51
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Species recognition in social amoebae. J Biosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-018-9810-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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52
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Gao FX, Lu WJ, Wang Y, Zhang QY, Zhang YB, Mou CY, Li Z, Zhang XJ, Liu CW, Zhou L, Gui JF. Differential expression and functional diversification of diverse immunoglobulin domain-containing protein (DICP) family in three gynogenetic clones of gibel carp. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 84:396-407. [PMID: 29555550 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diverse immunoglobulin (Ig) domain-containing protein (DICP) family is a novel bony fish-specific multi-gene family encoding diversified immune receptors. However, their function and the implication of binding partners remain unknown. In this study, we first identified 28 DICPs from three gibel carp gynogenetic clones and revealed their high variability and clone-specific feature. After crucian carp herpesvirus (CaHV) infection, these DICPs were significantly upregulated in head kidney, kidney and spleen. The up-regulation folds in clone A+, F and H were related to the susceptibility to CaHV, progressively increasing from resistant clone to susceptible clone. Overexpression of gibel carp DICPs inhibited interferon (IFN) and viperin promoter-driven luciferase activity. The additions of E. coli extracts and lipid A significantly enhanced the inhibition effect. In addition, gibel carp DICPs can interact with SHP-1 and SHP-2. These findings suggest that gible carp DICPs, as inhibitory receptors, might specifically recognize lipid A, and then interact with SHP-1 and SHP-2 to inhibit the induction of IFN and ISGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei-Jia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi-Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cheng-Yan Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chao-Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Kubon M, Hartmann H, Moschallski M, Burkhardt C, Link G, Werner S, Lavalle P, Urban G, Vrana NE, Stelzle M. Multimodal Chemosensor-Based, Real-Time Biomaterial/Cell Interface Monitoring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Kubon
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen; Markwiesenstrasse 55 D-72770 Reutlingen Germany
| | - Hanna Hartmann
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen; Markwiesenstrasse 55 D-72770 Reutlingen Germany
| | - Meike Moschallski
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen; Markwiesenstrasse 55 D-72770 Reutlingen Germany
| | - Claus Burkhardt
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen; Markwiesenstrasse 55 D-72770 Reutlingen Germany
| | - Gorden Link
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen; Markwiesenstrasse 55 D-72770 Reutlingen Germany
| | - Simon Werner
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen; Markwiesenstrasse 55 D-72770 Reutlingen Germany
| | - Philippe Lavalle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; INSERM Unité 1121, 11 rue Humann 67085 Strasbourg Cedex France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg; Fédération de Recherche Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand Est (FRMNGE); Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire; Université de Strasbourg; 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Gerald Urban
- IMTEK - Institute for Microsystems Engineering; University of Freiburg; Georges-Köhler-Allee 103/EG D-79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Nihal Engin Vrana
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; INSERM Unité 1121, 11 rue Humann 67085 Strasbourg Cedex France
- Protip Medical; 8 Place de l'Hopital, 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Martin Stelzle
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen; Markwiesenstrasse 55 D-72770 Reutlingen Germany
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54
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Klimovich AV, Gorbushin AM. Evolutionary radiation of cytotoxic effects in bivalve and gastropod haemolymph. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093017060047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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55
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Nasirian F, Mesbahzadeh B, Maleki SA, Mogharnasi M, Kor NM. The effects of oral supplementation of spirulina platensis microalgae on hematological parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:5238-5244. [PMID: 29312479 PMCID: PMC5752877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It is shown that diabetes can change hematological parameters and some microalgae, i.e. Spirulina platensis, could improve hematological parameters in non-diabetic rats. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Spirulina platensis (SPM) microalgae on hematological parameters in diabetic rats induced by Streptozotocin. Rats, 2.5 males old, were grouped into two sections including healthy and diabetic and received orally 15 and 30 mg/kg body weight SPM for 5 weeks. Control rats received 0.3 ml of distilled water. The experimental groups were as follows; (SH15), healthy rats fed SPM (SH30) 30 mg/kg, diabetic rats fed 15 mg/kg SPM (SD15), diabetic rats fed SPM (SD30) 15 mg/kg, and diabetic control (DC). At the end of the test, blood samples were collected to measure red blood cells, white blood cells, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean cell volume (MCV) and packed cell volume (PCV). The induction of diabetes decreased RBC, MCHC, PCV, MCV and WBC (P < 0.05), but the oral supplement of SPM (30 mg/kg body weight) could improve RBC, WBC, MCHC, PCV and MCV in rats (P < 0.05). The oral complement of SPM, at high levels, seems to be an effective strategy against the negative effects of diabetes on hematological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Nasirian
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of BirjandBirjand, Iran
| | - Behzad Mesbahzadeh
- Assistant Professor, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical, Birjand Univesity of Medical SciencesBirjand, Iran
| | - Saeid Abbasi Maleki
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad UniversityUrmia, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mogharnasi
- Associate Professor of Exercise Physiology, Department of Sport Sciences, University of BirjandBirjand, Iran
| | - Nasroallah Moradi Kor
- Research Centre of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical SciencesSemnan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical SciencesSemnan, Iran
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56
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Rubelt F, Busse CE, Bukhari SAC, Bürckert JP, Mariotti-Ferrandiz E, Cowell LG, Watson CT, Marthandan N, Faison WJ, Hershberg U, Laserson U, Corrie BD, Davis MM, Peters B, Lefranc MP, Scott JK, Breden F, Luning Prak ET, Kleinstein SH. Adaptive Immune Receptor Repertoire Community recommendations for sharing immune-repertoire sequencing data. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:1274-1278. [PMID: 29144493 PMCID: PMC5790180 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing of B and T cell receptors is routinely being applied in studies of adaptive immunity. The Adaptive Immune Receptor Repertoire (AIRR) Community was formed in 2015 to address issues in AIRR sequencing studies, including the development of reporting standards for the sharing of data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rubelt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Christian E Busse
- Division of B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jean-Philippe Bürckert
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Encarnita Mariotti-Ferrandiz
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
| | - Lindsay G Cowell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Corey T Watson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Nishanth Marthandan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William J Faison
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Uri Hershberg
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science & Health Systems, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Uri Laserson
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Brian D Corrie
- iReceptor, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system, LIGM, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jamie K Scott
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- iReceptor, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Felix Breden
- iReceptor, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, and Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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57
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Dickerson HW, Findly RC. Vertebrate Adaptive Immunity-Comparative Insights from a Teleost Model. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1379. [PMID: 29123524 PMCID: PMC5662878 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and the ciliated protozoan parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis are used to study pathogen-specific protective immunity. In this review, we briefly describe this host–parasite system and discuss the comparative insights it provides on the adaptive immune response of vertebrates. We include studies related to cutaneous mucosal immunity, B cell memory responses, and analyses of αβ T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires. This host–parasite model has played an important role in elucidating host protective responses to parasite invasion and for comparative studies of vertebrate immunity. Recent findings from bioinformatics analyses of TCR β repertoires suggest that channel catfish preferentially expand specific clonotypes that are stably integrated in the genome. This finding could have broad implications related to diversity in lymphocyte receptors of early vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry W Dickerson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Robert Craig Findly
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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58
