51
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Chen SY, Dong M, Yang G, Zhou Y, Clark DJ, Lih TM, Schnaubelt M, Liu Z, Zhang H. Glycans, Glycosite, and Intact Glycopeptide Analysis of N-Linked Glycoproteins Using Liquid Handling Systems. Anal Chem 2020; 92:1680-1686. [PMID: 31859482 PMCID: PMC7331092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation has been shown to associate with disease progression, and with glycoproteins representing the major protein component of biological fluids this makes them attractive targets for disease monitoring. Leveraging glycoproteomic analysis via mass spectrometry (MS) could provide the insight into the altered glycosylation patterns that relate to disease progression. However, investigation of large sample cohorts requires rapid, efficient, and highly reproducible sample preparation. To address the limitation, we developed a high-throughput method for characterizing glycans, glycosites, and intact glycopeptides (IGPs) derived from N-linked glycoproteins. We combined disparate peptide enrichment strategies (i.e., hydrophilic and hydrophobic) and a liquid handling platform allowing for a high throughput and rapid enrichment of IGP in a 96-well plate format. The C18/MAX-Tip workflow reduced sample processing time and facilitated the selective enrichment of IGPs from complex samples. Furthermore, our approach enabled the analysis of deglycosylated peptides and glycans from enriched IGPs following PNGase F digest. Following development and optimization of the C18/MAX-Tip methodology using the standard glycoprotein, fetuin, we investigated normal urine samples to obtain N-linked glycoprotein information. Together, our method enables a high-throughput enrichment of glycan, glycosites, and IGPs from biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yung Chen
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Mingming Dong
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Ganglong Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Yangying Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - David J. Clark
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - T. Mamie Lih
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Michael Schnaubelt
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Zichen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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52
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Antibody glycosylation: impact on antibody drug characteristics and quality control. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:1905-1914. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10368-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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53
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Pu C, Zhao H, Hong Y, Zhan Q, Lan M. Facile Preparation of Hydrophilic Mesoporous Metal–Organic Framework via Synergistic Etching and Surface Functionalization for Glycopeptides Analysis. Anal Chem 2019; 92:1940-1947. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenlu Pu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Hongli Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yayun Hong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Qiliang Zhan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Minbo Lan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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54
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Duivelshof BL, Jiskoot W, Beck A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D, D’Atri V. Glycosylation of biosimilars: Recent advances in analytical characterization and clinical implications. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1089:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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55
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Li Y, Sun N, Hu X, Li Y, Deng C. Recent advances in nanoporous materials as sample preparation techniques for peptidome research. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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56
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Unione L, Lenza M, Ardá A, Urquiza P, Laín A, Falcón-Pérez JM, Jiménez-Barbero J, Millet O. Glycoprofile Analysis of an Intact Glycoprotein As Inferred by NMR Spectroscopy. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1554-1561. [PMID: 31572782 PMCID: PMC6764210 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein N-glycosylation stands out for its intrinsic and functionally related heterogeneity. Despite its biomedical interest, Glycoprofile analysis still remains a major scientific challenge. Here, we present an NMR-based strategy to delineate the N-glycan composition in intact glycoproteins and under physiological conditions. The employed methodology allowed dissecting the glycan pattern of the IgE high-affinity receptor (FcεRIα) expressed in human HEK 293 cells, identifying the presence and relative abundance of specific glycan epitopes. Chemical shifts and differences in the signal line-broadening between the native and the unfolded states were integrated to build a structural model of FcεRIα that was able to identify intramolecular interactions between high-mannose N-glycans and the protein surface. In turn, complex type N-glycans reflect a large solvent accessibility, suggesting a functional role as interaction sites for receptors. The interaction between intact FcεRIα and the lectin hGal3, also studied here, confirms this hypothesis and opens new avenues for the detection of specific N-glycan epitopes and for the studies of glycoprotein-receptor interactions mediated by N-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Unione
- CIC
bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Bld 800, 48170 Derio, Spain
- E-mail:
| | - Maria
Pia Lenza
- CIC
bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Bld 800, 48170 Derio, Spain
| | - Ana Ardá
- CIC
bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Bld 800, 48170 Derio, Spain
| | - Pedro Urquiza
- CIC
bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Bld 800, 48170 Derio, Spain
| | - Ana Laín
- CIC
bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Bld 800, 48170 Derio, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Falcón-Pérez
- CIC
bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Bld 800, 48170 Derio, Spain
- Basque
Foundation for Science IKERBASQUE, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CIC
bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Bld 800, 48170 Derio, Spain
- Basque
Foundation for Science IKERBASQUE, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Dept.
