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Xu X, Han Y, Wang Q, Cai M, Qian Y, Wang X, Huang H, Xu L, Xiao L, Shi B. Characterisation of Tertiary Lymphoid Organs in Explanted Rejected Donor Kidneys. Immunol Invest 2015; 45:38-51. [PMID: 26709668 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2015.1085394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) have been described within organ allografts, but whether they promote destructive or beneficial alloimmune responses remains controversial. This study aimed to characterize TLO distribution in human chronically rejected renal allografts and to explore their functions. METHODS A total of 29 explanted chronically rejected and 12 acutely rejected renal allografts were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The distribution of TLOs, T cells, follicular dendritic cells, B cells, and follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells, as well as Ki67, peripheral lymph node addressin (PNAd), podoplanin, AID, IL-17, IL-21, IL-10, and C4d expression were detected by immunohistochemistry. Correlations between lymphoid neogenesis and the expression of IL-17, IL-21, C4d, podoplanin, IL-10, and Foxp3 were evaluated. In addition, the duration of graft function was compared between allografts that harbored or lacked TLOs. RESULTS TLOs were detected in 27.6% of chronically rejected renal grafts, but they rarely had germinal centers. Lymphoid neogenesis negatively correlated with CXCR5 expression, and almost completely correlated with IL-17 expression. Those grafts that harbored a TLO functioned for an average of 5.98 years and those without a TLO lasted only about half as long with an average of 2.91 years. However, in grafts that harbored a TLO, Foxp3(+) cells were comparitively less than those without a TLO. Foxp3(+)CXCR5(+) Tfr cells and IL-10(+) cells were rare in grafts, irrespective of the presence of a TLO. CONCLUSION TLOs in chronically rejected kidney allografts may be an epiphenomenon of the inflammatory process that is related to graft duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Xu
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Organ Transplant and Immune Regulation , 309th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Organ Transplantation Institute , Beijing , China
| | - Yong Han
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Organ Transplant and Immune Regulation , 309th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Organ Transplantation Institute , Beijing , China
| | - Qiang Wang
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Organ Transplant and Immune Regulation , 309th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Organ Transplantation Institute , Beijing , China
| | - Ming Cai
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Organ Transplant and Immune Regulation , 309th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Organ Transplantation Institute , Beijing , China
| | - Yeyong Qian
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Organ Transplant and Immune Regulation , 309th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Organ Transplantation Institute , Beijing , China
| | - Xinying Wang
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Organ Transplant and Immune Regulation , 309th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Organ Transplantation Institute , Beijing , China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Organ Transplant and Immune Regulation , 309th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Organ Transplantation Institute , Beijing , China
| | - Liang Xu
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Organ Transplant and Immune Regulation , 309th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Organ Transplantation Institute , Beijing , China
| | - Li Xiao
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Organ Transplant and Immune Regulation , 309th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Organ Transplantation Institute , Beijing , China
| | - Bingyi Shi
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Organ Transplant and Immune Regulation , 309th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Organ Transplantation Institute , Beijing , China
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Sinha S, Boyden AW, Itani FR, Crawford MP, Karandikar NJ. CD8(+) T-Cells as Immune Regulators of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:619. [PMID: 26697014 PMCID: PMC4674574 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of studies regarding the immune basis of MS (and its animal model, EAE) have largely focused on CD4(+) T-cells as mediators and regulators of disease. Interestingly, CD8(+) T-cells represent the predominant T-cell population in human MS lesions and are oligoclonally expanded at the site of pathology. However, their role in the autoimmune pathologic process has been both understudied and controversial. Several animal models and MS patient studies support a pathogenic role for CNS-specific CD8(+) T-cells, whereas we and others have demonstrated a regulatory role for these cells in disease. In this review, we describe studies that have investigated the role of CD8(+) T-cells in MS and EAE, presenting evidence for both pathogenic and regulatory functions. In our studies, we have shown that cytotoxic/suppressor CD8(+) T-cells are CNS antigen-specific, MHC class I-restricted, IFNγ- and perforin-dependent, and are able to inhibit disease. The clinical relevance for CD8(+) T-cell suppressive function is best described by a lack of their function during MS relapse, and importantly, restoration of their suppressive function during quiescence. Furthermore, CD8(+) T-cells with immunosuppressive functions can be therapeutically induced in MS patients by glatiramer acetate (GA) treatment. Unlike CNS-specific CD8(+) T-cells, these immunosuppressive GA-induced CD8(+) T-cells appear to be HLA-E restricted. These studies have provided greater fundamental insight into the role of autoreactive as well as therapeutically induced CD8(+) T-cells in disease amelioration. The clinical implications for these findings are immense and we propose that this natural process can be harnessed toward the development of an effective immunotherapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Sinha
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA
| | | | - Farah R Itani
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA
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du Plessis WJ, Walzl G, Loxton AG. B cells as multi-functional players during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 97:118-25. [PMID: 26611659 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunity to tuberculosis is still understood to be driven and maintained by T-cell derived immune responses. With a steady influx of data, it is becoming clear that B cells, the mediators of humoral immunity, have the capacity to function in roles not previously appreciated within the traditional B cell dogma. In this review we aim to discuss B cells, from its generation through to its functioning as effectors in both the innate and adaptive immune response, within the tuberculosis domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem J du Plessis
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - André G Loxton
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
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Abstract
IL-10 is a multifunctional cytokine secreted by a variety of cells. It not only inhibits activation of monocyte/macrophage system and synthesis of monocyte cytokine and inflammatory cytokine but also promotes the proliferation and maturation of non-monocyte-dependent T cell, stimulating proliferation of antigen-specific B cell. Increasing evidence indicates that IL-10 plays an important role in both the onset and development of auto-immune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjogren's syndrome (SS), multiple sclerosis (MS), Crohn's disease (CD), and psoriasis. However, the exact mechanisms of IL-10 in auto-immune diseases remain unclear. In the present review, we will summarize the biological effects of IL-10, as well as its role and therapeutic potential in auto-immune diseases.