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Beck ML, Thompson M, Hopkins WA. Repeatability and sources of variation of the bacteria-killing assay in the common snapping turtle. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2017; 327:293-301. [PMID: 29356460 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Research on reptile ecoimmunology lags behind that on other vertebrates, despite the importance of such studies for conservation and evolution. Because the innate immune system is highly conserved across vertebrate lineages, assessments of its performance may be particularly useful in reptiles. The bacteria-killing assay requires a single, small blood sample and quantifies an individual's ability to kill microorganisms. The assay's construct validity and interpretability make it an attractive measure of innate immunity, but it requires proper optimization and sample storage. We optimized this assay for the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) to assess the repeatability of the assay and the effects of freezing and thawing on bactericidal capacity. We determined whether age (adult female and hatchlings) or incubation temperature influenced bactericidal capacity. We found that the assay was repeatable and that freezing plasma samples for 6 weeks at -80°C did not decrease bactericidal capacity nor did a single 30-min thaw and subsequent refreezing. However, we detected subtle interassay variation and results from one assay were 5-6% greater than those from the other two. Adult females had significantly greater bactericidal ability than hatchlings and we found no relationship between incubation temperature and bactericidal capacity. This assay is a useful tool in snapping turtles and may have applicability in other reptiles. However, species-specific optimization is required to ensure that variation among individuals exceeds interassay variation. Consideration should be given to optimization conditions that facilitate comparisons between or within groups, particularly groups that differ considerably in bactericidal capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Beck
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Molly Thompson
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - William A Hopkins
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
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59
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Iswarya A, Anjugam M, Vaseeharan B. Role of purified β-1, 3 glucan binding protein (β-GBP) from Paratelphusa hydrodromus and their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibiofilm properties. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:54-64. [PMID: 28684323 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
β- 1, 3-glucan binding protein (β-GBP), a pattern recognition protein (PRP), plays a critical role in triggering the innate immune response by detecting β-glucan found on the surface of microbes. In the present study, β-GBP was purified from the haemolymph of rice field crab Paratelphusa hydrodromus by affinity column chromatography. The monomeric protein Ph-β-GBP appeared as a single band with a molecular weight of approximately 95 kDa in SDS-PAGE analysis and its purity was determined to be 89% by HPLC. MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis revealed that, the purified 95 kDa protein display 36% similarity with β-GBP of crayfish Astacus lepidodactylus. Purified Ph-β-GBP exhibited increased agglutination, phagocytic activity and encapsulation in a dose-dependent manner, indicating the involvement of Ph-β-GBP in cellular immune response against pathogens in crustaceans. Moreover, addition of Ph-β-GBP increased the prophenoloxidase (proPO) and serine protease activity, possibly contributing to the clearance of pathogens. The antioxidant activity of Ph-β-GBP was determined by DPPH radical scavenging activity demonstrates maximum scavenging activity of 78.4%. In addition, RBC membrane stabilization and inhibition of protein (albumin) denaturation proved anti-inflammatory property of Ph-β-GBP. Furthermore, light microscopic and confocal laser scanning microscopic analysis revealed that the reactive compound (laminarin and Ph-β-GBP) reduced the biofilm thickness of Gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative (Vibrio parahaemolyticus) bacteria at the concentration of 25 μg/ml. Taken together, our results demonstrate that, the β-GBP triggers proPO activating system in rice field crab P. hydrodromus and plays a vital role in innate defense mechanism against invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arokiadhas Iswarya
- Crustacean Molecular Biology and Genomics Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Science Block 6(th) Floor, Burma Colony, Karaikudi 630004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahalingam Anjugam
- Crustacean Molecular Biology and Genomics Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Science Block 6(th) Floor, Burma Colony, Karaikudi 630004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Baskaralingam Vaseeharan
- Crustacean Molecular Biology and Genomics Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Science Block 6(th) Floor, Burma Colony, Karaikudi 630004, Tamil Nadu, India.
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60
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Sander WJ, O'Neill HG, Pohl CH. Prostaglandin E 2 As a Modulator of Viral Infections. Front Physiol 2017; 8:89. [PMID: 28261111 PMCID: PMC5306375 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are a major cause of infectious diseases worldwide. Inflammation and the immune system are the major host defenses against these viral infection. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), an eicosanoid generated by cyclooxygenases, has been shown to modulate inflammation and the immune system by regulating the expression/concentration of cytokines. The effect of PGE2 on viral infection and replication is cell type- and virus-family-dependent. The host immune system can be modulated by PGE2, with regards to immunosuppression, inhibition of nitrogen oxide (NO) production, inhibition of interferon (IFN) and apoptotic pathways, and inhibition of viral receptor expression. Furthermore, PGE2 can play a role in viral infection directly by increasing the production and release of virions, inhibiting viral binding and replication, and/or stimulating viral gene expression. PGE2 may also have a regulatory role in the induction of autoimmunity and in signaling via Toll-like receptors. In this review the known effects of PGE2 on the pathogenesis of various infections caused by herpes simplex virus, rotavirus, influenza A virus and human immunodeficiency virus as well the therapeutic potential of PGE2 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carolina H. Pohl
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free StateBloemfontein, South Africa
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61
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Nabavizadeh SH, Nabavizadeh SS, Anushiravani A. Did food allergy develop in the process of animal evolution? Electron Physician 2017; 8:3426-3428. [PMID: 28163859 PMCID: PMC5279977 DOI: 10.19082/3426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is pathophysiologic ally based on stimulation of the immune system at the first exposure, and allergic reactions develop during following exposures. Therefore, memory is the cornerstone of an allergy, as seen in the adaptive immune system. The adaptive immune system was first introduced during evolution in vertebrates, so we can say that invertebrates do not have allergic reactions. We can conclude that food allergy is a complication of animal evolution. Evolution also can cause diseases and complications; therefore, understanding it may help in allergy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hesamedin Nabavizadeh
- M.D., Professor, Department of Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Sadat Nabavizadeh
- Student of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Anushiravani
- M.D., Faculty Member, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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62
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Candido-Ferreira IL, Kronenberger T, Sayegh RSR, Batista IDFC, da Silva Junior PI. Evidence of an Antimicrobial Peptide Signature Encrypted in HECT E3 Ubiquitin Ligases. Front Immunol 2017; 7:664. [PMID: 28119686 PMCID: PMC5220581 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) is a hallmark of the eukaryotic cell. In jawed vertebrates, it has been co-opted by the adaptive immune system, where proteasomal degradation produces endogenous peptides for major histocompatibility complex class I antigen presentation. However, proteolytic products are also necessary for the phylogenetically widespread innate immune system, as they often play a role as host defense peptides (HDPs), pivotal effectors against pathogens. Here, we report the identification of the arachnid HDP oligoventin, which shares homology to a core member of the UPP, E3 ubiquitin ligases. Oligoventin has broad antimicrobial activity and shows strong synergy with lysozymes. Using computational and phylogenetic approaches, we show high conservation of the oligoventin signature in HECT E3s. In silico simulation of HECT E3s self-proteolysis provides evidence that HDPs can be generated by fine-tuned 26S proteasomal degradation, and therefore are consistent with the hypothesis that oligoventin is a cryptic peptide released by the proteolytic processing of an Nedd4 E3 precursor protein. Finally, we compare the production of HDPs and endogenous antigens from orthologous HECT E3s by proteasomal degradation as a means of analyzing the UPP coupling to metazoan immunity. Our results highlight the functional plasticity of the UPP in innate and adaptive immune systems as a possibly recurrent mechanism to generate functionally diverse peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Lavander Candido-Ferreira
- Special Laboratory for Applied Toxinology (LETA), Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thales Kronenberger
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo , São Paulo, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Raphael Santa Rosa Sayegh
- Special Laboratory for Applied Toxinology (LETA), Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Ismael da Silva Junior
- Special Laboratory for Applied Toxinology (LETA), Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute , São Paulo, São Paulo , Brazil
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63
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The Memories of NK Cells: Innate-Adaptive Immune Intrinsic Crosstalk. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:1376595. [PMID: 28078307 PMCID: PMC5204097 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1376595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although NK cells are considered part of the innate immune system, a series of evidences has demonstrated that they possess characteristics typical of the adaptive immune system. These NK adaptive features, in particular their memory-like functions, are discussed from an ontogenetic and evolutionary point of view.