Organic Chemistry II, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- E-mail:
| | - Oscar Millet
- CIC
bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Bld 800, 48170 Derio, Spain
- E-mail:
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57
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Hargett AA, Renfrow MB. Glycosylation of viral surface proteins probed by mass spectrometry. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 36:56-66. [PMID: 31202133 PMCID: PMC7102858 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a common and biologically significant post-translational modification that is found on numerous virus surface proteins (VSPs). Many of these glycans affect virulence through modulating virus receptor binding, masking antigenic sites, or by stimulating the host immune response. Mass spectrometry (MS) has arisen as a pivotal technique for the characterization of VSP glycosylation. This review will cover how MS-based analyses, such as released glycan profiles, glycan site localization, site-occupancy, and site-specific heterogeneity, are being utilized to map VSP glycosylation. Furthermore, this review will provide information on how MS glycoprofiling data are being used in conjunction with molecular and structural experiments to provide a better understanding of the role of specific glycans in VSP function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audra A Hargett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Matthew B Renfrow
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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58
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Bousfield GR, Harvey DJ. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Glycobiology. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1515-1535. [PMID: 31127275 PMCID: PMC6534497 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
FSH glycosylation varies in two functionally important aspects: microheterogeneity, resulting from oligosaccharide structure variation, and macroheterogeneity, arising from partial FSHβ subunit glycosylation. Although advances in mass spectrometry permit extensive characterization of FSH glycan populations, microheterogeneity remains difficult to illustrate, and comparisons between different studies are challenging because no standard format exists for rendering oligosaccharide structures. FSH microheterogeneity is illustrated using a consistent glycan diagram format to illustrate the large array of structures associated with one hormone. This is extended to commercially available recombinant FSH preparations, which exhibit greatly reduced microheterogeneity at three of four glycosylation sites. Macroheterogeneity is demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shifts due to the absence of FSHβ glycans that can be assessed by Western blotting of immunopurified FSH. Initially, macroheterogeneity was hoped to matter more than microheterogeneity. However, it now appears that both forms of carbohydrate heterogeneity have to be taken into consideration. FSH glycosylation can reduce its apparent affinity for its cognate receptor by delaying initial interaction with the receptor and limiting access to all of the available binding sites. This is followed by impaired cellular signaling responses that may be related to reduced receptor occupancy or biased signaling. To resolve these alternatives, well-characterized FSH glycoform preparations are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Bousfield
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas
- Correspondence: George R. Bousfield, PhD, Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount Street, Wichita, Kansas 67260. E-mail: ; or David J. Harvey, DSc, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford. Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom. E-mail:
| | - David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Correspondence: George R. Bousfield, PhD, Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount Street, Wichita, Kansas 67260. E-mail: ; or David J. Harvey, DSc, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford. Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom. E-mail:
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59
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Khan MM, Ernst O, Manes NP, Oyler BL, Fraser IDC, Goodlett DR, Nita-Lazar A. Multi-Omics Strategies Uncover Host-Pathogen Interactions. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:493-505. [PMID: 30857388 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the success of the Human Genome Project, large-scale systemic projects became a reality that enabled rapid development of the systems biology field. Systems biology approaches to host-pathogen interactions have been instrumental in the discovery of some specifics of Gram-negative bacterial recognition, host signal transduction, and immune tolerance. However, further research, particularly using multi-omics approaches, is essential to untangle the genetic, immunologic, (post)transcriptional, (post)translational, and metabolic mechanisms underlying progression from infection to clearance of microbes. The key to understanding host-pathogen interactions lies in acquiring, analyzing, and modeling multimodal data obtained through integrative multi-omics experiments. In this article, we will discuss how multi-omics analyses are adding to our understanding of the molecular basis of host-pathogen interactions and systemic maladaptive immune response of the host to microbes and microbial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd M. Khan
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Orna Ernst
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Nathan P. Manes
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Benjamin L. Oyler
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Iain D. C. Fraser
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - David R. Goodlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 North Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Aleksandra Nita-Lazar
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
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60
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Influenza virus N-linked glycosylation and innate immunity. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20171505. [PMID: 30552137 PMCID: PMC6328934 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics in humans. The virus’s ability to change its antigenic nature through mutation and recombination, and the difficulty in developing highly effective universal vaccines against it, make it a serious global public health challenge. Influenza virus’s surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, are all modified by the host cell’s N-linked glycosylation pathways. Host innate immune responses are the first line of defense against infection, and glycosylation of these major antigens plays an important role in the generation of host innate responses toward the virus. Here, we review the principal findings in the analytical techniques used to study influenza N-linked glycosylation, the evolutionary dynamics of N-linked glycosylation in seasonal versus pandemic and zoonotic strains, its role in host innate immune responses, and the prospects for lectin-based therapies. As the efficiency of innate immune responses is a critical determinant of disease severity and adaptive immunity, the study of influenza glycobiology is of clinical as well as research interest.