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55
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Shen P, Fillatreau S. Antibody-independent functions of B cells: a focus on cytokines. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:441-51. [PMID: 26065586 DOI: 10.1038/nri3857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine production by B cells is important for multiple aspects of immunity. B cell-derived cytokines, including lymphotoxin, are essential for the ontogenesis, homeostasis and activation of secondary lymphoid organs, as well as for the development of tertiary lymphoid tissues at ectopic sites. Other B cell-derived cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor, influence the development of effector and memory CD4(+) T cell responses. Finally, B cells can regulate inflammatory immune responses, primarily through their provision of IL-10 and IL-35. This Review summarizes these various roles of cytokine-producing B cells in immunity and discusses the rational for targeting these cells in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Shen
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Fillatreau
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Ray A, Wang L, Dittel BN. IL-10-independent regulatory B-cell subsets and mechanisms of action. Int Immunol 2015; 27:531-6. [PMID: 25999596 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although classically B cells are known to play important roles in immune protection via humoral immunity, recently their regulatory mechanisms have been best appreciated in the context of autoimmunity. Several studies have identified different subsets of regulatory B cells that vary not only in their phenotype but also in their mechanism of action. Although the best-studied mechanism of B-cell immune regulation is IL-10 production, other IL-10-independent mechanisms have been proposed. These include maintenance of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells; production of transforming growth factor-β, IL-35, IgM or adenosine or expression of PD-L1 (programmed death 1 ligand 1) or FasL (Fas ligand). Given that B-cell-targeted therapy is being increasingly used in the clinic, a complete understanding of the mechanisms whereby B cells regulate inflammation associated with specific diseases is required for designing safe and effective immunotherapies targeting B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Ray
- BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Luman Wang
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biotherapy Research Center of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Bonnie N Dittel
- BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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Hamilton JA, Li J, Wu Q, Yang P, Luo B, Li H, Bradley JE, Taylor JJ, Randall TD, Mountz JD, Hsu HC. General Approach for Tetramer-Based Identification of Autoantigen-Reactive B Cells: Characterization of La- and snRNP-Reactive B Cells in Autoimmune BXD2 Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 194:5022-34. [PMID: 25888644 PMCID: PMC4417409 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive B cells are associated with the development of several autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. The low frequency of these cells represents a major barrier to their analysis. Ag tetramers prepared from linear epitopes represent a promising strategy for the identification of small subsets of Ag-reactive immune cells. This is challenging given the requirement for identification and validation of linear epitopes and the complexity of autoantibody responses, including the broad spectrum of autoantibody specificities and the contribution of isotype to pathogenicity. Therefore, we tested a two-tiered peptide microarray approach, coupled with epitope mapping of known autoantigens, to identify and characterize autoepitopes using the BXD2 autoimmune mouse model. Microarray results were verified through comparison with established age-associated profiles of autoantigen specificities and autoantibody class switching in BXD2 and control (C57BL/6) mice and high-throughput ELISA and ELISPOT analyses of synthetic peptides. Tetramers were prepared from two linear peptides derived from two RNA-binding proteins (RBPs): lupus La and 70-kDa U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein. Flow cytometric analysis of tetramer-reactive B cell subsets revealed a significantly higher frequency and greater numbers of RBP-reactive marginal zone precursor, transitional T3, and PDL-2(+)CD80(+) memory B cells, with significantly elevated CD69 and CD86 observed in RBP(+) marginal zone precursor B cells in the spleens of BXD2 mice compared with C57BL/6 mice, suggesting a regulatory defect. This study establishes a feasible strategy for the characterization of autoantigen-specific B cell subsets in different models of autoimmunity and, potentially, in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie A Hamilton
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Jun Li
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Qi Wu
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - PingAr Yang
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Bao Luo
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Hao Li
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - John E Bradley
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Troy D Randall
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - John D Mountz
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; Department of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233
| | - Hui-Chen Hsu
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294;
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Miyagaki T, Fujimoto M, Sato S. Regulatory B cells in human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases: from mouse models to clinical research. Int Immunol 2015; 27:495-504. [PMID: 25957264 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells have been generally considered to be positive regulators of immune responses because of their ability to produce antigen-specific antibodies and to activate T cells through antigen presentation. Impairment of B cell development and function may cause inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Recently, specific B cell subsets that can negatively regulate immune responses have been described in mouse models of a wide variety of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The concept of those B cells, termed regulatory B cells, is now recognized as important in the murine immune system. Among several regulatory B cell subsets, IL-10-producing regulatory B cells are the most widely investigated. On the basis of discoveries from studies of such mice, human regulatory B cells that produce IL-10 in most cases are becoming an active area of research. There have been emerging data suggesting the importance of human regulatory B cells in various diseases. Revealing the immune regulation mechanisms of human regulatory B cells in human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases could lead to the development of novel B cell targeted therapies. This review highlights the current knowledge on regulatory B cells, mainly IL-10-producing regulatory B cells, in animal models of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and in clinical research using human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomitsu Miyagaki
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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Baba Y, Matsumoto M, Kurosaki T. Signals controlling the development and activity of regulatory B-lineage cells. Int Immunol 2015; 27:487-93. [PMID: 25957265 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamental concepts surrounding B cells with inhibitory function (regulatory B cells) are now being established. In the context of autoimmune and inflammatory animal models, B cells play an immunomodulatory role via IL-10 production and contribute to limitation of the pathogenesis. Recent studies have notably identified the human counterparts of these cells, which have been suggested to be relevant to the pathophysiology of disease. Clear criteria to identify these cell subsets and the key molecular mechanisms underlying their physiological features are required for understanding the big picture of regulatory B cells. Plasmablasts have recently been identified as a major IL-10-producing regulatory B-cell subset and Ca(2+) signaling has furthermore been found to contribute to B-cell IL-10 expression. In this review, the signaling components controlling IL-10-dependent B-cell regulatory function and the development of IL-10-competent/-producing B cells and plasmablasts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Baba
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masanori Matsumoto
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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60
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Tedder TF. B10 cells: a functionally defined regulatory B cell subset. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1395-401. [PMID: 25663677 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
B cells are commonly thought to enhance inflammatory immune responses. However, specific regulatory B cell subsets recently were identified that downregulate adaptive and innate immunity, inflammation, and autoimmunity through diverse molecular mechanisms. In both mice and humans, a rare, but specific, subset of regulatory B cells is functionally characterized by its capacity to produce IL-10, a potent inhibitory cytokine. For clarity, this regulatory B cell subset has been labeled as B10 cells, because their ability to downregulate immune responses and inflammatory disease is fully attributable to IL-10, and their absence or loss exacerbates disease symptoms in mouse models. This review preferentially focuses on what is known about mouse B10 cell development, phenotype, and effector function, as well as on mechanistic studies that demonstrated their functional importance during inflammation, autoimmune disease, and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Tedder
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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MS risk allele rs1883832T is associated with decreased mRNA expression of CD40. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:540-5. [PMID: 25600834 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0490-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CD40-CD40L interactions mediate T-dependent B cell response and efficient T cell priming. Therefore, genes encoding these molecules are attractive candidates for studies on autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), in which activated T and B cells are involved. Thus, we analyzed CD40 and CD40L mRNA expression in whole blood samples from MS patients and controls. Additionally, we examined the effect of three SNPs of CD40 (rs1883832C>T, rs11569343C>G, and rs752118C>T) and two SNPs of CD40L (rs3092923T>C and rs3092952A>G) on their mRNA expression. Our results showed that the rs1883832C>T SNP affects CD40 gene expression. Our analysis revealed that individuals possessing CT and TT genotypes (predisposing to MS) had decreased level of CD40 mRNA in comparison to those with CC. Moreover, we demonstrated the potential role of impaired CD40-CD40L interaction in developing of multiple sclerosis.