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64
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Girola N, Matsuo AL, Figueiredo CR, Massaoka MH, Farias CF, Arruda DC, Azevedo RA, Monteiro HP, Resende-Lara PT, Cunha RLOR, Polonelli L, Travassos LR. The Ig V H complementarity-determining region 3-containing Rb9 peptide, inhibits melanoma cells migration and invasion by interactions with Hsp90 and an adhesion G-protein coupled receptor. Peptides 2016; 85:1-15. [PMID: 27575453 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The present work aims at investigating the mechanism of action of the Rb9 peptide, which contains the VHCDR 3 sequence of anti-sodium-dependent phosphate transport protein 2B (NaPi2B) monoclonal antibody RebMab200 and displayed antitumor properties. Short peptides corresponding to the hypervariable complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of immunoglobulins have been associated with antimicrobial, antiviral, immunomodulatory and antitumor activities regardless of the specificity of the antibody. We have shown that the CDR derived peptide Rb9 induced substrate hyperadherence, inhibition of cell migration and matrix invasion in melanoma and other tumor cell lines. Rb9 also inhibited metastasis of murine melanoma in a syngeneic mouse model. We found that Rb9 binds to and interferes with Hsp90 chaperone activity causing attenuation of FAK-Src signaling and downregulation of active Rac1 in B16F10-Nex2 melanoma cells. The peptide also bound to an adhesion G-protein coupled receptor, triggering a concentration-dependent synthesis of cAMP and activation of PKA and VASP signaling as well as IP-3 dependent Ca2+ release. Hsp90 is highly expressed on the cell surface of melanoma cells, and synthetic agents that target Hsp90 are promising cancer therapeutic drugs. Based on their remarkable antitumor effects, the CDR-H3-derived peptides from RebMab200, and particularly the highly soluble and stable Rb9, are novel candidates to be further studied as potential antitumor drugs, selectively acting on cancer cell motility and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Girola
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Cell Biology Division and Experimental Oncology Unit (UNONEX), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alisson L Matsuo
- Interdepartmental Group of Health Economics (Grides), Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Figueiredo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Cell Biology Division and Experimental Oncology Unit (UNONEX), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana H Massaoka
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Cell Biology Division and Experimental Oncology Unit (UNONEX), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Camyla F Farias
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Cell Biology Division and Experimental Oncology Unit (UNONEX), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise C Arruda
- Núcleo Integrado de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Azevedo
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hugo P Monteiro
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy (CTCMol) and Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro T Resende-Lara
- Computation and Bioinformatic Biology laboratory, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo L O R Cunha
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Natural and Human Sciences Center, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciano Polonelli
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, Universitá degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luiz R Travassos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Cell Biology Division and Experimental Oncology Unit (UNONEX), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Recepta Biopharma, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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65
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Cruz-Adalia A, Veiga E. Close Encounters of Lymphoid Cells and Bacteria. Front Immunol 2016; 7:405. [PMID: 27774092 PMCID: PMC5053978 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
During infections, the first reaction of the host against microbial pathogens is carried out by innate immune cells, which recognize conserved structures on pathogens, called pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Afterward, some of these innate cells can phagocytose and destroy the pathogens, secreting cytokines that would modulate the immune response to the challenge. This rapid response is normally followed by the adaptive immunity, more specific and essential for a complete pathogen clearance in many cases. Some innate immune cells, usually named antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages or dendritic cells, are able to process internalized invaders and present their antigens to lymphocytes, triggering the adaptive immune response. Nevertheless, the traditional boundary of separated roles between innate and adaptive immunity has been blurred by several studies, showing that very specialized populations of lymphocytes (cells of the adaptive immunity) behave similarly to cells of the innate immunity. These “innate-like” lymphocytes include γδ T cells, invariant NKT cells, B-1 cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells, marginal zone B cells, and innate response activator cells, and together with the newly described innate lymphoid cells are able to rapidly respond to bacterial infections. Strikingly, our recent data suggest that conventional CD4+ T cells, the paradigm of cells of the adaptive immunity, also present innate-like behavior, capturing bacteria in a process called transinfection. Transinfected CD4+ T cells digest internalized bacteria like professional phagocytes and secrete large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, protecting for further bacterial challenges. In the present review, we will focus on the data showing such innate-like behavior of lymphocytes following bacteria encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranzazu Cruz-Adalia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones, Científicas (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Esteban Veiga
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones, Científicas (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
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66
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Jafar N, Edriss H, Nugent K. The Effect of Short-Term Hyperglycemia on the Innate Immune System. Am J Med Sci 2016; 351:201-11. [PMID: 26897277 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus increases the susceptibility to infection by altering both the innate and the adaptive immune systems. Hyperglycemia has been associated with adverse outcomes in hospitalized patients, especially critically ill patients; these poor outcomes are explained in part by hospital-associated infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS PubMed, EMBASE and Google Scholar were searched to identify studies published between 1970 and 2014 reporting short-term effects of hyperglycemia on the innate immune system. MeSH database search terms included hyperglycemia, immune system, inflammation, inflammation mediators, neutrophils, endothelial dysfunction, complement system proteins and diabetes. Pertinent articles reported studies in healthy volunteers and diabetic patients, using in vitro laboratory experiments, and with animal models. RESULTS Hyperglycemia activates protein kinase C, and this inhibits neutrophil migration, phagocytosis, superoxide production and microbial killing. High glucose concentrations decrease the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Hyperglycemia can also induce Toll-like receptor expression and inhibit neutrophil function and apoptosis. High glucose concentrations decrease vascular dilation and increase permeability during the initial inflammatory responses, possibly through protein kinase C activation. Hyperglycemia can cause direct glycosylation of proteins and alter the tertiary structure of complement; these changes inhibit immunoglobulin-mediated opsonization of bacteria and complement fixation to bacteria and decreases phagocytosis. Hyperglycemia also stimulates the production and release of cytokines. Several trials have demonstrated that better glycemic control reduces nosocomial infections in critically ill patients and surgical site infections. CONCLUSIONS In summary, acute hyperglycemia can significantly alter innate immune responses to infection, and this potentially explains some of the poor outcomes in hospitalized patients who develop hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagham Jafar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Hawa Edriss
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Kenneth Nugent
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas..
