienbein
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dominik Marx
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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52
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Samanta T, Dutta R, Biswas R, Bagchi B. Infrared spectroscopic study of super-critical water across the Widom line. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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53
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Ha MY, Yoon TJ, Tlusty T, Jho Y, Lee WB. Widom Delta of Supercritical Gas-Liquid Coexistence. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:1734-1738. [PMID: 29553732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Density fluctuations and the Widom line are of great importance in understanding the critical phenomena and the behaviors of supercritical fluids (SCFs). We report on the direct classification of liquid-like and gas-like molecules coexisting in the SCF, identified by machine learning analysis on simulation data. The deltoid coexistence region encloses the Widom line and may therefore be termed the Widom delta. Number fractions of gas-like and liquid-like particles are found to undergo continuous transition across the delta, following a simplified two-state model. These fractions are closely related to the magnitude of supercritical anomaly, which originates from the fluctuation between the two types. This suggests a microscopic view of the SCF as a mixture of liquid-like and gas-like structures, providing an integrative explanation to the anomalous behaviors near the critical point and the Widom line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Young Ha
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jun Yoon
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Tsvi Tlusty
- Center for Soft and Living Matter , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Korea
- Department of Physics , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Korea
| | - Yongseok Jho
- Department of Physics and Research Institute of Natural Science , Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 52828 , Republic of Korea
| | - Won Bo Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
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54
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Raju M, van Duin A, Ihme M. Phase transitions of ordered ice in graphene nanocapillaries and carbon nanotubes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3851. [PMID: 29497132 PMCID: PMC5832794 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22201-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
New phase diagrams for water confined in graphene nanocapillaries and single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are proposed, identifying ice structures, their melting points and revealing the presence of a solid-liquid critical point. For quasi-2D water in nanocapillaries, we show through molecular-dynamics simulations that AA stacking in multilayer quasi-2D ice arises from interlayer hydrogen-bonding and is stable up to three layers, thereby explaining recent experimental observations. Detailed structural and energetic analyses show that quasi-2D water can freeze discontinuously through a first-order phase transition or continuously with a critical point. The first-order transition line extends to a continuous transition line, defined by a sharp transition in diffusivity between solid-like and liquid-like regimes. For quasi-1D water, confined in CNTs, we observe the existence of a similar critical point at intermediate densities. In addition, an end point is identified on the continuous-transition line, above which the solid and liquid phases deform continuously. The solid-liquid phase transition temperatures in CNTs are shown to be substantially higher than 273 K, confirming recent Raman spectroscopy measurements. We observe ultrafast proton and hydroxyl transport in quasi-1D and -2D ice at 300 K, exceeding those of bulk water up to a factor of five, thereby providing possible applications to fuel-cells and electrolyzers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muralikrishna Raju
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Adri van Duin
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Matthias Ihme
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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55
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Raman AS, Li H, Chiew YC. Widom line, dynamical crossover, and percolation transition of supercritical oxygen via molecular dynamics simulations. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:014502. [PMID: 29306275 DOI: 10.1063/1.5002699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Supercritical oxygen, a cryogenic fluid, is widely used as an oxidizer in jet propulsion systems and is therefore of paramount importance in gaining physical insights into processes such as transcritical and supercritical vaporization. It is well established in the scientific literature that the supercritical state is not homogeneous but, in fact, can be demarcated into regions with liquid-like and vapor-like properties, separated by the "Widom line." In this study, we identified the Widom line for oxygen, constituted by the loci of the extrema of thermodynamic response functions (heat capacity, volumetric thermal expansion coefficient, and isothermal compressibility) in the supercritical region, via atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. We found that the Widom lines derived from these response functions all coincide near the critical point until about 25 bars and 15-20 K, beyond which the isothermal compressibility line begins to deviate. We also obtained the crossover from liquid-like to vapor-like behavior of the translational diffusion coefficient, shear viscosity, and rotational relaxation time of supercritical oxygen. While the crossover of the translational diffusion coefficient and shear viscosity coincided with the Widom lines, the rotational relaxation time showed a crossover that was largely independent of the Widom line. Further, we characterized the clustering behavior and percolation transition of supercritical oxygen molecules, identified the percolation threshold based on the fractal dimension of the largest cluster and the probability of finding a cluster that spans the system in all three dimensions, and found that the locus of the percolation threshold also coincided with the isothermal compressibility Widom line. It is therefore clear that supercritical oxygen is far more complex than originally perceived and that the Widom line, dynamical crossovers, and percolation transitions serve as useful routes to better our understanding of the supercritical state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav S Raman
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Huiyong Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Y C Chiew
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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56