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Grützke B, Hucke S, Gross CC, Herold MVB, Posevitz-Fejfar A, Wildemann BT, Kieseier BC, Dehmel T, Wiendl H, Klotz L. Fingolimod treatment promotes regulatory phenotype and function of B cells. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2015; 2:119-30. [PMID: 25750917 PMCID: PMC4338953 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of Fingolimod treatment on B-cell subset composition and function in multiple sclerosis patients and its potential clinical relevance. METHODS Subset composition and cytokine production of B cells derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from multiple sclerosis patients under Fingolimod treatment, untreated multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls were analyzed by flow cytometry and ELISA. Migration of lymphocyte subsets across primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells was assessed in an in vitro transmigration assay. Cell numbers and composition of B-cell subsets in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood were determined by flow cytometry. Regulatory B-cell frequencies were correlated with parameters of disease stability. RESULTS Within the peripheral B-cell compartment of Fingolimod-treated patients, the proportion of regulatory B cells (CD38(+)CD27(-)CD24(+)CD5(+)) was significantly increased as compared to treatment-naïve multiple sclerosis patients and to healthy controls, and significantly more regulatory B cells produced Interleukin-10. Fingolimod treatment enhanced the capacity of regulatory B cells to transmigrate across brain endothelial cells in an in vitro model of the blood-brain-barrier. In line with these findings, the cerebrospinal fluid/blood ratio of total B cells and regulatory B cells was strongly increased by Fingolimod treatment, and patients exhibited increased regulatory B-cell frequencies in the cerebrospinal fluid. Finally, elevated regulatory B-cell percentages in the periphery significantly correlated with clinical and paraclinical disease stability. INTERPRETATION These data suggest a novel and as yet unrecognized role of Fingolimod in correction of the imbalance between regulatory and effector B-cell functions in multiple sclerosis both by direct effects and indirect partitioning effects on B-cell subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Grützke
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster Münster, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hucke
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Brigitte T Wildemann
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd C Kieseier
- Department of Neurology, University of Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Dehmel
- Department of Neurology, University of Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster Münster, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster Münster, Germany
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Lin M, Lin J, Wang Y, Bonheur N, Kawai T, Wang Z, Han X. Lipopolysaccharide Attenuates CD40 Ligand-Induced Regulatory B10 Cell Expansion and IL-10 Production in Mouse Splenocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 5:1-8. [PMID: 26236564 PMCID: PMC4517687 DOI: 10.4236/oji.2015.51001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in B cell-mediated innate and adaptive immunity. It has been shown that interleukin 10 (IL-10)-producing regulatory B cells (B10 cells) can negatively regulate cellular immune responses and inflammation in autoimmune diseases. In this study, we determined the effect of TLR4 signaling on the CD40-activated B10 cell competency. The results demonstrated that LPS and CD40L synergistically stimulated proliferation of mouse splenocytes. The percentage of B10 cells in cultured splenocytes was significantly increased after CD40L stimulation but such increase was diminished by the addition of LPS. Such effects by LPS were only observed in cells from WT but not TLR4−/− mice. IL-10 mRNA expression and protein production in B10 cells from cultured splenocytes were significantly up-regulated by CD40L stimulation but were inhibited after the addition of LPS in a TLR4-dependent manner. This study suggests that LPS-induced TLR4 signaling attenuate CD40L-activated regulatory B10 cell competency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, USA ; Department of Stomatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Lin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, USA ; Department of Stomatology, Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, USA ; Department of Stomatology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Nathalie Bonheur
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, USA
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, USA
| | - Zuomin Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozhe Han
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, USA
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Arck PC, Hecher K, Solano ME. B Cells in Pregnancy: Functional Promiscuity or Tailored Function? Biol Reprod 2015; 92:12. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.126110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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66
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Yilmaz V, Oflazer P, Aysal F, Parman YG, Direskeneli H, Deymeer F, Saruhan-Direskeneli G. B cells produce less IL-10, IL-6 and TNF-α in myasthenia gravis. Autoimmunity 2014; 48:201-7. [PMID: 25518708 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2014.992517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
B cells from myasthenia gravis (MG) patients with autoantibodies (Aab) against acetylcholine receptor (AChR), muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) or with no detectable Aab were investigated as cytokine producing cells in this study. B cells were evaluated for memory phenotypes and expressions of IL-10, IL-6 and IL-12A. Induced productions of IL-10, IL-6, IL-12p40, TNF-α and LT from isolated B cells in vitro were measured by immunoassays. MG patients receiving immunosuppressive treatment had higher proportions of memory B cells compared with healthy controls and untreated patients. With CD40 stimulation MG patients produced significantly lower levels of IL-10, IL-6. With CD40 and B cell receptor stimulation of B cells, TNF-α production also decreased in addition to these cytokines. The lower levels of these cytokine productions were not related to treatment. Our results confirm a disturbance of B cell subpopulations in MG subgroups on immunosuppressive treatment. B cell derived IL-10, IL-6 and TNF-α are down-regulated in MG, irrespective of different antibody productions. Ineffective cytokine production by B cells may be a susceptibility factor in dysregulation of autoimmune Aab production.
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Xing C, Ma N, Xiao H, Wang X, Zheng M, Han G, Chen G, Hou C, Shen B, Li Y, Wang R. Critical role for thymic CD19+CD5+CD1dhiIL-10+ regulatory B cells in immune homeostasis. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 97:547-56. [PMID: 25516754 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0414-213rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that besides the spleen, LNs, peripheral blood, and thymus contain a regulatory IL-10-producing CD19(+)CD5(+)CD1d(high) B cell subset that may play a critical role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Indeed, this population was identified in the murine thymus, and furthermore, when cocultured with CD4(+) T cells, this population of B cells supported the maintenance of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs in vitro, in part, via the CD5-CD72 interaction. Mice homozygous for Cd19(Cre) (CD19(-/-)) express B cells with impaired signaling and humoral responses. Strikingly, CD19(-/-) mice produce fewer CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs and a greater percentage of CD4(+)CD8(-) and CD4(-)CD8(+) T cells. Consistent with these results, transfer of thymic CD19(+)CD5(+)CD1d(hi) B cells into CD19(-/-) mice resulted in significantly up-regulated numbers of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs with a concomitant reduction in CD4(+)CD8(-) and CD4(-)CD8(+) T cell populations in the thymus, spleen, and LNs but not in the BM of recipient mice. In addition, thymic CD19(+)CD5(+)CD1d(hi) B cells significantly suppressed autoimmune responses in lupus-like mice via up-regulation of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs and IL-10-producing Bregs. This study suggests that thymic CD19(+)CD5(+)CD1d(hi)IL-10(+) Bregs play a critical role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xing
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ning Ma
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - He Xiao
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Mingke Zheng
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Gencheng Han
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Guojiang Chen
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chunmei Hou
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Beifen Shen
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yan Li
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Renxi Wang
- *Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Rheumatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Immunology, Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China; and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
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Simma N, Bose T, Kahlfuss S, Mankiewicz J, Lowinus T, Lühder F, Schüler T, Schraven B, Heine M, Bommhardt U. NMDA-receptor antagonists block B-cell function but foster IL-10 production in BCR/CD40-activated B cells. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12:75. [PMID: 25477292 PMCID: PMC4269920 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-014-0075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND B cells are important effectors and regulators of adaptive and innate immune responses, inflammation and autoimmunity, for instance in anti-NMDA-receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis. Thus, pharmacological modulation of B-cell function could be an effective regimen in therapeutic strategies. Since the non-competitive NMDAR antagonist memantine is clinically applied to treat advanced Alzheimer`s disease and ketamine is supposed to improve the course of resistant depression, it is important to know how these drugs affect B-cell function. RESULTS Non-competitive NMDAR antagonists impaired B-cell receptor (BCR)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced B-cell proliferation, reduced B-cell migration towards the chemokines SDF-1α and CCL21 and downregulated IgM and IgG secretion. Mechanistically, these effects were mediated through a blockade of Kv1.3 and KCa3.1 potassium channels and resulted in an attenuated Ca(2+)-flux and activation of Erk1/2, Akt and NFATc1. Interestingly, NMDAR antagonist treatment increased the frequency of IL-10 producing B cells after BCR/CD40 stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Non-competitive NMDAR antagonists attenuate BCR and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) B-cell signaling and effector function and can foster IL-10 production. Consequently, NMDAR antagonists may be useful to target B cells in autoimmune diseases or pathological systemic inflammation. The drugs' additional side effects on B cells should be considered in treatments of neuronal disorders with NMDAR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimhulu Simma