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67
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Ohta Y, Flajnik MF. Coevolution of MHC genes (LMP/TAP/class Ia, NKT-class Ib, NKp30-B7H6): lessons from cold-blooded vertebrates. Immunol Rev 2016; 267:6-15. [PMID: 26284468 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Comparative immunology provides the long view of what is conserved across all vertebrate taxa versus what is specific to particular organisms or group of organisms. Regarding the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and coevolution, three striking cases have been revealed in cold-blooded vertebrates: lineages of class Ia antigen-processing and -presenting genes, evolutionary conservation of NKT-class Ib recognition, and the ancient emergence of the natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp30 and its ligand B7H6. While coevolution of transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) and class Ia has been documented in endothermic birds and two mammals, lineages of LMP7 are restricted to ectotherms. The unambiguous discovery of natural killer T (NKT) cells in Xenopus demonstrated that NKT cells are not restricted to mammals and are likely to have emerged at the same time in evolution as classical α/β and γ/δ T cells. NK cell receptors evolve at a rapid rate, and orthologues are nearly impossible to identify in different vertebrate classes. By contrast, we have detected NKp30 in all gnathostomes, except in species where it was lost. The recently discovered ligand of NKp30, B7H6, shows strong signs of coevolution with NKp30 throughout evolution, i.e. coincident loss or expansion of both genes in some species. NKp30 also offers an attractive IgSF candidate for the invasion of the RAG transposon, which is believed to have initiated T-cell receptor/immunoglobulin adaptive immunity. Besides reviewing these intriguing features of MHC evolution and coevolution, we offer suggestions for future studies and propose a model for the primordial or proto MHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ohta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martin F Flajnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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68
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Liu Y, Li X, Qi J, Zhang N, Xia C. The structural basis of chicken, swine and bovine CD8αα dimers provides insight into the co-evolution with MHC I in endotherm species. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24788. [PMID: 27122108 PMCID: PMC4848529 DOI: 10.1038/srep24788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unclear how the pivotal molecules of the adaptive immune system (AIS) maintain their inherent characteristics and relationships with their co-receptors over the course of co-evolution. CD8α, a fundamental but simple AIS component with only one immunoglobulin variable (IgV) domain, is a good example with which to explore this question because it can fold correctly to form homodimers (CD8αα) and interact with peptide-MHC I (p/MHC I) with low sequence identities between different species. Hereby, we resolved the crystal structures of chicken, swine and bovine CD8αα. They are typical homodimers consisting of two symmetric IgV domains with distinct species specificities. The CD8αα structures indicated that a few highly conserved residues are important in CD8 dimerization and in interacting with p/MHC I. The dimerization of CD8αα mainly depends on the pivotal residues on the dimer interface; in particular, four aromatic residues provide many intermolecular forces and contact areas. Three residues on the surface of CD8α connecting cavities that formed most of the hydrogen bonds with p/MHC I were also completely conserved. Our data propose that a few key conserved residues are able to ensure the CD8α own structural characteristics despite the great sequence variation that occurs during evolution in endotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China.,Key Laboratory for Insect-Pollinator Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apiculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Nianzhi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Chun Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China.,The Key Laboratory Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Beijing 100094, China
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69
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Cao DD, Liao X, Cheng W, Jiang YL, Wang WJ, Li Q, Chen JY, Chen Y, Zhou CZ. Structure of a variable lymphocyte receptor-like protein from the amphioxus Branchiostoma floridae. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19951. [PMID: 26821753 PMCID: PMC4731796 DOI: 10.1038/srep19951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Discovery of variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) in agnathans (jawless fish) has brought the origin of adaptive immunity system (AIS) forward to 500 million years ago accompanying with the emergence of vertebrates. Previous findings indicated that amphioxus, a representative model organism of chordate, also possesses some homologs of the basic components of TCR/BCR-based AIS, but it remains unknown if there exist any components of VLR-based AIS in amphioxus. Bioinformatics analyses revealed the amphioxus Branchiostoma floridae encodes a group of putative VLR-like proteins. Here we reported the 1.79 Å crystal structure of Bf66946, which forms a crescent-shaped structure of five leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). Structural comparisons indicated that Bf66946 resembles the lamprey VLRC. Further electrostatic potential analyses showed a negatively-charged patch at the concave of LRR solenoid structure that might be responsible for antigen recognition. Site-directed mutagenesis combined with bacterial binding assays revealed that Bf66946 binds to the surface of Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumonia via a couple of acidic residues at the concave. In addition, the closest homolog of Bf66946 is highly expressed in the potential immune organ gill of Branchiostoma belcheri. Altogether, our findings provide the first structural evidence for the emergence of VLR-like molecules in the basal chordates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Cao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230027, China
| | - Xin Liao
- Beihai Marine Station, Evo-devo Institute, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22#, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Wang Cheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yong-Liang Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230027, China
| | - Wen-Jie Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230027, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230027, China
| | - Jun-Yuan Chen
- Beihai Marine Station, Evo-devo Institute, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22#, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China,
| | - Yuxing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230027, China,
| | - Cong-Zhao Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230027, China,
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Davies S, Behbahaninia H, Giraudeau M, Meddle SL, Waites K, Deviche P. Advanced seasonal reproductive development in a male urban bird is reflected in earlier plasma luteinizing hormone rise but not energetic status. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 224:1-10. [PMID: 25985895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Urban animals inhabit an environment considerably different than do their non-urban conspecifics, and to persist urban animals must adjust to these novel environments. The timing of seasonal reproductive development (i.e., growth of gonads and secondary sex organs) is a fundamental determinant of the breeding period and is frequently advanced in urban bird populations. However, the underlying mechanism(s) by which birds adjust the timing of reproductive development to urban areas remain(s) largely unknown. Here, we compared the timing of vernal reproductive development in free-ranging urban and non-urban male Abert's Towhees, Melozone aberti, in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, and tested the non-mutually exclusive hypotheses that earlier reproductive development is due to improved energetic status and/or earlier increase in endocrine activity of the reproductive system. We found that urban birds initiated testicular development earlier than non-urban birds, but this disparity was not associated with differences in body condition, fat stores, or innate immune performance. These results provide no support for the hypothesis that energetic constraints are responsible for delayed reproductive development of non-urban relative to urban male Abert's Towhees. Urban birds did, however, increase their plasma luteinizing hormone, but not plasma testosterone, earlier than non-urban birds. These findings suggest that adjustment to urban areas by Abert's Towhees involves increases in the endocrine activity of the anterior pituitary gland and/or hypothalamus earlier than non-urban towhees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Davies
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA(1).
| | | | - Mathieu Giraudeau
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Heydon-Laurence Bldg AO8, Science Rd., Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia(1)
| | - Simone L Meddle
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
| | - Kyle Waites
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Pierre Deviche
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Abstract
Autoimmune and chronic inflammatory organic diseases represent a "postindustrial revolution epidemics," and their frequency has increased dramatically in the last century. Today, it is assumed that the increase in hygiene standards reduced the interactions with helminth parasites that coevolved with the immune system and are crucial for its proper functioning. Several helminths have been proposed and tested in the search of the ideal therapeutic. In this review, the authors summarize the translational and clinical studies and review the caveats and possible solutions for the optimization of helminth therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Leonardi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Frey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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72
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Early histocompatibility: color the mechanism green and red. Curr Biol 2015; 25:R1042-R1043. [PMID: 26528746 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Allorecognition in Hydractinia, a cnidarian, is governed by two different, highly polymorphic genes encoding transmembrane proteins. Using a fluorescent cell read-out system, a new study now shows that the basis for specificity involves homophilic interactions between extracellular domains.