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61
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Recent advances in metal-organic frameworks for separation and enrichment in proteomics analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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62
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Narimatsu H, Kaji H, Vakhrushev SY, Clausen H, Zhang H, Noro E, Togayachi A, Nagai-Okatani C, Kuno A, Zou X, Cheng L, Tao SC, Sun Y. Current Technologies for Complex Glycoproteomics and Their Applications to Biology/Disease-Driven Glycoproteomics. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:4097-4112. [PMID: 30359034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glycoproteomics is an important recent advance in the field of glycoscience. In glycomics, glycan structures are comprehensively analyzed after glycans are released from glycoproteins. However, a major limitation of glycomics is the lack of insight into glycoprotein functions. The Biology/Disease-driven Human Proteome Project has a particular focus on biological and medical applications. Glycoproteomics technologies aimed at obtaining a comprehensive understanding of intact glycoproteins, i.e., the kind of glycan structures that are attached to particular amino acids and proteins, have been developed. This Review focuses on the recent progress of the technologies and their applications. First, the methods for large-scale identification of both N- and O-glycosylated proteins are summarized. Next, the progress of analytical methods for intact glycopeptides is outlined. MS/MS-based methods were developed for improving the sensitivity and speed of the mass spectrometer, in parallel with the software for complex spectrum assignment. In addition, a unique approach to identify intact glycopeptides using MS1-based accurate masses is introduced. Finally, as an advance of glycomics, two approaches to provide the spatial distribution of glycans in cells are described, i.e., MS imaging and lectin microarray. These methods allow rapid glycomic profiling of different types of biological samples and thus facilitate glycoproteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Narimatsu
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8568 , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kaji
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8568 , Japan
| | - Sergey Y Vakhrushev
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics , University of Copenhagen , Blegdamsvej 3 , Copenhagen 2200 , Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics , University of Copenhagen , Blegdamsvej 3 , Copenhagen 2200 , Denmark
| | - Hui Zhang
- Center for Biomarker Discovery and Translation , Johns Hopkins University , 400 North Broadway , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Erika Noro
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8568 , Japan
| | - Akira Togayachi
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8568 , Japan
| | - Chiaki Nagai-Okatani
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8568 , Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuno
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8568 , Japan
| | - Xia Zou
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8568 , Japan.,Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dong Chuan Road , Minhang , Shanghai 200240 , P.R. China
| | - Li Cheng
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dong Chuan Road , Minhang , Shanghai 200240 , P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Ce Tao
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dong Chuan Road , Minhang , Shanghai 200240 , P.R. China
| | - Yangyang Sun
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dong Chuan Road , Minhang , Shanghai 200240 , P.R. China
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63
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Differential processing of HIV envelope glycans on the virus and soluble recombinant trimer. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3693. [PMID: 30209313 PMCID: PMC6135743 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
As the sole target of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to HIV, the envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer is the focus of vaccination strategies designed to elicit protective bnAbs in humans. Because HIV Env is densely glycosylated with 75–90 N-glycans per trimer, most bnAbs use or accommodate them in their binding epitope, making the glycosylation of recombinant Env a key aspect of HIV vaccine design. Upon analysis of three HIV strains, we here find that site-specific glycosylation of Env from infectious virus closely matches Envs from corresponding recombinant membrane-bound trimers. However, viral Envs differ significantly from recombinant soluble, cleaved (SOSIP) Env trimers, strongly impacting antigenicity. These results provide a benchmark for virus Env glycosylation needed for the design of soluble Env trimers as part of an overall HIV vaccine strategy. HIV envelope (Env) is a potential vaccine antigen and its N-glycans are part of the epitope of broadly neutralizing antibodies. Here, the authors show that glycosylation of Env from infectious virus closely matches Env from recombinant membrane-bound trimers, while it differs significantly from recombinant soluble, cleaved Env trimers.
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