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Tanima Bose
- RG Molecular Physiology, Leibniz Institute of Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Sascha Kahlfuss
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Judith Mankiewicz
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Theresa Lowinus
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Fred Lühder
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research and The Hertie Foundation, Waldweg 33, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Schüler
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany. .,Department of Immune Control, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Martin Heine
- RG Molecular Physiology, Leibniz Institute of Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Ursula Bommhardt
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
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69
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Brimnes MK, Hansen BE, Nielsen LK, Dziegiel MH, Nielsen CH. Uptake and presentation of myelin basic protein by normal human B cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113388. [PMID: 25401487 PMCID: PMC4234674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells may play both pathogenic and protective roles in T-cell mediated autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). These functions relate to the ability of B cells to bind and present antigens. Under serum-free conditions we observed that 3–4% of circulating B cells from healthy donors were capable of binding the MS-associated self-antigen myelin basic protein (MBP) and of presenting the immunodominant peptide MBP85-99, as determined by staining with the mAb MK16 recognising the peptide presented by HLA-DR15-positive cells. In the presence of serum, however, the majority of B cells bound MBP in a complement-dependent manner, and almost half of the B cells became engaged in presentation of MBP85-99. Even though complement receptor 1 (CR1, CD35) and CR2 (CD21) both contributed to binding of MBP to B cells, only CR2 was important for the subsequent presentation of MBP85-99. A high proportion of MBP85-99 presenting B cells expressed CD27, and showed increased expression of CD86 compared to non-presenting B cells. MBP-pulsed B cells induced a low frequency of IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells in 3 out of 6 donors, indicating an immunoregulatory role of B cells presenting MBP-derived peptides. The mechanisms described here refute the general assumption that B-cell presentation of self-antigens requires uptake via specific B-cell receptors, and may be important for maintenance of tolerance as well as for driving T-cell responses in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Klinge Brimnes
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, section 7521, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bjarke Endel Hansen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, section 7521, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Immudex, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leif Kofoed Nielsen
- Department of Technology, Faculty of Health and Technology, Metropolitan University College, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Blood Bank, KI2034, Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Hanefeld Dziegiel
- Blood Bank, KI2034, Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Henrik Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, section 7521, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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70
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Bostock IC, Furuzawa-Carballeda J, Gómez-Martín D, Lima G, Martin-Onraët A, Sierra J, Uribe-Uribe NO, Vilatobá M, Contreras AG, Gabilondo B, Morales-Buenrostro LE, Alberú J. Renal transplant recipient with advanced HIV infection: graft and peripheral cell population analysis. Clin Case Rep 2014; 1:79-85. [PMID: 25356218 PMCID: PMC4184755 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The scenario of a renal transplant recipient who is diagnosed with HIV infection in the late post transplant period is very uncommon. The viral infection effect on immunologic stability, regulatory cells, and allogeneic response during immune quiescence and graft acceptance provides a fertile ground in organ transplantation research and translational immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Bostock
- Department of Transplantation, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga No. 15 Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Janette Furuzawa-Carballeda
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga No. 15 Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana Gómez-Martín
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga No. 15 Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Lima
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga No. 15 Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alexandra Martin-Onraët
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga No. 15 Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Sierra
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga No. 15 Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma O Uribe-Uribe
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga No. 15 Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Vilatobá
- Department of Transplantation, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga No. 15 Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alan G Contreras
- Department of Transplantation, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga No. 15 Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bernardo Gabilondo
- Department of Transplantation, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga No. 15 Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis E Morales-Buenrostro
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga No. 15 Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Josefina Alberú
- Department of Transplantation, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Vasco de Quiroga No. 15 Col. Sección XVI, Mexico City, Mexico
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71
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Zheng M, Xing C, Xiao H, Ma N, Wang X, Han G, Chen G, Hou C, Shen B, Li Y, Wang R. Interaction of CD5 and CD72 is involved in regulatory T and B cell homeostasis. Immunol Invest 2014; 43:705-16. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2014.917096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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72
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SHI JIAZHEN, LI SHIBAO, ZHOU YAN, WANG LIXIN, WEN JIANGTAO, WANG YONGHONG, KANG ZHIHUA. Perioperative changes in peripheral regulatory B cells of patients with esophageal cancer. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:1525-30. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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73
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van der Vlugt LEPM, Zinsou JF, Ozir-Fazalalikhan A, Kremsner PG, Yazdanbakhsh M, Adegnika AA, Smits HH. Interleukin 10 (IL-10)–Producing CD1dhi Regulatory B Cells From Schistosoma Haematobium–Infected Individuals Induce IL-10–Positive T Cells and Suppress Effector T-Cell Cytokines. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1207-16. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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74
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Kao D, Lux A, Schwab I, Nimmerjahn F. Targeting B cells and autoantibodies in the therapy of autoimmune diseases. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:289-99. [PMID: 24777745 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0427-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
B cells and B cell-derived autoantibodies play a central role in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases. Thus, depletion of B cells via monoclonal antibodies such as Rituximab is an obvious therapeutic intervention and has been used successfully in many instances. More recently, novel therapeutic options targeting either the autoantibody itself or resetting the threshold for B cell activation have become available and show promising immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects in a variety of animal models. The aim of this review is to summarize these results and to provide an insight into the underlying molecular and cellular pathways of these novel therapeutic interventions targeting autoantibodies and B cells and to discuss their value for human therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kao
- Institute of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommelstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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75
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Sanz I. Rationale for B cell targeting in SLE. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:365-75. [PMID: 24763533 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
B cells are central pathogenic players in systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple other autoimmune diseases through antibody production as well as antibody independent function. At the same time, B cells are known to play important regulatory functions that may protect against autoimmune manifestations. Yet, the functional role of different B cell populations and their contribution to disease remain to be understood. The advent of agents that specifically target B cells, in particular anti-CD20 and ant-BLyS antibodies, have demonstrated the efficacy of this approach for the treatment of human autoimmunity. The analysis of patients treated with these and other B cell agents provides a unique opportunity to understand the correlates of clinical response and the significance of different B cell subsets. Here, we discuss this information and how it could be used to better understand SLE and improve the rational design of B cell-directed therapies in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar in Human Immunology, 247 Whitehead Research Bldg. 615 Michael St., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA,