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73
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Tong C, Zhang C, Zhang R, Zhao K. Transcriptome profiling analysis of naked carp (Gymnocypris przewalskii) provides insights into the immune-related genes in highland fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:366-377. [PMID: 26117731 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The naked carp, Gymnocypris przewalskii, is one of the dominant aquaculture fish species in Qinghai Province, China. Its wild stocks have severely suffered from overfishing, and the farming species are vulnerable to various pathogens infections. Here we report the first immune-related tissues transcriptome of a wild naked carp using a deep sequencing approach. A total of 158,087 unigenes are generated, 2687 gill-specific gene and 3215 kidney-specific genes are identified, respectively. Gene ontology analysis shows that 51,671 unigenes are involved in three major functional categories: biological process, cellular component, and molecular function. Further analysis shows that numerous consensus sequences are homologous to known immune-related genes. Pathways mapping annotate 56,270 unigenes and identify a large number of immune-related pathways. In addition, we focus on the immune-related genes and gene family in Toll-like receptor signaling pathway involved in innate immunity, including toll-like receptors (TLRs), interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), interleukins (ILs) and tumor necrosis factors (TNFs). Eventually, we identify 5 TLRs, 4 IRFs, 3 ILs and 2 TNFs with a completed coding sequence though mining the transcriptome data. Phylogeny analysis shows these genes of naked carp are mostly close to zebrafish. Protein domain and selection pressure analyses together show that all these genes are highly conserved in gene sequence and protein domain structure with other species, and purifying selection underwent in these genes, implied functionally important features are conserved in the genes above. Intriguingly, we detect positive selection signals in naked carp TLR4, and significant divergence occurred among tested species TLR4, suggested that naked carp TLR4 function may be affected. Finally, we identify 23,867 simple sequence repeat (SSR) marks in this transcriptome. Taken together, this study not only contributes a large number of candidate genes in naked carp immunity, and also helps improve current understanding of immunogenetics basis and evolutionary history of immune related genes and gene family in highland fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tong
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China; Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cunfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China; Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Renyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China; Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China; Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China.
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74
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Abstract
In the colonial tunicate Botryllus schlosseri, a co-dominant trait determines the capacity of adjacent colonies to fuse or reject. An innovative RNA sequencing approach has now identified the gene that predicts the outcomes of this naturally occurring allograft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Litman
- Morsani College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
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75
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Alternative adaptive immunity strategies: coelacanth, cod and shark immunity. Mol Immunol 2015; 69:157-69. [PMID: 26423359 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The advent of high throughput sequencing has permitted to investigate the genome and the transcriptome of novel non-model species with unprecedented depth. This technological advance provided a better understanding of the evolution of adaptive immune genes in gnathostomes, revealing several unexpected features in different fish species which are of particular interest. In the present paper, we review the current understanding of the adaptive immune system of the coelacanth, the elephant shark and the Atlantic cod. The study of coelacanth, the only living extant of the long thought to be extinct Sarcopterygian lineage, is fundamental to bring new insights on the evolution of the immune system in higher vertebrates. Surprisingly, coelacanths are the only known jawed vertebrates to lack IgM, whereas two IgD/W loci are present. Cartilaginous fish are of great interest due to their basal position in the vertebrate tree of life; the genome of the elephant shark revealed the lack of several important immune genes related to T cell functions, which suggest the existence of a primordial set of TH1-like cells. Finally, the Atlantic cod lacks a functional major histocompatibility II complex, but balances this evolutionary loss with the expansion of specific gene families, including MHC I, Toll-like receptors and antimicrobial peptides. Overall, these data point out that several fish species present an unconventional adaptive immune system, but the loss of important immune genes is balanced by adaptive evolutionary strategies which still guarantee the establishment of an efficient immune response against the pathogens they have to fight during their life.
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76
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Yang L, Yao F, Ba H, Qin T, Luan H, Li Z, Hou L, Zou X. Identification, expression pattern and potential role of variable lymphocyte receptor Aj-VLRA from Apostichopus japonicus in response to bacterial challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:221-230. [PMID: 25896798 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) are found in jawless vertebrates (agnathans), and specifically recognize bacteria and viruses via their leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). VLRs are believed to be adaptive immune response molecules. Echinoderms do not have adaptive immune systems; however, in the present study, a VLR cDNA named Aj-VLRA was cloned and characterized from sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. The complete cDNA of Aj-VLRA was 3072 bp, including a 1995 bp open reading frame encoding 664 amino acids comprising LRR domains, a predicted transmembrane helix and an N-terminal signal peptide. As determined by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Aj-VLRA transcripts are ubiquitously expressed in the body wall, longitudinal muscles, intestine and respiratory tree of A. japonicus. The expression level of Aj-VLRA was upregulated after challenge with four common marine bacteria. In situ hybridization showed that the expression of Aj-VLRA was widely distributed in the four tissues, particularly in the cytoplasm of epidermal cells. Recombinantly expressed Aj-VLRA (including the LRR domains) could bind to bacteria including Micrococcus lysodeikticus (Gram+) and Vibrio anguillarum (Gram-). Collectively, the results suggested that Aj-VLRA is related to an innate immune response of A. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Feng Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Huazhong Ba
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Tong Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Hong Luan
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Zhengmin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China
| | - Lin Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, China.
| | - Xiangyang Zou
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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Kumar A, Bhandari A, Sarde SJ, Muppavarapu S, Tandon R. Understanding V(D)J recombination initiator RAG1 gene using molecular phylogenetic and genetic variant analyses and upgrading missense and non-coding variants of clinical importance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 462:301-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Anisimova M. Darwin and Fisher meet at biotech: on the potential of computational molecular evolution in industry. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:76. [PMID: 25928234 PMCID: PMC4422139 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Today computational molecular evolution is a vibrant research field that benefits from the availability of large and complex new generation sequencing data – ranging from full genomes and proteomes to microbiomes, metabolomes and epigenomes. The grounds for this progress were established long before the discovery of the DNA structure. Specifically, Darwin’s theory of evolution by means of natural selection not only remains relevant today, but also provides a solid basis for computational research with a variety of applications. But a long-term progress in biology was ensured by the mathematical sciences, as exemplified by Sir R. Fisher in early 20th century. Now this is true more than ever: The data size and its complexity require biologists to work in close collaboration with experts in computational sciences, modeling and statistics. Results Natural selection drives function conservation and adaptation to emerging pathogens or new environments; selection plays key role in immune and resistance systems. Here I focus on computational methods for evaluating selection in molecular sequences, and argue that they have a high potential for applications. Pharma and biotech industries can successfully use this potential, and should take the initiative to enhance their research and development with state of the art bioinformatics approaches. Conclusions This review provides a quick guide to the current computational approaches that apply the evolutionary principles of natural selection to real life problems – from drug target validation, vaccine design and protein engineering to applications in agriculture, ecology and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anisimova
- Institute of Applied Simulations, School of Life Sciences and Facility Management, Zürich University of Applied Sciences, Einsiedlerstrasse 31a, Wädenswil, 8820, Switzerland. .,Department of Computer Science, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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79
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Modulation of immune response by organophosphorus pesticides: fishes as a potential model in immunotoxicology. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:213836. [PMID: 25973431 PMCID: PMC4417994 DOI: 10.1155/2015/213836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune response is modulated by different substances that are present in the environment. Nevertheless, some of these may cause an immunotoxic effect. In this paper, the effect of organophosphorus pesticides (frequent substances spilled in aquatic ecosystems) on the immune system of fishes and in immunotoxicology is reviewed. Furthermore, some cellular and molecular mechanisms that might be involved in immunoregulation mechanisms of organophosphorus pesticides are discussed.