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Conde MM, Rovere M, Gallo P. High precision determination of the melting points of water TIP4P/2005 and water TIP4P/Ice models by the direct coexistence technique. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:244506. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5008478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Conde
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - M. Rovere
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - P. Gallo
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, Italy
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57
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58
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Kim KH, Späh A, Pathak H, Perakis F, Mariedahl D, Amann-Winkel K, Sellberg JA, Lee JH, Kim S, Park J, Nam KH, Katayama T, Nilsson A. Maxima in the thermodynamic response and correlation functions of deeply supercooled water. Science 2017; 358:1589-1593. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aap8269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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59
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Schienbein P, Marx D. Liquid–Vapor Phase Diagram of RPBE-D3 Water: Electronic Properties along the Coexistence Curve and in the Supercritical Phase. J Phys Chem B 2017; 122:3318-3329. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b09761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schienbein
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dominik Marx
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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60
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Bryk T, Gorelli FA, Mryglod I, Ruocco G, Santoro M, Scopigno T. Behavior of Supercritical Fluids across the "Frenkel Line". J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:4995-5001. [PMID: 28945381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The "Frenkel line" (FL), the thermodynamic locus where the time for a particle to move by its size equals the shortest transverse oscillation period, has been proposed as a boundary between recently discovered liquid-like and gas-like regions in supercritical fluids. We report a simulation study of isothermal supercritical neon in a range of densities intersecting the FL. Specifically, structural properties and single-particle and collective dynamics are scrutinized to unveil the onset of any anomalous behavior at the FL. We find that (i) the pair distribution function smoothly evolves across the FL displaying medium-range order, (ii) low-frequency transverse excitations are observed below the "Frenkel frequency", and (iii) the high-frequency shear modulus does not vanish even for low-density fluids, indicating that positive sound dispersion characterizing the liquid-like region of the supercritical state is unrelated to transverse dynamics. These facts critically undermine the definition of the FL and its significance for any relevant partition of the supercritical phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bryk
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , 1 Svientsitskii Street, UA-79011 Lviv, Ukraine
- Institute of Applied Mathematics and Fundamental Sciences, Lviv Polytechnic National University , UA-79013 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - F A Gorelli
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica INO-CNR , I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy, LENS , I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - I Mryglod
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , 1 Svientsitskii Street, UA-79011 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - G Ruocco
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Roma La Sapienza , I-00185 Roma, Italy
- Center for Life Nano Science @Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , 295 Viale Regina Elena, I-00161 Roma, Italy
| | - M Santoro
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica INO-CNR , I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy, LENS , I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - T Scopigno
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Roma La Sapienza , I-00185 Roma, Italy
- Center for Life Nano Science @Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , 295 Viale Regina Elena, I-00161 Roma, Italy
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61
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Raju M, Banuti DT, Ma PC, Ihme M. Widom Lines in Binary Mixtures of Supercritical Fluids. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3027. [PMID: 28596591 PMCID: PMC5465206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03334-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent experiments on pure fluids have identified distinct liquid-like and gas-like regimes even under supercritical conditions. The supercritical liquid-gas transition is marked by maxima in response functions that define a line emanating from the critical point, referred to as Widom line. However, the structure of analogous state transitions in mixtures of supercritical fluids has not been determined, and it is not clear whether a Widom line can be identified for binary mixtures. Here, we present first evidence for the existence of multiple Widom lines in binary mixtures from molecular dynamics simulations. By considering mixtures of noble gases, we show that, depending on the phase behavior, mixtures transition from a liquid-like to a gas-like regime via distinctly different pathways, leading to phase relationships of surprising complexity and variety. Specifically, we show that miscible binary mixtures have behavior analogous to a pure fluid and the supercritical state space is characterized by a single liquid-gas transition. In contrast, immiscible binary mixture undergo a phase separation in which the clusters transition separately at different temperatures, resulting in multiple distinct Widom lines. The presence of this unique transition behavior emphasizes the complexity of the supercritical state to be expected in high-order mixtures of practical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muralikrishna Raju
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Daniel T Banuti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Peter C Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Matthias Ihme
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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62
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De Marzio M, Camisasca G, Conde MM, Rovere M, Gallo P. Structural properties and fragile to strong transition in confined
water. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:084505. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4975624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. De Marzio
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università “Roma Tre,”
Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - G. Camisasca
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università “Roma Tre,”
Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - M. M. Conde
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università “Roma Tre,”
Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - M. Rovere