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76
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Interleukin-35 induces regulatory B cells that suppress autoimmune disease. Nat Med 2014; 20:633-41. [PMID: 24743305 PMCID: PMC4048323 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 538] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 10-producing regulatory B-cells (Breg-cells) suppress autoimmune diseases while aberrant elevation of Breg-cells prevents sterilizing immunity, promotes carcinogenesis and cancer metastasis by converting resting CD4+ T-cells to regulatory T-cells (Tregs). It is therefore of interest to discover factors that induce Breg-cells. Here we show that IL-35 induces Breg-cells in-vivo and promotes their conversion to a unique Breg subset that produces IL-35 (IL-35+Breg). Treatment of mice with IL-35 conferred protection from uveitis and mice lacking IL-35 or defective in IL-35-signaling produced less Breg-cells and developed severe uveitis. Ex-vivo generated Breg-cells also suppressed uveitis by inhibiting pathogenic Th17/Th1 while promoting Tregs expansion. We further show that IL-35 induced the conversion of human B-cells into Breg-cells and suppressed uveitis by activating STAT1/STAT3 through IL-35-Receptor comprising IL-12Rβ2/IL-27Rα subunits. Discovery that IL-35 converts human B-cells into Breg-cells, allows ex-vivo production of autologous Breg-cells for immunotherapy and investigating Breg/IL-35+Breg cells roles in autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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77
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Vadasz Z, Haj T, Toubi E. The role of B regulatory cells and Semaphorin3A in atopic diseases. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2014; 163:245-51. [PMID: 24713604 DOI: 10.1159/000360477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
When the pathogenesis of allergic inflammatory diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis is discussed, one should take into consideration the involvement of regulatory cells/molecules whose role is to prevent the induction and/or deterioration of such diseases. The involvement of T regulatory cells and FoxPp3 is well established in asthma, but only little is known about the involvement of B regulatory cells (Bregs) and the soluble regulatory molecule semaphorin3A (sema3A) in atopic diseases. During the last decade, research has sought to better define the various subtypes of Breg cells and how similar they are to their parallel subtypes of Tregs. In this review, we focus on the newly reported role of Bregs in both experimental and human models of asthma. Bregs are also involved in the pathophysiology of food allergy. We also show how sema3A plays a role in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. Determining the above processes could facilitate the use of regulatory molecules as therapeutic tools in treating these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahava Vadasz
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Bnai-Zion Medical Center and the Technion, Haifa, Israel
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78
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Shen P, Roch T, Lampropoulou V, O’Connor RA, Stervbo U, Hilgenberg E, Ries S, Dang VD, Jaimes Y, Daridon C, Li R, Jouneau L, Boudinot P, Wilantri S, Sakwa I, Miyazaki Y, Leech MD, McPherson RC, Wirtz S, Neurath M, Hoehlig K, Meinl E, Grützkau A, Grün JR, Horn K, Kühl AA, Dörner T, Bar-Or A, Kaufmann SH, Anderton SM, Fillatreau S. IL-35-producing B cells are critical regulators of immunity during autoimmune and infectious diseases. Nature 2014; 507:366-370. [PMID: 24572363 PMCID: PMC4260166 DOI: 10.1038/nature12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 776] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes have critical roles as positive and negative regulators of immunity. Their inhibitory function has been associated primarily with interleukin 10 (IL-10) because B-cell-derived IL-10 can protect against autoimmune disease and increase susceptibility to pathogens. Here we identify IL-35-producing B cells as key players in the negative regulation of immunity. Mice in which only B cells did not express IL-35 lost their ability to recover from the T-cell-mediated demyelinating autoimmune disease experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In contrast, these mice displayed a markedly improved resistance to infection with the intracellular bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium as shown by their superior containment of the bacterial growth and their prolonged survival after primary infection, and upon secondary challenge, compared to control mice. The increased immunity found in mice lacking IL-35 production by B cells was associated with a higher activation of macrophages and inflammatory T cells, as well as an increased function of B cells as antigen-presenting cells (APCs). During Salmonella infection, IL-35- and IL-10-producing B cells corresponded to two largely distinct sets of surface-IgM(+)CD138(hi)TACI(+)CXCR4(+)CD1d(int)Tim1(int) plasma cells expressing the transcription factor Blimp1 (also known as Prdm1). During EAE, CD138(+) plasma cells were also the main source of B-cell-derived IL-35 and IL-10. Collectively, our data show the importance of IL-35-producing B cells in regulation of immunity and highlight IL-35 production by B cells as a potential therapeutic target for autoimmune and infectious diseases. This study reveals the central role of activated B cells, particularly plasma cells, and their production of cytokines in the regulation of immune responses in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Shen
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Toralf Roch
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vicky Lampropoulou
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard A. O’Connor
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research and Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrik Stervbo
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ellen Hilgenberg
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ries
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Van Duc Dang
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yarúa Jaimes
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Capucine Daridon
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CC12, Dept. Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rui Li
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A2B4, Canada
| | - Luc Jouneau
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Siska Wilantri
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Imme Sakwa
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yusei Miyazaki
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A2B4, Canada
| | - Melanie D. Leech
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research and Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Rhoanne C. McPherson
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research and Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Wirtz
- Medical Clinic 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Markus Neurath
- Medical Clinic 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Kai Hoehlig
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Edgar Meinl
- Institut für Klinische Neuroimmunologie Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Andreas Grützkau
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim R. Grün
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Horn
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A. Kühl
- Immunpathologie, Research Center ImmunoSciences, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CC12, Dept. Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A2B4, Canada
| | - Stefan H.E. Kaufmann
- Max Planck Institute of Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen M. Anderton
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research and Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Fillatreau
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Heine G, Drozdenko G, Grün JR, Chang HD, Radbruch A, Worm M. Autocrine IL-10 promotes human B-cell differentiation into IgM- or IgG-secreting plasmablasts. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1615-21. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Heine
- Allergie-Centrum-Charité; CCM; Klinik für Dermatologie; Venerologie und Allergologie; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Cell Biology Group; Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ); Berlin Germany
| | - Gennadiy Drozdenko
- Allergie-Centrum-Charité; CCM; Klinik für Dermatologie; Venerologie und Allergologie; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Joachim R. Grün
- Bioinformatics Group; Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ); Berlin Germany
| | - Hyun-Dong Chang
- Cell Biology Group; Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ); Berlin Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Cell Biology Group; Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ); Berlin Germany
| | - Margitta Worm
- Allergie-Centrum-Charité; CCM; Klinik für Dermatologie; Venerologie und Allergologie; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
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80
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Activated peritoneal cavity B-1a cells possess regulatory B cell properties. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88869. [PMID: 24551182 PMCID: PMC3923827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that murine peritoneal cavity-derived B-1a cells possess similarities with described regulatory B cell subsets. The aim of the current study was to examine the potential immunoregulatory function of peritoneal cavity-derived B(-1a) cells. In vitro activation of peritoneal cavity-derived B- and B-1a cells shows that activation of these B cells with anti-CD40 and LPS induces these cells to secrete more IL-10, IL-6 and IgM as compared to splenic B cells. In a suppression assay, CD40/TLR4-activated peritoneal cavity B cells possess regulatory B cell functions as they inhibit the capacity of CD4+ T cells to produce both tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ. Splenic B cells did not show this, whereas non-activated peritoneal cavity B cells augmented the capacity of CD4+ T cells to produce tumor necrosis factor-α, while the ability to produce interferon-γ was not altered. The current paper compares splenic B cells to peritoneal cavity B(-1a) cells in an in vitro activation- and an suppression-assay and concludes that peritoneal cavity B(-1a) cells possess properties that appear similar to splenic autoimmune-suppressive regulatory B cell subsets described in the literature.