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80
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Yuan S, Ruan J, Huang S, Chen S, Xu A. Amphioxus as a model for investigating evolution of the vertebrate immune system. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 48:297-305. [PMID: 24877655 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
As the most basal chordate, the cephalochordate amphioxus has unique features that make it a valuable model for understanding the phylogeny of immunity. Vertebrate adaptive immunity (VAI) mediated by lymphocytes bearing variable receptors has been well-studied in mammals but not observed in invertebrates. However, the identification of lymphocyte-like cells in the gill along with genes related with lymphoid proliferation and differentiation indicates the presence of some basic components of VAI in amphioxus. Without VAI, amphioxus utilizes about 10% of its gene repertoires, and an ongoing domain reshuffling mechanism among these genes, for innate immunity, suggesting extraordinary innate complexity and diversity not observed in other species. Innate diversity may not be comparable to the somatic diversity of the VAI, but there is no doubt of the success of this immune system, since amphioxus has existed for over 500 million years. Studies of amphioxus immunity may provide information on the reduction of innate immune complexity and the conflict between microbiota and host shaped the evolution of adaptive immune systems (AIS) during chordate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaochun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengfeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangwu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Anlong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.
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81
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Norouzitallab P, Biswas P, Baruah K, Bossier P. Multigenerational immune priming in an invertebrate parthenogenetic Artemia to a pathogenic Vibrio campbellii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 42:426-429. [PMID: 25433135 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Norouzitallab
- Lab of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Rozier 44, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Priyanka Biswas
- Lab of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Rozier 44, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Kartik Baruah
- Lab of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Rozier 44, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Peter Bossier
- Lab of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Rozier 44, Gent 9000, Belgium.
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82
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Pampori ZA, Pandita S. Age- and sex-related variability in physiological and immune responses to endotoxin challenge in Murrah buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis). JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2014.883318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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83
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Iranzo J, Villoslada P. Autoimmunity and tumor immunology: two facets of a probabilistic immune system. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2014; 8:120. [PMID: 25385554 PMCID: PMC4236429 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-014-0120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The immune system of vertebrates has evolved the ability to mount highly elaborate responses to a broad range of pathogen-driven threats. Accordingly, it is quite a challenge to understand how a primitive adaptive immune system that probably lacked much of its present complexity could provide its bearers with significant evolutionary advantage, and therefore, continue to be selected for. Results We have developed a very simple model of the immune system that captures the probabilistic communication between its innate and adaptive components. Probabilistic communication arises specifically from the fact that antigen presenting cells collect and present a range of antigens from which the adaptive immune system must (probabilistically) identify its target. Our results show that although some degree of self-reactivity in the immune repertoire is unavoidable, the system is generally able to correctly target pathogens rather than self-antigens. Particular circumstances that impair correct targeting and that may lead to infection-induced autoimmunity can be predicted within this framework. Notably, the probabilistic immune system exhibits the remarkable ability to detect sudden increases in the abundance of rare self-antigens, which represents a first step towards developing anti-tumoral responses. Conclusion A simple probabilistic model of the communication between the innate and adaptive immune system provides a robust immune response, including targeting tumors, but at the price of being at risk of developing autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Iranzo
- Centro de Astrobiología, INTA - CSIC, Madrid, Spain. .,Current address: National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Pablo Villoslada
- Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Casanova 145, Cellex Center 3A, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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84
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Sacco DF, Young SG, Hugenberg K. Balancing competing motives: adaptive trade-offs are necessary to satisfy disease avoidance and interpersonal affiliation goals. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2014; 40:1611-23. [PMID: 25278107 DOI: 10.1177/0146167214552790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The current research provides novel evidence for motivational trade-offs between the two fundamental human goals of pursuing social affiliation and avoiding disease. In Study 1, participants completed a writing prime that manipulated inclusionary status and found that socially excluded participants indicated lower feelings of current disease susceptibility compared with control and socially included participants. In Study 2, participants were included or excluded via Cyberball and then indicated their preferences for symmetrical versus asymmetrical faces. Socially excluded participants displayed lower preferences for symmetrical faces--a cue associated with greater disease resistance. Finally, in Study 3, participants were primed with either disease threat or a general negative affective state and then indicated their current affiliation interest. Activated disease concerns uniquely led participants to display less interest in social affiliation. Taken together, affiliation needs result in disease avoidance down-regulation to aid reaffiliation, whereas disease concerns result in affiliation down-regulation to facilitate pathogen avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Sacco
- The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, USA
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85
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Figueiredo CR, Matsuo AL, Massaoka MH, Polonelli L, Travassos LR. Anti-tumor activities of peptides corresponding to conserved complementary determining regions from different immunoglobulins. Peptides 2014; 59:14-9. [PMID: 24972300 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Short synthetic peptides corresponding to sequences of complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) from different immunoglobulin families have been shown to induce antimicrobial, antiviral and antitumor activities regardless of the specificity of the original monoclonal antibody (mAb). Presently, we studied the in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of synthetic peptides derived from conserved CDR sequences of different immunoglobulins against human tumor cell lines and murine B16F10-Nex2 melanoma aiming at the discovery of candidate molecules for cancer therapy. Four light- and heavy-chain CDR peptide sequences from different antibodies (C36-L1, HA9-H2, 1-H2 and Mg16-H2) showed cytotoxic activity against murine melanoma and a panel of human tumor cell lineages in vitro. Importantly, they also exerted anti-metastatic activity using a syngeneic melanoma model in mice. Other peptides (D07-H3, MN20v1, MS2-H3) were also protective against metastatic melanoma, without showing significant cytotoxicity against tumor cells in vitro. In this case, we suggest that these peptides may act as immune adjuvants in vivo. As observed, peptides induced nitric oxide production in bone-marrow macrophages showing that innate immune cells can also be modulated by these CDR peptides. The present screening supports the search in immunoglobulins of rather frequent CDR sequences that are endowed with specific antitumor properties and may be candidates to be developed as anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R Figueiredo
- Experimental Oncology Unit (UNONEX), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alisson L Matsuo
- Experimental Oncology Unit (UNONEX), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana H Massaoka
- Experimental Oncology Unit (UNONEX), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciano Polonelli
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences, Universitá degli Studi di Parma, Parma 43121, Italy
| | - Luiz R Travassos
- Experimental Oncology Unit (UNONEX), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Recepta Biopharma, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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86