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università “Roma Tre,”
Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - P. Gallo
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università “Roma Tre,”
Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, Italy
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63
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De Marzio M, Camisasca G, Rovere M, Gallo P. Microscopic origin of the fragile to strong crossover in supercooled water: The role of activated processes. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:084502. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4975387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. De Marzio
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università “Roma Tre,” Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - G. Camisasca
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università “Roma Tre,” Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - M. Rovere
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università “Roma Tre,” Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - P. Gallo
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università “Roma Tre,” Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, Italy
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64
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Ni Y, Skinner JL. Evidence for a liquid-liquid critical point in supercooled water within the E3B3 model and a possible interpretation of the kink in the homogeneous nucleation line. J Chem Phys 2017; 144:214501. [PMID: 27276957 DOI: 10.1063/1.4952991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Supercooled water exhibits many thermodynamic anomalies, and several scenarios have been proposed to interpret them, among which the liquid-liquid critical point (LLCP) hypothesis is the most commonly discussed. We investigated Widom lines and the LLCP of deeply supercooled water, by using molecular dynamics simulation with a newly reparameterized water model that explicitly includes three-body interactions. Seven isobars are studied from ambient pressure to 2.5 kbar, and Widom lines are identified by calculating maxima in the coefficient of thermal expansion and the isothermal compressibility (both with respect to temperature). From these data we estimate that the LLCP of the new water model is at 180 K and 2.1 kbar. The oxygen radial distribution function is calculated along the 2 kbar isobar. It shows a steep change in the height of its second peak between 180 and 185 K, which indicates a transition between the high-density liquid and low-density liquid phases and which is consistent with the ascribed location of the critical point. The good agreement of the height of the second peak of the radial distribution function between simulation and experiment at 1 bar, as a function of temperature, supports the validity of the model. The location of the LLCP within the model is close to the kink in the experimental homogeneous nucleation line. We use existing experimental data to argue that the experimental LLCP is at 168 K and 1.95 kbar and speculate how this LLCP and its Widom line might be responsible for the kink in the homogeneous nucleation line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicun Ni
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J L Skinner
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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65
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Koop T, Murray BJ. A physically constrained classical description of the homogeneous nucleation of ice in water. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:211915. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4962355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Koop
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Benjamin J. Murray
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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66
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Urbic T. Liquid-liquid critical point in a simple analytical model of water. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:042126. [PMID: 27841542 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.042126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A statistical model for a simple three-dimensional Mercedes-Benz model of water was used to study phase diagrams. This model on a simple level describes the thermal and volumetric properties of waterlike molecules. A molecule is presented as a soft sphere with four directions in which hydrogen bonds can be formed. Two neighboring waters can interact through a van der Waals interaction or an orientation-dependent hydrogen-bonding interaction. For pure water, we explored properties such as molar volume, density, heat capacity, thermal expansion coefficient, and isothermal compressibility and found that the volumetric and thermal properties follow the same trends with temperature as in real water and are in good general agreement with Monte Carlo simulations. The model exhibits also two critical points for liquid-gas transition and transition between low-density and high-density fluid. Coexistence curves and a Widom line for the maximum and minimum in thermal expansion coefficient divides the phase space of the model into three parts: in one part we have gas region, in the second a high-density liquid, and the third region contains low-density liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomaz Urbic
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Vecna Pot 113, 1000 Lubljana, Slovenia
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67
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Fomin YD, Ryzhov VN, Tsiok EN, Brazhkin VV, Trachenko K. Crossover of collective modes and positive sound dispersion in supercritical state. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:43LT01. [PMID: 27603524 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/43/43lt01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical state has been viewed as an intermediate state between gases and liquids with largely unknown physical properties. Here, we address the important ability of supercritical fluids to sustain collective excitations. We directly study propagating modes on the basis of correlation functions calculated in molecular dynamics simulations and find that the supercritical system sustains propagating solid-like transverse modes below the Frenkel line but not above where there is one longitudinal mode only. Important thermodynamic implications of this finding are discussed. We directly detect positive sound dispersion (PSD) below the Frenkel line where transverse modes are operative and quantitatively explain its magnitude on the basis of transverse and longitudinal velocities. PSD disappears above the Frenkel line which therefore demarcates the supercritical phase diagram into two areas where PSD does and does not operate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu D Fomin
- Institute for High Pressure Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk 142190, Moscow, Russia
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68