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81
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van der Vlugt LEPM, Haeberlein S, de Graaf W, Martha TED, Smits HH. Toll-like receptor ligation for the induction of regulatory B cells. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1190:127-141. [PMID: 25015278 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1161-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components for the recognition of microorganisms, for the initiation of innate immunity, and for promoting adaptive immune responses. TLR signaling in B cells, in addition to B cell receptor or CD40 ligation, plays an important role in B cell differentiation and activation. In contrast, various infectious agents and/or TLR ligands can also prime B cells to induce tolerance and downregulate inflammatory reactions; those B cells are called regulatory B (Breg) cells and are characterized by a dominant IL-10 production. Several studies have suggested that Breg cells are impaired in patients with autoimmune diseases and allergic asthma. However, the role for TLR ligands in the induction of Breg cells as a potential therapy for some of these inflammatory diseases has not yet been investigated. Here, we provide detailed instructions on how to analyze and validate cytokine production in human and mouse B cells in response to various TLR ligands. Furthermore, we describe an assay to investigate the suppressive properties of TLR-induced B cells to confirm their regulatory B cell status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciën E P M van der Vlugt
- Department of Parasitology, Cellular Immunology of Helminths, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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82
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Abstract
B cells are thought to play a pathogenic role in multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). This idea is supported by the reduction of disease in MS patients undergoing antibody-mediated B cell depletion therapy. In contrast, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS, B cells have been shown to play a regulatory role. This is suggestive of a dual role for B cells in CNS autoimmunity. It is possible that a critical balance between the pathogenic and regulatory populations of B cells might be involved in the manifestation of the disease. Although in mice, different B cell subsets have been shown to exert immunoregulation through varied mechanisms, the phenotype of regulatory B cells in humans and factors affecting their function are not well known. Also, the origin and development of regulatory B cells is not known. It is important to thoroughly identify the different populations of B cells that might be involved in suppressing CNS autoimmunity, their mode of function and factors that regulate their immunosuppressive properties for using regulatory B cells as a therapy for MS. Here we present methods to study the phenotype and mechanisms of immune suppression by B cells in different mouse models of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Ray
- BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Blood Research Institute, 2178, Milwaukee, WI, 53201-2178, USA,
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83
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Hilgenberg E, Shen P, Dang VD, Ries S, Sakwa I, Fillatreau S. Interleukin-10-producing B cells and the regulation of immunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 380:69-92. [PMID: 25004814 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-43492-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
B cells are usually considered primarily for their unique capacity to produce antibodies after differentiation into plasma cells. In addition to their roles as antibody-producing cells, it has become apparent during the last 10 years that B cells also perform important functions in immunity through the production of cytokines. In particular, it was shown that B cells could negatively regulate immunity through provision of interleukin (IL)-10 during autoimmune and infectious diseases in mice. Here, we review data on the suppressive functions of B cells in mice with particular emphasis on the signals controlling the acquisition of such suppressive functions by B cells, the phenotype of the B cells involved in the negative regulation of immunity, and the processes targeted by this inhibitory circuit. Finally, we discuss the possibility that human B cells might also perform similar inhibitory functions through the provision of IL-10, and review data suggesting that such B cell-mediated regulatory activities might be impaired in patients with autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Hilgenberg
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Chariteplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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84
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Matsushita T. Regulatory B cells in mouse models of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1190:195-205. [PMID: 25015282 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1161-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory B cells are now recognized as an essential component of the immune system. The function of regulatory B cells is dependent on IL-10. The cell-surface phenotype of murine IL-10-producing regulatory B cells is reported to be CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cell or CD21(hi)CD23(hi) T2 marginal zone precursor B cells. B cells play several critical roles in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It is now apparent that regulatory B cells are important for disease suppression in SLE. Regulatory B cells inhibit disease onset of NZB/W F1 mice, a spontaneous SLE mouse model. Furthermore, the potential therapeutic effect of regulatory B cells in NZB/W F1 mice is highlighted by the adoptive transfer of splenic CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells. Regulatory B cells also suppress the disease manifestation in MRL-Fas(lpr) mice, a SLE mouse model. Thus, regulatory B cells have protective role and therapeutic effects in mouse modes of SLE. Herein, the methods for evaluating SLE mouse model, B-cell depletion, and regulatory B-cell analysis are provided. These methods should facilitate the study of regulatory B cells in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsushita
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan,
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85
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86
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Partearroyo T, Úbeda N, Montero A, Achón M, Varela-Moreiras G. Vitamin B(12) and folic acid imbalance modifies NK cytotoxicity, lymphocytes B and lymphoprolipheration in aged rats. Nutrients 2013; 5:4836-48. [PMID: 24288024 PMCID: PMC3875921 DOI: 10.3390/nu5124836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Different vitamin B12 and folic acid concentrations could exacerbate the immune response. The aim was to evaluate different dietary folic acid and vitamin B12 levels on the immune response in aged rats. Male Sprague Dawley aged rats were assigned to three folic acid groups (deficient, control, supplemented) each in absence of vitamin B12 for 30 days. Several parameters of innate and acquired immune responses were measured. Serum and hepatic folate levels increased according to folic acid dietary level, while vitamin B12 levels decreased. There was a significant decrease in natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the spleen for the vitamin B12 deficient diet and folic acid control diet groups. Significant changes in CD45 lymphocyte subsets were also observed according to dietary imbalance. Lymphoproliferative response to concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin did not differ significantly between groups. The spleen response to lipopolysaccharide increased significantly, but was unmodified for the other organs. An imbalance between dietary vitamin B12 and folic acid concentrations alters some immunological parameters in aged rats. Therefore, the ratio between folate and vitamin B12 could be as important as their absolute dietary concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Partearroyo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid 28668, Spain.
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87
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Mantani PT, Ljungcrantz I, Andersson L, Alm R, Hedblad B, Björkbacka H, Nilsson J, Fredrikson GN. Circulating CD40+ and CD86+ B cell subsets demonstrate opposing associations with risk of stroke. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 34:211-8. [PMID: 24202305 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulating evidence shows that immune cells play an important role in atherosclerosis. Most attention has focused on the role of different T cell subsets, whereas the possible involvement of B cells has been less studied. In this study, we assessed the association of 2 different B cell subsets, CD19(+)CD40(+) and CD19(+)CD86(+) B cells, with risk for development of acute cardiovascular events. APPROACH AND RESULTS The prospective study included 700 subjects randomly selected from the cardiovascular cohort of the Malmö Diet and Cancer study. Mononuclear leukocytes, stored at -140(○)C at the baseline investigation in 1991-1994, were thawed and B cell subsets analyzed by flow cytometry. Cytokine release from CD3/CD28-stimulated mononuclear leukocytes was measured with multiplex ELISA. Baseline carotid intima-media thickness and stenosis were assessed by ultrasonography, and clinical events were monitored through validated national registers during a median/mean follow-up time of 15 years. The subjects in the highest tertile of CD19(+)CD40(+) B cells had a significantly lower risk of incident stroke after adjustment for other risk factors. In contrast, CD19(+)CD86(+) B cells were associated with higher risk for development of a stroke event and increased release of proinflammatory cytokines from mononuclear leukocytes. CONCLUSIONS These observations provide evidence for an involvement of B cells in the incidence of stroke and suggest that both pathogenic and protective B cell subsets exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni T Mantani
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (P.T.M., I.L., L.A., R.A., B.H., H.B., J.N., G.N.F.); and Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden (G.N.F.)