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Jiang B, Liu Y, Chen R, Wang Z, Tariq M, Xia C. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of a single variable domain of the immunoglobulin superfamily in amphioxus, Amphi-IgSF-V. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:1072-5. [PMID: 25084385 PMCID: PMC4118807 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14012746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphioxus is regarded as an essential animal model for the study of immune evolution. Discovery of new molecules with the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) variable (V) domain in amphioxus would help in studying the evolution of IgSF V molecules in the immune system. A protein was found which just contains only one IgSF V domain in amphioxus, termed Amphi-IgSF-V; it has over 30% sequence identity to the V domains of human immunoglobulins and mammalian T-cell receptors. In order to clarify the three-dimensional structure of this new molecule in amphioxus, Amphi-IgSF-V was expressed, purified and crystallized, and diffraction data were collected to a resolution of 1.95 Å. The crystal belonged to space group P3221, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 53.9, c = 135.5 Å. The Matthews coefficient and solvent content were calculated to be 2.58 Å(3) Da(-1) and 52.38%, respectively. The results will provide structural information to study the evolution of IgSF V molecules in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanjie Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenbao Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mansoor Tariq
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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87
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Liberti A, Melillo D, Zucchetti I, Natale L, Dishaw LJ, Litman GW, De Santis R, Pinto MR. Expression of Ciona intestinalis variable region-containing chitin-binding proteins during development of the gastrointestinal tract and their role in host-microbe interactions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94984. [PMID: 24788831 PMCID: PMC4008424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Variable region-containing chitin-binding proteins (VCBPs) are secreted, immune-type molecules that have been described in both amphioxus, a cephalochordate, and sea squirt, Ciona intestinalis, a urochordate. In adult Ciona, VCBP-A, -B and -C are expressed in hemocytes and the cells of the gastrointestinal tract. VCBP-C binds bacteria in the stomach lumen and functions as an opsonin in vitro. In the present paper the expression of VCBPs has been characterized during development using in situ hybridization, immunohistochemical staining and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technologies. The expression of VCBP-A and -C is detected first in discrete areas of larva endoderm and becomes progressively localized during differentiation in the stomach and intestine, marking the development of gut tracts. In “small adults” (1–2 cm juveniles) expression of VCBP-C persists and VCBP-A gradually diminishes, ultimately replaced by expression of VCBP-B. The expression of VCBP-A and -C in stage 7–8 juveniles, at which point animals have already started feeding, is influenced significantly by challenge with either Gram-positive or -negative bacteria. A potential role for VCBPs in gut-microbiota interactions and homeostasis is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Liberti
- Department of Animal Physiology and Evolution, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Melillo
- Department of Animal Physiology and Evolution, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ivana Zucchetti
- Department of Animal Physiology and Evolution, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Lenina Natale
- Department of Animal Physiology and Evolution, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Larry J. Dishaw
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida College of Medicine, St Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gary W. Litman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida College of Medicine, St Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rosaria De Santis
- Department of Animal Physiology and Evolution, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Pinto
- Department of Animal Physiology and Evolution, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy
- * E-mail:
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88
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Rimer J, Cohen IR, Friedman N. Do all creatures possess an acquired immune system of some sort? Bioessays 2014; 36:273-81. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Rimer
- Department of Immunology; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot Israel
| | - Irun R. Cohen
- Department of Immunology; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot Israel
| | - Nir Friedman
- Department of Immunology; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot Israel
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Abstract
The various cells and proteins responsible for immunity constitute the immune system, and their orchestrated response to defend foreign/non-self substances (antigen) is known as the immune response. When an antigen attacks the host system, two distinct, yet interrelated, branches of the immune system are active-the nonspecific/innate and specific/adaptive immune response. Both of these systems have certain physiological mechanisms, which enable the host to recognize foreign materials to itself and to neutralize, eliminate, or metabolize them. Innate immunity represents the earliest development of protection against antigens. Adaptive immunity has again two branches-humoral and cell mediated. It should be noted that both innate and adaptive immunities do not work independently. Moreover, most of the immune responses involve the activity and interplay of both the humoral and the cell-mediated immune branches of the immune system. We have described these branches in detail along with the mechanism of antigen recognition. This chapter also describes the disorders of immune system in brief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Tomar
- Machine Intelligence Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 Barrackpore Trunk Road, Kolkata, 700108, India,
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90
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An amphioxus RAG1-like DNA fragment encodes a functional central domain of vertebrate core RAG1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 111:397-402. [PMID: 24368847 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1318843111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly diversified repertoire of antigen receptors in the vertebrate immune system is generated via proteins encoded by the recombination activating genes (RAGs) RAG1 and RAG2 by a process known as variable, diversity, and joining [V(D)J] gene recombination. Based on the study of vertebrate RAG proteins, many hypotheses have been proposed regarding the origin and evolution of RAG. This issue remains unresolved, leaving a significant gap in our understanding of the evolution of adaptive immunity. Here, we show that the amphioxus genome contains an ancient RAG1-like DNA fragment (bfRAG1L) that encodes a virus-related protein that is much shorter than vertebrate RAG1 and harbors a region homologous to the central domain of core RAG1 (cRAG1). bfRAG1L also contains an unexpected retroviral type II nuclease active site motif, DXN(D/E)XK, and is capable of degrading both DNA and RNA. Moreover, bfRAG1L shares important functional properties with the central domain of cRAG1, including interaction with RAG2 and localization to the nucleus. Remarkably, the reconstitution of bfRAG1L into a cRAG1-like protein yielded an enzyme capable of recognizing recombination signal sequences and performing V(D)J recombination in the presence of mouse RAG2. Moreover, this reconstituted cRAG1-like protein could mediate the assembly of antigen receptor genes in RAG1-deficient mice. Together, our results demonstrate that amphioxus bfRAG1L encodes a protein that is functionally equivalent to the central domain of cRAG1 and is well prepared for further evolution to mediate V(D)J recombination. Thus, our findings provide unique insights into the evolutionary origin of RAG1.
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91
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Influence of the cholinergic system on the immune response of teleost fishes: potential model in biomedical research. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:536534. [PMID: 24324508 PMCID: PMC3845846 DOI: 10.1155/2013/536534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fishes are the phylogenetically oldest vertebrate group, which includes more than one-half of the vertebrates on the planet; additionally, many species have ecological and economic importance. Fish are the first evolved group of organisms with adaptive immune mechanisms; consequently, they are an important link in the evolution of the immune system, thus a potential model for understanding the mechanisms of immunoregulation. Currently, the influence of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) on the cells of the immune system is widely studied in mammalian models, which have provided evidence on ACh production by immune cells (the noncholinergic neuronal system); however, these neuroimmunomodulation mechanisms in fish and lower vertebrates are poorly studied. Therefore, the objective of this review paper was to analyze the influence of the cholinergic system on the immune response of teleost fish, which could provide information concerning the possibility of bidirectional communication between the nervous and immune systems in these organisms and provide data for a better understanding of basic issues in neuroimmunology in lower vertebrates, such as bony fishes. Thus, the use of fish as a model in biomedical research may contribute to a better understanding of human diseases and diseases in other animals.