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Gallo P, Amann-Winkel K, Angell CA, Anisimov MA, Caupin F, Chakravarty C, Lascaris E, Loerting T, Panagiotopoulos AZ, Russo J, Sellberg JA, Stanley HE, Tanaka H, Vega C, Xu L, Pettersson LGM. Water: A Tale of Two Liquids. Chem Rev 2016; 116:7463-500. [PMID: 27380438 PMCID: PMC5424717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Water is the most abundant liquid
on earth and also the substance
with the largest number of anomalies in its properties. It is a prerequisite
for life and as such a most important subject of current research
in chemical physics and physical chemistry. In spite of its simplicity
as a liquid, it has an enormously rich phase diagram where different
types of ices, amorphous phases, and anomalies disclose a path that
points to unique thermodynamics of its supercooled liquid state that
still hides many unraveled secrets. In this review we describe the
behavior of water in the regime from ambient conditions to the deeply
supercooled region. The review describes simulations and experiments
on this anomalous liquid. Several scenarios have been proposed to
explain the anomalous properties that become strongly enhanced in
the supercooled region. Among those, the second critical-point scenario
has been investigated extensively, and at present most experimental
evidence point to this scenario. Starting from very low temperatures,
a coexistence line between a high-density amorphous phase and a low-density
amorphous phase would continue in a coexistence line between a high-density
and a low-density liquid phase terminating in a liquid–liquid
critical point, LLCP. On approaching this LLCP from the one-phase
region, a crossover in thermodynamics and dynamics can be found. This
is discussed based on a picture of a temperature-dependent balance
between a high-density liquid and a low-density liquid favored by,
respectively, entropy and enthalpy, leading to a consistent picture
of the thermodynamics of bulk water. Ice nucleation is also discussed,
since this is what severely impedes experimental investigation of
the vicinity of the proposed LLCP. Experimental investigation of stretched
water, i.e., water at negative pressure, gives access to a different
regime of the complex water diagram. Different ways to inhibit crystallization
through confinement and aqueous solutions are discussed through results
from experiments and simulations using the most sophisticated and
advanced techniques. These findings represent tiles of a global picture
that still needs to be completed. Some of the possible experimental
lines of research that are essential to complete this picture are
explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Gallo
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre , Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Katrin Amann-Winkel
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charles Austen Angell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Mikhail Alexeevich Anisimov
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Frédéric Caupin
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, Institut Universitaire de France , 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Charusita Chakravarty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas , New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Erik Lascaris
- Center for Polymer Studies and Department of Physics, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck , 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - John Russo
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo , 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.,School of Mathematics, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TW, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas Alexander Sellberg
- Biomedical and X-ray Physics, Department of Applied Physics, AlbaNova University Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Harry Eugene Stanley
- Center for Polymer Studies and Department of Physics, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Hajime Tanaka
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo , 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Carlos Vega
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Limei Xu
- International Centre for Quantum Materials and School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
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69
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De Marzio M, Camisasca G, Rovere M, Gallo P. Mode coupling theory and fragile to strong transition in supercooled TIP4P/2005 water. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:074503. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4941946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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71
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Śmiechowski M, Schran C, Forbert H, Marx D. Correlated Particle Motion and THz Spectral Response of Supercritical Water. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:027801. [PMID: 26824567 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.027801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations of supercritical water reveal distinctly different distance-dependent modulations of dipolar response and correlations in particle motion compared to ambient conditions. The strongly perturbed H-bond network of water at supercritical conditions allows for considerable translational and rotational freedom of individual molecules. These changes give rise to substantially different infrared spectra and vibrational density of states at THz frequencies for densities above and below the Widom line that separates percolating liquidlike and clustered gaslike supercritical water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Śmiechowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland and Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph Schran
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Harald Forbert
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dominik Marx
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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Bolmatov D, Zhernenkov M, Zav'yalov D, Stoupin S, Cunsolo A, Cai YQ. Thermally triggered phononic gaps in liquids at THz scale. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19469. [PMID: 26763899 PMCID: PMC4725891 DOI: 10.1038/srep19469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we present inelastic X-ray scattering experiments in a diamond anvil cell and molecular dynamic simulations to investigate the behavior of phononic excitations in liquid Ar. The spectra calculated using molecular dynamics were found to be in a good agreement with the experimental data. Furthermore, we observe that, upon temperature increases, a low-frequency transverse phononic gap emerges while high-frequency propagating modes become evanescent at the THz scale. The effect of strong localization of a longitudinal phononic mode in the supercritical phase is observed for the first time. The evidence for the high-frequency transverse phononic gap due to the transition from an oscillatory to a ballistic dynamic regimes of motion is presented and supported by molecular dynamics simulations. This transition takes place across the Frenkel line thermodynamic limit which demarcates compressed liquid and non-compressed fluid domains on the phase diagram and is supported by calculations within the Green-Kubo phenomenological formalism. These results are crucial to advance the development of novel terahertz thermal devices, phononic lenses, mirrors, and other THz metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dima Bolmatov