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88
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Yu Z, Liu Q, Huang C, Wu M, Li G. The interleukin 10 -819C/T polymorphism and cancer risk: a HuGE review and meta-analysis of 73 studies including 15,942 cases and 22,336 controls. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2013; 17:200-14. [PMID: 23574339 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2012.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to perform a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between the interleukin 10 (IL-10) -819C/T (rs1800871) polymorphism and cancer risk. A total of 73 studies, including 15,942 cancer cases and 22,336 controls, were identified in this meta-analysis. The odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the random-effects model. Overall, no significant association was identified between the IL-10 -819C/T polymorphism and cancer risk. In the subgroup analyses, the T allele and TT genotype were associated with a moderately reduced cancer risk in the Asian population (T allele vs. C allele: OR=0.93, 95%CI: 0.87, 0.99; TT vs. CC: OR=0.86, 95%CI: 0.76, 0.98; TT vs. CT/CC: OR=0.90, 95%CI: 0.82, 0.98). Individuals who were homozygous for the T allele (TT) were found to be associated with significantly reduced gastric cancer risk in the Asian population. The heterozygous variant (CT) and the dominant model (TT/CT vs. CC) were associated with an increased risk for cervical and ovarian cancer. However, the IL-10 -819C/T polymorphism was not significantly associated with breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, prostate cancer, lymphoma, or melanoma. The depressed cancer risk of the TT genotype occurred in the studies of hospital-based case-control studies and the studies recruited less than 500 subjects, but no statistically significant results were found in the stratified analyses using genotyping method. The results suggest that the IL-10 -819TT genotype may be a protective factor for cancer in Asians, especially gastric cancer. In contrast, the CT genotype and the dominant model could be risk factors for cervical and ovarian cancer. The importance of stratifying by ethnicity, cancer type, study design, and sample size needs to be standardized in future studies, together with considering the association between the IL-10 -819C/T polymorphism and cancer risk. Furthermore, the linkage of -819C/T with other polymorphisms of the IL-10 gene may help explain the variability in findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Yu
- Cancer Research Institute, Disease Genome Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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89
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Treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus: new therapeutic avenues and blind alleys. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2013; 10:23-34. [DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2013.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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90
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Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection reduces severity of type 1 diabetes induced by multiple low-dose streptozotocin in mice via STAT6- and IL-10-independent mechanisms. Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:388-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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91
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A Review on Biology and Function of Regulatory B Cells with Special Reference to Inflammation and Autoimmune Pathogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12595-013-0077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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92
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Magen E, Bychkov V, Ginovker A, Kashuba E. Chronic Opisthorchis felineus infection attenuates atherosclerosis--an autopsy study. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:819-24. [PMID: 23792298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we proposed a hypothesis that chronic helminthic infection may have beneficial effects on the development of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate an association between Opisthorchis felineus chronic helminthic infections with aortic atherosclerosis and serum total cholesterol. A series of medico-legal autopsy specimens collected in Khanty-Mansiisk (the region in Russia endemic for O. felineus) were studied to assess O. felineus worm burden in cadaver livers. The areas of atherosclerotic lesions in the cadaver aortas were measured by visual planimetry. A family history of cardiovascular disease, smoking, hypertension or diabetes was elicited, and serum total cholesterol levels examined. Three hundred and nineteen cadavers (280 (87.8%) males and 39 (12.2%) females) aged 20-72 years were divided into five age groups: (i) 20-29, (ii) 30-39, (iii) 40-49, (iv) 50-59 and (v) >60 years old. The O. felineus mean worm burden was 257±312 worms/liver. Infected subjects were categorised into three subgroups depending on the worm burden: mild (<100 worms), moderate (100-500 worms) and severe (>500 worms). Infected subjects had lower serum total cholesterol (mild worm burden, 186.4±25.6 mg/dl; moderate worm burden, 183.4±23.1mg/dl, P=0.002; severe worm burden, 170.6±25.1mg/dl, P<0.001) than non-infected subjects (201.1±21.2 mg/dl). The average percentage of aortic surface covered by fatty streaks, fibrotic plaques and complicated lesions was negatively related to worm burden in the infected subjects. Chronic helminthic infections was a negative predictor of aortic atherosclerosis; with an odds ratio of 1.72 (1.02-2.91), P=0.041 for all subjects; and 3.19 (1.35-7.58), P=0.008 for subjects aged >40 years old. Opisthorchis felineus chronic helminthic infectionswas found to be associated with lower serum total cholesterol levels and a significant attenuation of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Magen
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Barzilai Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Ashkelon, Israel.
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93
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Bao LQ, Huy NT, Kikuchi M, Yanagi T, Senba M, Shuaibu MN, Honma K, Yui K, Hirayama K. CD19(+) B cells confer protection against experimental cerebral malaria in semi-immune rodent model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64836. [PMID: 23724100 PMCID: PMC3665539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In African endemic area, adults are less vulnerable to cerebral malaria than children probably because of acquired partial immunity or semi-immune status. Here, we developed an experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) model for semi-immune mice. C57BL/6 (B6) mice underwent one, two and three cycles of infection and radical treatment (1-cure, 2-cure and 3-cure, respectively) before being finally challenged with 104Plasmodium berghei ANKA without treatment. Our results showed that 100% of naïve (0-cure), 67% of 1-cure, 37% of 2-cure and none of 3-cure mice succumbed to ECM within 10 days post challenge infection. In the protected 3-cure mice, significantly higher levels of plasma IL-10 and lower levels of IFN-γ than the others on day 7 post challenge infection were observed. Major increased lymphocyte subset of IL-10 positive cells in 3-cure mice was CD5(−)CD19(+) B cells. Passive transfer of splenic CD19(+) cells from 3-cure mice protected naïve mice from ECM. Additionally, aged 3-cure mice were also protected from ECM 12 and 20 months after the last challenge infection. In conclusion, mice became completely resistant to ECM after three exposures to malaria. CD19(+) B cells are determinants in protective mechanism of semi-immune mice against ECM possibly via modulatory IL-10 for pathogenic IFN-γ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Quoc Bao
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Global Center of Excellence (GCOE), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Nguyen Tien Huy
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- * E-mail: (KH); (NTH)
| | - Mihoko Kikuchi
- Center for International Collaborative Research, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yanagi
- Animal Research Center for Tropical Infections, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masachika Senba
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mohammed Nasir Shuaibu
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Global Center of Excellence (GCOE), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kiri Honma
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Yui
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Global Center of Excellence (GCOE), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirayama
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Global Center of Excellence (GCOE), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- * E-mail: (KH); (NTH)
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94
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Abstract
IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that plays a significant role in controlling inflammation and modulating adaptive immune responses that cause tissue damage. IL-10-producing lymphocytes contribute to the delicate balance between inflammation and immunoregulation, and are thus regarded as a kind of "regulatory cells." Dysregulation of these cells is linked with susceptibility to numerous inflammatory diseases. In this review, we summarized what is known about the regulatory effects of IL-10 produced by lymphocytes, including T cells, B cells and natural killer cells, in inflammatory diseases. We hope to augment immune responses or prevent immunopathology through making some small changes in the levels of IL-10 produced by lymphocytes, or in the cellular location where it is produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yao