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92
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Vigorito E, Kohlhaas S, Lu D, Leyland R. miR-155: an ancient regulator of the immune system. Immunol Rev 2013; 253:146-57. [PMID: 23550644 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a newly recognized class of regulatory genes which repress the expression of protein-coding genes. Numerous studies have uncovered a complex role for miRNAs regulating many aspects of a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, and lineage commitment. In the immune system, miR-155 is unique in its ability to shape the transcriptome of activated myeloid and lymphoid cells controlling diverse biological functions ranging from inflammation to immunological memory. Not surprisingly, a tight control of miR-155 expression is required to avoid malignant transformation, as evidenced by miR-155 overexpression in many cancers of B-cell origin. In this review, we discuss the potential of miR-155 as a molecular target for therapeutic intervention and discuss the function of miR-155 in the context of protective immunity. We first look back into the emergence of miR-155 in evolution, which is coincidental with the emergence of the ancestors of the antigen receptors. We then summarize what we have learned about the role of miR-155 in the regulation of lymphoid subsets at the cellular and molecular level in the context of recent progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vigorito
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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93
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Bakay M, Pandey R, Hakonarson H. Genes involved in type 1 diabetes: an update. Genes (Basel) 2013; 4:499-521. [PMID: 24705215 PMCID: PMC3924830 DOI: 10.3390/genes4030499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is a chronic multifactorial disease with a strong genetic component, which, through interactions with specific environmental factors, triggers disease onset. T1D typically manifests in early to mid childhood through the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells resulting in a lack of insulin production. Historically, prior to genome-wide association studies (GWAS), six loci in the genome were fully established to be associated with T1D. With the advent of high-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping array technologies, enabling investigators to perform high-density GWAS, many additional T1D susceptibility genes have been discovered. Indeed, recent meta-analyses of multiple datasets from independent investigators have brought the tally of well-validated T1D disease genes to almost 60. In this mini-review, we address recent advances in the genetics of T1D and provide an update on the latest susceptibility loci added to the list of genes involved in the pathogenesis of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bakay
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Rahul Pandey
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Ha YM, Chun SH, Hong ST, Koo YC, Choi HD, Lee KW. Immune enhancing effect of a Maillard-type lysozyme-galactomannan conjugate via signaling pathways. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 60:399-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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95
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Erukainure OL, Ebuehi OA, Adeboyejo FO, Aliyu M, Elemo GN. Hematological and biochemical changes in diabetic rats fed with fiber-enriched cake. J Acute Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacme.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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96
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Butler MW, Stahlschmidt ZR, Ardia DR, Davies S, Davis J, Guillette LJ, Johnson N, McCormick SD, McGraw KJ, DeNardo DF. Thermal Sensitivity of Immune Function: Evidence against a Generalist-Specialist Trade-Off among Endothermic and Ectothermic Vertebrates. Am Nat 2013; 181:761-74. [DOI: 10.1086/670191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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97
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Dishaw LJ, Litman GW. Changing views of the evolution of immunity. Front Immunol 2013; 4:122. [PMID: 23734152 PMCID: PMC3659336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Larry J Dishaw
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA
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Deng L, Luo M, Velikovsky A, Mariuzza RA. Structural Insights into the Evolution of the Adaptive Immune System. Annu Rev Biophys 2013; 42:191-215. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-083012-130422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Deng
- Division of Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Ming Luo
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, W.M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Rockville, Maryland 20850;
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Alejandro Velikovsky
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, W.M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Rockville, Maryland 20850;
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Roy A. Mariuzza
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, W.M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Rockville, Maryland 20850;
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
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Granados-Cifuentes C, Bellantuono AJ, Ridgway T, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Rodriguez-Lanetty M. High natural gene expression variation in the reef-building coral Acropora millepora: potential for acclimative and adaptive plasticity. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:228. [PMID: 23565725 PMCID: PMC3630057 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecosystems worldwide are suffering the consequences of anthropogenic impact. The diverse ecosystem of coral reefs, for example, are globally threatened by increases in sea surface temperatures due to global warming. Studies to date have focused on determining genetic diversity, the sequence variability of genes in a species, as a proxy to estimate and predict the potential adaptive response of coral populations to environmental changes linked to climate changes. However, the examination of natural gene expression variation has received less attention. This variation has been implicated as an important factor in evolutionary processes, upon which natural selection can act. RESULTS We acclimatized coral nubbins from six colonies of the reef-building coral Acropora millepora to a common garden in Heron Island (Great Barrier Reef, GBR) for a period of four weeks to remove any site-specific environmental effects on the physiology of the coral nubbins. By using a cDNA microarray platform, we detected a high level of gene expression variation, with 17% (488) of the unigenes differentially expressed across coral nubbins of the six colonies (jsFDR-corrected, p < 0.01). Among the main categories of biological processes found differentially expressed were transport, translation, response to stimulus, oxidation-reduction processes, and apoptosis. We found that the transcriptional profiles did not correspond to the genotype of the colony characterized using either an intron of the carbonic anhydrase gene or microsatellite loci markers. CONCLUSION Our results provide evidence of the high inter-colony variation in A. millepora at the transcriptomic level grown under a common garden and without a correspondence with genotypic identity. This finding brings to our attention the importance of taking into account natural variation between reef corals when assessing experimental gene expression differences. The high transcriptional variation detected in this study is interpreted and discussed within the context of adaptive potential and phenotypic plasticity of reef corals. Whether this variation will allow coral reefs to survive to current challenges remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Granados-Cifuentes
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70504, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Anthony J Bellantuono
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Tyrone Ridgway
- Oceanica Consulting Pty Ltd, PO Box 462, Wembley, WA, 6913, Australia
- The Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and Coral Genomics Group, School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Global Change Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Sierra A, Abiega O, Shahraz A, Neumann H. Janus-faced microglia: beneficial and detrimental consequences of microglial phagocytosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2013. [PMID: 23386811 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00006/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident brain macrophages and they have been traditionally studied as orchestrators of the brain inflammatory response during infections and disease. In addition, microglia has a more benign, less explored role as the brain professional phagocytes. Phagocytosis is a term coined from the Greek to describe the receptor-mediated engulfment and degradation of dead cells and microbes. In addition, microglia phagocytoses brain-specific cargo, such as axonal and myelin debris in spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis, amyloid-β deposits in Alzheimer's disease, and supernumerary synapses in postnatal development. Common mechanisms of recognition, engulfment, and degradation of the different types of cargo are assumed, but very little is known about the shared and specific molecules involved in the phagocytosis of each target by microglia. More importantly, the functional consequences of microglial phagocytosis remain largely unexplored. Overall, phagocytosis is considered a beneficial phenomenon, since it eliminates dead cells and induces an anti-inflammatory response. However, phagocytosis can also activate the respiratory burst, which produces toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Phagocytosis has been traditionally studied in pathological conditions, leading to the assumption that microglia have to be activated in order to become efficient phagocytes. Recent data, however, has shown that unchallenged microglia phagocytose apoptotic cells during development and in adult neurogenic niches, suggesting an overlooked role in brain remodeling throughout the normal lifespan. The present review will summarize the current state of the literature regarding the role of microglial phagocytosis in maintaining tissue homeostasis in health as in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Sierra
- Achucarro-Basque Center for Neuroscience Zamudio, Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country EHU/UPV Leioa, Spain ; Ikerbasque-Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao, Spain
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