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | | | - Stanislav Stoupin
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Alessandro Cunsolo
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Yong Q Cai
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
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73
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Trachenko K, Brazhkin VV. Collective modes and thermodynamics of the liquid state. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2016; 79:016502. [PMID: 26696098 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/1/016502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Strongly interacting, dynamically disordered and with no small parameter, liquids took a theoretical status between gases and solids with the historical tradition of hydrodynamic description as the starting point. We review different approaches to liquids as well as recent experimental and theoretical work, and propose that liquids do not need classifying in terms of their proximity to gases and solids or any categorizing for that matter. Instead, they are a unique system in their own class with a notably mixed dynamical state in contrast to pure dynamical states of solids and gases. We start with explaining how the first-principles approach to liquids is an intractable, exponentially complex problem of coupled non-linear oscillators with bifurcations. This is followed by a reduction of the problem based on liquid relaxation time τ representing non-perturbative treatment of strong interactions. On the basis of τ, solid-like high-frequency modes are predicted and we review related recent experiments. We demonstrate how the propagation of these modes can be derived by generalizing either hydrodynamic or elasticity equations. We comment on the historical trend to approach liquids using hydrodynamics and compare it to an alternative solid-like approach. We subsequently discuss how collective modes evolve with temperature and how this evolution affects liquid energy and heat capacity as well as other properties such as fast sound. Here, our emphasis is on understanding experimental data in real, rather than model, liquids. Highlighting the dominant role of solid-like high-frequency modes for liquid energy and heat capacity, we review a wide range of liquids: subcritical low-viscous liquids, supercritical state with two different dynamical and thermodynamic regimes separated by the Frenkel line, highly-viscous liquids in the glass transformation range and liquid-glass transition. We subsequently discuss the fairly recent area of liquid-liquid phase transitions, the area where the solid-like properties of liquids have become further apparent. We then discuss gas-like and solid-like approaches to quantum liquids and theoretical issues that are similar to the classical case. Finally, we summarize the emergent view of liquids as a unique system with a mixed dynamical state, and list several areas where interesting insights may appear and continue the extraordinary liquid story.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Trachenko
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
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74
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Nilsson A, Pettersson LGM. The structural origin of anomalous properties of liquid water. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8998. [PMID: 26643439 PMCID: PMC4686860 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Water is unique in its number of unusual, often called anomalous, properties. When hot it is a normal simple liquid; however, close to ambient temperatures properties, such as the compressibility, begin to deviate and do so increasingly on further cooling. Clearly, these emerging properties are connected to its ability to form up to four well-defined hydrogen bonds allowing for different local structural arrangements. A wealth of new data from various experiments and simulations has recently become available. When taken together they point to a heterogeneous picture with fluctuations between two classes of local structural environments developing on temperature-dependent length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Nilsson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars G. M. Pettersson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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75
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Corradini D, Rovere M, Gallo P. The Widom line and dynamical crossover in supercritical water: Popular water models versus experiments. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:114502. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4930542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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76
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Abstract
Dynamical crossover in water is studied by means of computer simulation. The crossover temperature is calculated from the behavior of velocity autocorrelation functions. The results are compared with experimental data. It is shown that the qualitative behavior of the dynamical crossover line is similar to the melting curve behavior. Importantly, the crossover line belongs to experimentally achievable (P, T) region which stimulates the experimental investigation in this field.
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Ma Z, Li J, Wang F. Continuous and Discontinuous Dynamic Crossover in Supercooled Water in Computer Simulations. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:3170-4. [PMID: 27476514 PMCID: PMC4565576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic crossover behavior of supercooled water as described by the first-principle based WAIL potential was investigated. Below the second liquid-liquid critical point, the viscosity shows a discontinuous jump consistent with a first-order phase transition between the high density liquid and the low density liquid. Above the critical point, a continuous transition occurs with only the first derivative of viscosity being discontinuous, and the dynamic crossover temperature is about 8 K below the thermodynamic switchover temperature. The 8 K shift can be explained by a delay in dynamic crossover, which does not occur until the more viscous liquid starts to dominate the population and jams the flow. On the basis of finite-size effects observed in our simulations, we believe that dynamic discontinuity may be observable above the critical point in confined water when the confinement is on a length scale shorter than the spatial correlation.
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