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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95
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McPherson RC, Anderton SM. Adaptive immune responses in CNS autoimmune disease: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:774-90. [PMID: 23568718 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The processes underlying autoimmune CNS inflammation are complex, but key roles for autoimmune lymphocytes seem inevitable, based on clinical investigations in multiple sclerosis (MS) and related diseases such as neuromyelitis optica, together with the known pathogenic activity of T cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models. Despite intense investigation, the details of etiopathology in these diseases have been elusive. Here we describe recent advances in the rodent models that begin to allow a map of pathogenic and protective immunity to be drawn. This map might illuminate previous successful and unsuccessful therapeutic strategies targeting particular pathways, whilst also providing better opportunities for the future, leading to tailored intervention based on understanding the quality of each individual's autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhoanne C McPherson
- Centre for Inflammation Research and Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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96
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Abstract
B cells are critical players in the orchestration of properly regulated immune responses, normally providing protective immunity without autoimmunity. Balance in the B cell compartment is achieved through the finely regulated participation of multiple B cell populations with different antibody-dependent and independent functions. Both types of functions allow B cells to modulate other components of the innate and adaptive immune system. Autoantibody-independent B cell functions include antigen presentation, T cell activation and polarization, and dendritic cell modulation. Several of these functions are mediated by the ability of B cells to produce immunoregulatory cytokines and chemokines and by their critical contribution to lymphoid tissue development and organization including the development of ectopic tertiary lymphoid tissue. Additionally, the functional versatility of B cells enables them to play either protective or pathogenic roles in autoimmunity. In turn, B cell dysfunction has been critically implicated in the pathophysiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a complex disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies and heterogeneous clinical involvement. Thus, the breakdown of B cell tolerance is a defining and early event in the disease process and may occur by multiple pathways, including alterations in factors that affect B cell activation thresholds, B cell longevity, and apoptotic cell processing. Once tolerance is broken, autoantibodies contribute to autoimmunity by multiple mechanisms including immune-complex mediated Type III hypersensitivity reactions, type II antibody-dependent cytotoxicity, and by instructing innate immune cells to produce pathogenic cytokines including IFNα, TNF and IL-1. The complexity of B cell functions has been highlighted by the variable success of B cell-targeted therapies in multiple autoimmune diseases, including those conventionally viewed as T cell-mediated conditions. Given the widespread utilization of B cell depletion therapy in autoimmune diseases and the need for new therapeutic approaches in SLE, a better understanding of human B cell subsets and the balance of pathogenic and regulatory functions is of the essence.
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Affiliation(s)
- JH Anolik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, USA
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97
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Adjobimey T, Satoguina J, Oldenburg J, Hoerauf A, Layland LE. Co-activation through TLR4 and TLR9 but not TLR2 skews Treg-mediated modulation of Igs and induces IL-17 secretion in Treg: B cell co-cultures. Innate Immun 2013; 20:12-23. [PMID: 23529856 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913479414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas Th17 cells are associated with aggravated inflammation, regulatory T cells (Tregs) provide an environment to control overt responses. Nevertheless, Tregs display a certain degree of plasticity demonstrating that T cell differentiation processes are not absolute. Previously, we showed that human Treg clones induced B cells to produce IgG4. Here we focus on the actions of freshly isolated CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+)CD127(dim) Tregs on Ig production by B cells and the consequences of prior TLR activation of B cells. In the absence of TLR stimuli, Tregs, but not conventional T cells, dampened B cell proliferation, plasma cell formation and, with the exception of IgG4, all other Ig production. Although IgG4 levels were unchanged in total B cell:Treg co-cultures, levels were increased in Treg co-cultures of naive, but not memory, B cells. Triggering TLR on B cells skewed both Ig and cytokine secretion patterns and, surprisingly, Tregs within TLR4- and TLR9- but not TLR2-triggered B cell co-cultures up-regulated retinoic acid related orphan receptor (RORC) and produced IL-17. These data indicate that under conditions like bacterial or viral infections, B cells can escape Treg control, and provides an explanation as to why patients suffering from allergy or helminth infections display polar immunopathological symptoms despite being exposed to the same agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomabu Adjobimey
- 1Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Clinic Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Kalampokis I, Yoshizaki A, Tedder TF. IL-10-producing regulatory B cells (B10 cells) in autoimmune disease. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15 Suppl 1:S1. [PMID: 23566714 PMCID: PMC3624502 DOI: 10.1186/ar3907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell abnormalities contribute to the development and progress of autoimmune disease.
Traditionally, the role of B cells in autoimmune disease was thought to be predominantly limited to
the production of autoantibodies. Nevertheless, in addition to autoantibody production, B cells have
other functions potentially relevant to autoimmunity. Such functions include antigen presentation to
and activation of T cells, expression of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokine production. Recently,
the ability of B cells to negatively regulate cellular immune responses and inflammation has been
described and the concept of regulatory B cells has emerged. A variety of cytokines produced by
regulatory B cell subsets have been reported, with IL-10 being the most studied. In this review,
this specific IL-10-producing subset of regulatory B cells has been labeled B10 cells to highlight
that the regulatory function of these rare B cells is mediated by IL-10, and to distinguish them
from other B cell subsets that regulate immune responses through different mechanisms. B10 cells are
a functionally defined subset currently identified only by their competency to produce and secrete
IL-10 following appropriate stimulation. Although B10 cells share surface markers with other
previously defined B cell subsets, currently there is no cell surface or intracellular phenotypic
marker or set of markers unique to B10 cells. The recent discovery of an effective way to expand B10
cells ex vivo opens new horizons in the potential therapeutic applications of this rare B
cell subset. This review highlights the current knowledge on B10 cells and discusses their potential
as novel therapeutic agents in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kalampokis
- Box 3010, Department of Immunology, Room 353 Jones Building, Research Drive, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Mannoor K, Xu Y, Chen C. Natural autoantibodies and associated B cells in immunity and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.748753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Helminths: Immunoregulation and Inflammatory Diseases-Which Side Are Trichinella spp. and Toxocara spp. on? J Parasitol Res 2013; 2013:329438. [PMID: 23365718 PMCID: PMC3556843 DOI: 10.1155/2013/329438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macropathogens, such as multicellular helminths, are considered masters of immunoregulation due to their ability to escape host defense and establish chronic infections. Molecular crosstalk between the host and the parasite starts immediately after their encounter, which influences the course and development of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response. Helminths can modulate dendritic cells (DCs) function and induce immunosuppression which is mediated by a regulatory network that includes regulatory T (Treg) cells, regulatory B (Breg) cells, and alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs). In this way, helminths suppress and control both parasite-specific and unrelated immunopathology in the host such as Th1-mediated autoimmune and Th2-mediated allergic diseases. However, certain helminths favour the development or exacerbation of allergic responses. In this paper, the cell types that play an essential role in helminth-induced immunoregulation, the consequences for inflammatory diseases, and the contrasting effects of Toxocara and Trichinella infection on allergic manifestations are discussed.
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